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THE  GREAT  LAKES, 


^j*^ 


Inland  Seas  of  America; 

BMBBACINO  A  FULL  DESOBUTION  Of 

LAKES  SUPERIOR,  HURON,  MICHIGAN,  ERIE,  AND  ONTARIO; 

EIVEES  ST.  MAEY.  ST.  CLAIR,  DETROIT,  NIAGARA,  AND  ST.  LAWRENCE; 

COMMERCE  OF  THE  LAKES,  ETC.,  ETC. 

TOOKTHSB  WITH  A  GUIDE  TO  THB 

UPPER  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER, 

GIVING  A  DESCRIPTION  OP  CITIES^  TOWNS,  ETC. 

roaUINO  ALTOOBTHEB  A 

COMPLETE  GUIDE  FOR  THE  PLEASURE  TRAVELER  &  EMIGRANT. 


■"^l^W'V^M'VWV^^^    ■• 


I      "With     Maps    and    Smbe  llialime 


nts. 


COMPILED    BY    J.    D ISTUR  NEL  L, 

AUTHOR  OF  THB  "tStLVKSCK  OF  CLMATE,"  BT5,       - 


:W    YORK  :  ■.■'.^--:t^k. 

PUBLISHED    BY    T^E     AMERICAN    NEWS    C~OMPANY, 

ko.  121  Nassau  Sj-aEsr. 
4*  1868. 

J?)-, 


te 


i. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1868,  by 
JOHN    DISTURNELL, 
In  the  aerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southom 

District  of  New  York. 


fss\ 


■T  -U^    ili^S.' 


In 

Lake 

Lake< 

Lake 

Guide 

Comp 

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the  St 

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Inland 

the  m 

whole, 

of  St. 

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lar  1868,  by 


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PREFACE. 


In  presenting  to  the  Public  the  present  volume,  entitled  «  Tra  Gbeat 
Lakes,  or  '  Ixlawd  Seas'  of  America,"  embracing  the  Magnitude  of  the 
Lake^-Commerce  of  the  Lakes-Trip  through  the  Lakes-Route  from 
Lake  Superior  to  Lake  Winnipeg— Tables  of  Distonces,  eta;  also,  a 
Guide  to  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Red  River  of  the  North,  the 
CompUer  wishes  to  return  his  sincere  thanks  for  the  liberal  patronag« 
and  the  many  kind  favors  received  from  those  who  have  doubly  assisted 
him,  by  contributbg  reliable  and  useful  information  in  regard  to  the 
many  interesting  localities  in  which  the  Great  Valley  of  the  Lakes  and  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  abounds,  affording  altogether  many  new  and  interest- 
ing facts  of  great  importance  to  the  Tourist,  who  may  wish  to  visit  the 
Inland  Seas  of  America  for  health  or  pleasure;  the  tour  being  one  of 
the  most  healthy,   picturesque,  and   wonderful— when  viewed  as  a 
whole,  from  Lake  Winnipeg  to  Lake  Superior,  and  thence  to  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence — ou  the  face  of  the  globe. 

In  the  arrangement  and  compilation  of  this  work  every  attempt  has 
been  made  to  render  the  information  it  contains  concise  and  truthful. 
The  Magnitude  and  also  the  Commerce  of  the  Lakes  are  themes  of  great 
interest,  they  now  being  whitened  by  a  large  fleet  of  sail-vessels,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  swift  steamers  and  propellers  which  plough  the  waters  of 
these  Great  Lakes,  transporting  annually  large  numbers  of  passengers, 
and  an  immense  amount  of  agricultural  and  mineral  products,  to  and 
from  the  different  ports. 


«v 


rRIFACX. 


Lake  Su{)erior,  the  Ultima  Thule  of  many  travelltrs,  can  now  b« 
easily  reached  by  lines  of  steamers  starting  from  Cleveland  and  Detroit, 
rimning  through  Lake  Huron  and  the  St.  Mary's  River ;  or  from  Chi- 
cago and  Milwaukee,  passing  through  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Straits 
of  Mackinac.  All  these  routes  are  fully  described,  in  connection  with 
ihe  Collingwood  Route,  and  Route  to  Green  Bay ;  affording  altogether 
ample  and  cheap  opportunities  to  visit  every  portion  of  the  Upper 
Lakes  and  their  adjacent  shores. 

The  most  noted  places  of  Resort  are  Mackinac,  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Moni- 
sing,  near  the  Pictured  Rocks,  Marquette,  Houghton,  Copper  Harbor, 
Ontonagon,  Bayfield,  and  Superior  City.  If  to  these  should  be  added 
a  Trip  to  the  North  Shore  of  Canada,  visiting  Michipicoten  Island,  Fort 
William,  and  other  interesting  localities — passing  Isle  Royale,  attached 
to  the  State  of  Michigan — the  intelligent  Tourist  would  see  new  wonders 
of  almost  indercribable  interest,  while  inhaling  the  pure  atmosphere  of 
this  whole  region  of  Lake  Country.  Among  the  Mineral  Regions  may 
be  found  objects  of  interest  sufficient  to  induce  the  tourist  to  spend 
some  weeks  or  months  in  exploration,  hunting,  and  fishing ;  and  if,  added 
to  this,  should  be  included  a  journey  to  the  Upper  Mississippi  Valley, 
«»r  Lake  Winnipeg,  an  entire  season  could  be  profitably  employed. 

iiljjw  YoBK,  June^  1868.  J,  D* 


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ravclkrs,  can  now  b« 
Cleveland  and  Detroit, 
I  River ;  or  from  Chi- 
ihigau  and  the  Straita 
d,  in  connection  with 
r ;  affording  altogether 
portion  of  the  Upper 

Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Moni- 
hton,  Copper  Harbor, 
liese  should  be  added 
3hipicoten  Island,  Fort 
Isle  Royale,  attached 
ould  see  new  wonders 
le  pure  atmosphere  of 
Mineral  Regions  may 
the  tourist  to  spend 
fishing ;  and  if,  added 
ler  Mississippi  Valley, 
itably  employed. 

J.D. 


CONTENTS. 


Part  I.— Bailroad  and  Stkam- 
BOAT  Route  from  New  Torit  to 
the  head  of  Lake  Superior.. ...  9 
Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  to 
Montreal  and  Quebec,  passing 
through  Lake  Ontario  and  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  River 10-12 

•  IfAONITUDI  or  THE  LAKES  OB  "Ik- 

LAND  Seas."— I^ke  Superior. . .  13 
Lake  Michigan— Green  Bay — Lake 

Huron— Georgian  Bay— Lake  St. 

Clair — Lake  Erie 14 

,■    Lake  Ontario— Tributariesof  Lakes,     15 

^    Lake  and  River  Navigation 16 

Altitudes— Topography,  4a 17 

Upper  Lakes- The  White  Fish. . .     18 

Pish  of  the  Upper  Lakes 19 

Physical  Character  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Basin— Physical  Cliaracter 

of  the  St.  Lawrence 20 

Dimensions  of  the  Great  Lakes — 

Progress  of  Development 21 

Lunar  Tidal  Wave  in  the  Great 

Lakes 22 

Remarkable    Phenomena — Rising 

and  Falling  of  the  Waters 24 

CoMinROB  or  thb  Lakes.— Early 

History 26-28 

Krst  Steam\)oat  on  Lake  Erie 29 

Tonnage  of  the  Lake  Districts  in 

the  United  States 30 

P»rt  II.— Railroad  and  Steam- 
boat Routes— Buffalo  to  Niagara 
Falls — Waterloo— Navy  Island. .     31 

Chippewa— Niagara  Falls — Drum- 
mondsviUe — Battle  of  Lundy's 
Lane 32 

Clifton— Queenston— Brock's  Monu- 
ment—Village  of  Niagara S3 


Piyr 
NiAOARA  RrvBB.— Its  Rapids,  Falls, 

Islands,  ko. 34 

Grand     Island  —  Tonawanda  — 
Schlosser'sLandinc^The  Rapids 

-Goat  Island 35 

Goat  Island  Bridge— Bath  Is.,  io.,    36 
Niagara — Horse-Shoe  or  Canadian 

Fall— American  FalL 37 

Catabact  of  NiAQABA-Climate,  Ac.    38 
Suspension   Bridge  —  Whirlpool — 

Village  of  Niagara  Falls,  ko 39-41 

Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada,    42 
Objects  of  Interest — Want  of  Im- 
provement— Lewiston 43 

Route  around  Lake  Ontario-Rapids 

of  the  St.  Lawrence 44 

Lake  Ontario. 45 

Part  III.— tBip  Thbouob  tbb 

Lakes. — City  of  Buffalo 48 

Buffalo  to  Dktboit — North  Shore 

Route 47 

Ports    Colborne— Dover — ^Burwell 

— Stanley,  Ac 48 

Point  Pelee — Detriot  River — Am- 

herstburg— Sandwich — Windsor, 

4c 49 

Route  from  Niaoaba  Falls  to 

Hakilton    and  Dbtboit.  —  St 

Catharines — Dundas,  4c. . : . . . .  60 
Paris  —  Woodstock  —  Ingenoll  — 

London — Chatham,  4c .-:     61 

Buffalo  to  Oodebigh,  C.  W. — 

Dunville — Brantford,  4c 52 

Goderich — Table  of  Distances  from 

Buffalo  to  Toledo 63 

Buffalo  to  Clevelakd,  Toledo, 

4c. — Dunkirk,  Barcelona,  4e. . .  61 
Erie  —  Conneaut  —  Ashtabuk  — 

X'airport,  Paiaesville,  4c. 63 


OOMTIim. 


Pag« 

Cleveland— Perry  Monument 66 

Steamboat  Routk    from  Oleve- 

LAND  TO  DhTROIT .v....       67 

Black  Kivor— Vermilion — Huron — 

Sauduaky — Toledo.  Ac 58 

Ruilrotida  diverging  fVoin  Toledo — 

rerrygbiirffli 59 

Manmee  City — Monroe — Trenton, 

*G. — Itoute  around  Lake  Krie. . .  60 
Ohio  and  Krie  Canals— Fort  Wayne  61 
Table  of  Digtances  from  CleTeland 

and  Detroit  to  Superior — Lake 

Cities 52 

Dbtboit— Railroado,  Ac. .'.',.'.     63 

Detroit  River— He  la  Perche 64 

Detroit  to  Milwaukee- Increase 

of  Lake  Cities 65 

Grand  Kapids— Grand  Haven,  Ac.     66 
Tbip  from  Dktroit  to  Mackinac, 

CiiicAOO,  Ac. — Trip  across  Lake 

Michigan C7 

Ashley—  Algonac— Newport— St. 

Clair,  Aa C8 

Southerland— Port    Huron— Fort 

Gratiot — Sarnia,  Ac 69 

Koutk   from  Sarnia   to   Gode- 

RICH,  Ac. — Kincardine— Saugeen  70 
RouTi  from  Port  Hurcit  to  Sao- 

w AW  City— East  Saginaw,  Ac. . 
Lakb  Huron — Saginaw  Bay,  Ta- 

was  Bay,  Ac 

Lower  Peninsdia  of  Michioan— 

Alpena — Duncan,  Ac 73 

Old    Mackinac — Grand    Traverse 

City — Manistee — Grand  Haven. 
Steamboat  Route  from  Detroit 

to  Mackinac,  Ghekn  Bat,  Ac. — 

Ports  on  Lake  Michigan 

NewBuflaJo — St.  Joseph — Amster- 
dam —  HoUanfJ  —  Steamers  on 
Lake  Michigan , . . , 7$ 

I^rt    IV. — Commerce    of    thi 
Upper  Lakes — Means  of  Trari- 

sitr-^piputies  Compared 77-78 

l^lceSupieripr  Trade— Canadian  Ca- 
jwl»— Kw  I'ofk  Canals,  Ac. . .  79-8Q 


71 
72 


74 


75 


Route  from  CnrcAoo  to  Mackivao 

AND  Saut  Ste.  Marie 81 

"Waukcgan  —  Keiioslin  —  Racine — 

Mihvnnkco 32 

Oranniles  of  Iowa,  Minnesota,  and 

Wisconsin- Railroads,  Ac 83 

Sheyboygau  —  Manitouwoc  —  Ke- 

waunee — Ahneepee,  Ac 84 

Maniton,    Fox,    and   Beaver    Isl- 
ands—Straits of  Mackinac,  Ac. .     85 
Mackinac— Town  and  Fortress. .  .     86 
Lover's  Leap— Altitudes  of  Various 

Points 87 

Arched  llock— Sugar  Loaf,  Ac.'..'     88 

Island  of  Mackinac. 89 

Round  Island— St.  Martin's  Bay- 
Point  de  Tour— St.  Joseph's  Isl- 
ands— Lime  Island,  Aa 90 

Nebish  and  Sugar  Islands— Lake 

George— Church's  Landing,  Ac.  91 
St.  M  A  rt's  Ri  veii—  Description  of.  92 
Saut  Ste.  Marie-  Fort  Brady. . .     93 

St.  Mary's  Ship  Canal 94 

Father    Marquette    and  his    Dis- 
covery of  the  Mississippi  River.  96-96 
Discovery  and  Settlement  of  Macki- 
nac  : 97-98 

St.  Mary's  Ship  Canal- Opening 
and  Closing  of  Navigation — Saut 
Ste.  Marie 99.100 

Part   v.— Distances   from  Col- 

LINGWOOD  TO  SaUT  STB.  MaBIB 

— Collingwood,  Fisheries,  Ac 101 

Georgian  Bay — Couingwood  to 
Saut  Ste.  Maris — Penetangui- 

shene,  Ac 102 

Owen's  Sound  —  Lonely  Island- 
Smith's   Bay  —  She-ba-wa-nah- 

ning,  Ac. 103 

Man-i-tou-wah-ning~Little  Current 

— Bruce  Mines,  Ac. 104 

Grand      Pleasure      Excursion 

around  Lake  Superior 105-106 

Lake  Superior— Light- Houses,  Ac.  107 
White  Pish  Point — Point  au  Sobld 
—Trip  to  ^1(9  gupCTior. . , . . . .  108 


^^MtitiiiimmtmUiMi 


Chicago  TO  Uackikao 
8tb.  Marik 81 

-  KeuoBlia  —  Raoino — 

' 82 

Iowa,  Mintieaota,  and 
—Railroads,  Ac 83 

—  Manitouwoc  —  Ke- 

\Lneepee,  *c 84 

IX,    and   Beaver    Isl- 

lits  of  Mnckinac,  *c. .  86 
fown  and  Fortresa. .  .  86 
—Altitudes  of  Varioui 

87 

r— Sugar  Loaf,  4c. . .     88 

?liinac. 89 

I— St.  Martin's  Bay— 
sur— St.  Joseph's  Isl- 

B  Island,  tc 90 

Siignr  Islands — Lake 
tiuroh'a  Landing,  4c.     91 
iVEii— Description  of.     92 
iRiK-  Fort  Brady...     93 

lip  Canal 94 

incite    and  his    Dis- 

e  Mississippi  River.  95-96 

I  Settlement  of  Maeki- 

••••■ 97-98 

hip  Canal — Opening 
of  Navigation — Saut 
99.100 

STANCES    l-BOH    CoL- 

ro  Saut  Sts.  Uabib 
)od,  Fisheries,  4c 101 

Y— COUINGWOOD  TO 

Maris — Penetangui- 

102 

1  —  Lonely  Island — 
y  —  She-ba-wa-nah- 

103 

-ning~Little  Current 

nes,  4c. 104 

Asi-RB     Excursion 

tE  Superior 105-106 

—Light- Houses,  4o.  107 
)int — Point  au  Sable 
lf9  gupcrlor. . , . . . .  108 


COVTgXTS. 


vU 


Page 
PioTUKED  Rocks — Th«   Chapel — 

Grand  PorUil,  4o. 109-113 

Lake    Superior    Region  —  Grand 

Island — Munising,  4c lU 

Rguarkablk  Pugnoubna — Monu- 
mental Rock 115-nc 

Rise   and   Fall  of  the  Watera    of 

Lake  Superior 117 

Marquettk — Iron  Mountain 118 

Negaunee— Iron  Mining  Companies,  119 
Marquette  County— Iron  Mines.  4c  120 
Summary  of  the  Total  Products — 
Marquette  to  Keweenaw  Point — 

Huron  Isles,  4c 121 

L'Ance— Portage  Kiitry—Houghvon  122 
Hancock — Portage  and  Lake   Su- 
perior Ship  Canal— Lac  La  Belle  123 
Keweenaw  Point — Copper  Harbor  124 
Lake     Superior     Liglit- Houses — 
Eagle    Harbor — Eagle   River — 

Ontonagon 125 

Copper  Mining  Companies,  4c.  ...  126 
Climate    and     Health     Restoring 

Influence 127 

La  Pointe — Madeline  Island 128 

Bayfield    —  Ashland  —  Twelve 

Apostles 1 29 

Healthy  Influence  of  Lake  Superior  130 
Bayfield  to  Superior  City — Superior 

City— Bay  of  Superior 131 

Du  Luth — St  Louis  River 132 

Fond  du  Lac— North  Shore  Laks 

Superior 133 

Cliflou — Encampment  Beaver  Bay 

— Grand   PorUge — Pigeon  Bay,  134 
Isle  Royale — Geology  of  the  Lake 

•    Superior  Region 135 

Fisheries  of  Lake  Superior 136 

Vessels  Lost  in  the  L.  Sup.  Trade.  137 
Naval  Vessels  on  the  Lakes,  4c. . .   138 
The  Lakes— Land  of  the  Free,  4c.  139 
Meteorolooical  Table  —  Show- 
ing the  Temperature,  4c. l*'" 

Lake  Superior — Objects  of  Inter- 
est, 4c  141-142 

Trip  Alono  the  North  Shore  of 
LasbSupeuob 143 


Pag* 
Taquamenon  Bay— ICamainae  Point 

— Montreal  Ishind— Miohipiooten 

Harbor 143 

Michipicotcn  Island-Caribou  Island 

Otter  Ba. —Slate  Island 144 

Copper  Regions  of  Lake  Superior 

— North  Shore 144 

Fort  William,   C.   W.  —  McKay's 

Mountain — Kamiaistiquai  River  145 
Thunder  Bay— Black  Bay— Neep- 

igon  Bay— Island  of  St.  Ignace. .   146 

Part  \t. — Railroad  and  Stbau- 
boat  Routes  from  the  City  of 
New  York  to  Lake  Superior  and 
the  Upper  Mississippi 147-143 

The  Upper  Mississippi — Its  Wa- 
ters, Tributaries,  and  Extent  of 
Country  Drained— Population,4o.  149 

Agricultural  Productions,  4c. — 
Table  of  Distdnces 160 

Railroad  and  Steamboat  Routes 
from  the  City  of  New  York  to 
Lake  Superior 151 

Steamboat  Route  from  St.  Louis  to 
Dubuque  and  St.  Paul 152 

Steamboat  Route  from  St.  Paul  to 
Dubuque  and  St.  Louis 153 

Distances  from  St.  Louis  to  New 
Orleans — Steamboat  Route  from 
St.  Paul  to  Munkato,  Minn 164 

Railroads  in  Iowa,  with  their  Con- 
nections to  Chicago 155 

Cbicago  to  Rock  Island  and  Council 
Bluffs — Chicago  to  Burlington, 
Iowa,  4c , , .  156 

Chioaoo,  Description  of 157-158 

Railroads  diverging  from  Chicago- 
Railroad  Route  from  Chicago  to 
Dubuque 159 

Elgin— Belvidere— City  of  Rookford,   160 

City  of  Freeport — Warren — Ga- 
lena— Dunleith 161 

Dubuque,  Description  of 162 

Early  History  of  Dubuque 163 

River  Commerce  of  tlie  West — 
Tonnage,  4a 164 


.:k 


VUl 


oosnsn. 


Information  for  Travelers — Lines  of 

RHilroads  from  Chicago 165-166 

R.  R  Route-  -Chicago  to  Dubuque,  167 
Railroad   and  Steamboat  Route — 
Cliicago  to  Green  Bay  and  Es- 

cauaba,  Mich i68 

R.  R  and  Steamboat  Route — Chi- 

cage  to  Greeu  B.  and  L.  Superior,  169 
Juneau— City  of  Pond  du  Lac— City 

of  Oshkosh — Lake  Winnebago. .   170 
Neenah  —  Menasha  —  Appleton — 

Green  Bay  to  Fond  du  Lac 171 

City  of  Green  Bay— Fort  Howard- 
Green  Bay 172 

Green  Bay  to  Escanaba  and  Mar- 
quette— Railroad  and  Steamboat 

^Route- 173-174 

Railroad  Route  from  Milwaukee  to 

Madison  and  Prairie  du  Chien. .  175 
Chicago  to  Milwaukee,  La  Crosse, 

and  St  Paul. . .   . ; 175 

Railroad  Route  from  Milwaukee  to 

Madison  and  Prairie  du  Chien 

City  of  Madison 177 

Railroad  Route  from  Madison  to 
Prairie  du  Chien — Elevation  of 
Several  Places  above  the  Gulf  of 

Mexico 178 

Railroad  Route  from  Milwaukee  to 

La  Crosse,  Wis 179 

Climate  of  Wisconsin ..,  iso 

Stbaiiboat  Excubwon  from  Du- 
buque to  SL  Paul— Potosi— Mc- 
Gregor   181 

Prairie  du  Ohien-Lansing-Browns- 

viUe 182 

City  of  La  Crosse — Running  of  the 

Mississippi  River  by  Moonlight.   183 
La  Crescent— Tempeleau— Winona,  184 
Winona  and  St.  Peter  Railway- 
Fountain  City — Reed's  Landing 

—Wabasha— Lake  Pepin 186 

Scenery  above  Winona ...   186 

Maiden's  Rock — Lake  Pepin 187 

Sun  rising  on  L.  Pepin— Lake  City,  188 
Kud  Wing— Prescott — St  Oroix  R. 
— Steamboat  Routs— HHtinft.  189 


CiTT  OF  St.  Paul— 1  lescription  of.   190 
Red  River  Traders-Piogesa  of  Min- 
nesota in  Population  and  Wealth,  1 91 
St  Paul  to  St.  Cloud  via  Pacific  R. 
R.-Early  History  of  St  Paul .  1 92-1 93 

First  Land  Speculator  in  St.  Piiul 

Jonathan  Carver. 19^ 

Drive  from  St.  Paul  to  the  Foils  of 

St  Anthony ]<)5 

Mendota — Fort  Snelling. ....!.  i  i  igg 
Places    and  Objects    of  Interest 

around  St  Paul— Distances.  196-107 
Minnesota  R.— St  Peter— Mankato 

—New  Ulm— Buffalo  Hunt.  .198-199 
V  ie  w  of  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony . .  200 
View  of  Minne-ha-ha — City  of  St 

Anthony — Minneapolis 201 

Minne-ha-ha — Anoka — Big  Lake 

St  Cloud 202 

Sauk  Rapids— Watab— Crow  wing    "^ 
— Northern    Minnesota — Otter- 
Tail  Lake 203 

Interesting  to  Consumptives— Who 
should  go  to  Minnesota  and  who 

_  °o'  •  • 204-206 

Railroads  of  MinnesoU— Geological 

Survey -.    joo 

Northern  Pacific  Raiiroad— North- 
western Minnesota 207-203 

Upper  Mississippi  Valley  and  the 

Great  Lakes 209 

Stage  Route  from  Superior  City  to 

St  Paul 210 

Military  Road— St  Paul,  Minn.— 

Farming  Lands  of  Illinois. .  .211-212 
PoETAOE  RouTK  from  L.  Superior  to 
L  Winnipeg-Fort  William-Ka-     * 
ministaquola  R — Dog  Lake. ...  SIS 
SavanR.— Rainy  L.—L.  of  Woods,  214 
Winnipeg  River— Lake  Winnipeg.  215 
Lakes  in  the  Valley  of  tho  Sas- 
katchewan, Red  R.  of  the  North,  216 
Red  R.  Settlement— Hudson  B.  Co.,  217 
Table  of  Distances- Fort  William 
to  Fort  Alexander 218 

AAriRTisaininni sis 


I 
P. 
D 

M 

P( 
C( 
Oj 
Ej 

m 


to 

Isl 
of 

Co 


Pogt 
in, — 7  lescription  of .   180 
ders-Pi  ogess  of  Min- 
piilation  and  Wealth,  191 

Cloud  via  Pacific  R. 
istorj  of  St.  Paul .  1 92-1 93 

:culator  in  St.  Pkul 

irver. 194 

Paul  to  the  Falls  of 

195 

t  Snelling 196 

)b{eoM    of  Interest 
?aul — Distances .  1 96-197 
-St.  Peter— Mankato 
— BulfaloHant.  .198-199 
ills  of  St.  Anthony. .  200 
e-ha-ha — Oily  of  St. 

[inneapolis 201 

Anoka — Big  Lake — 

202 

Watab— Crow  Wing    "^ 

Minnesota — Otter- 

203 

Jon  s  umpti  ves— Who 

Minnesota  and  who 

204-206 

nnesoU— Geological 

••    208 

io  Raiiroed— North- 

Jesota 207-203 

ppi  Valley  and  the 

209 

•m  Superior  City  to 

210 

-St.  Paul,  Minn.— 
(Is  of  Illinois...  2 11-212 
:  from  L.  Superior  to 
-FortWiUiam-Ka-     * 

R— Dog  Lake 813 

iyL.—L.  of  Woods,  2U 
r — Lake  Winnipeg.  215 
i^alley  of  tho  Bas- 
ed R.  of  the  North,  216 
ut— Hudson  B.  Co.,  217 
cos — Fort  William 
mdor 218 

* Sl» 


GRAND    PLEASURE     EXCURSION 

FROM  NEW  YORK  TO  LAKE  SUPERIOR  &  ST.  PAUL, 

via  NIAGABA  FALLS. 

STOPPINO  PLACES.  IflLXS. 

|EW  YORK  to  ALBANY, 

{Railroad  or  Steamer,)  145 

'  Albany  to  Rochester,  (Railroad,) 229—    374 

Rochester  to  Buffalo 69 —    443 

Buffalo  to  Cleveland,  viaLake  Shore  Route  183 —    636 
I  RocuiSTEB  to  Niagara  Falls,  {Suap^n  Bridge,)    75 —    448 

;  Suspension  Bridge  TO  Hamilto.v,  Canada 43 —    491 

I  lAKiLTON  to  Detroit,  Mich 187 —    67§ 

TAuiBooK.  Detroit  to  Chicago,  Via  Jf»cA.  Central .ff.  J?.. 284 —    06il 

Detroit  to  Port  Huron,  {Steamboat  Route,) 73 —    T51 

Port  Huron  to  De  Tour,  (Lake  Huron,) 225 —    996 

Db  Tour,  (Mouth  St.  Mary's  River,)  to  Saut  Stk.  Marie 60—1,696 

Saut  Sib.  Marie  to  Marq  jetib,  (Lake  Superior,) 1 70—1,196 

Marquette  to  Portage  Entrt 16. — 1,971 

PoRTAGs  Entrt  to  Copper  Harbor 63 — 1,834 

Copper  Harbor  to  Ontonagon 92 — 3,496 

Ontonagon  to  Bayheld,  Wis 88 — l,ftl4 

ISatfield  to  Superior  City 82 — 1,596 

9IJPEB10R  €1TV  TO  ST.  PAVl.,  Minn.,  (^ta{re  i^oufe^)  160— 1,756 

St.  Paul  to  Chicago,  {Direct  Railroad  Route,) —    449 

Chicago  t'>  New  Tore,  via  Detroit 962 — 1,464 

1^  This  Railroad  and  Steamboat  Route  from  the  City  Of  IVew  Tork 

to  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  via  Niagara  Falls,  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,— passing  tho 
Island  of  Mackinac,  the  Saut  Sta.  Marie,  and  the  Pictured  Rooks,— a  total  Distance 
of  1,156  Miles,  affords  the  invalid,  and  seeker  of  pleasure,  during  the  Summer 
months,  one  of  most  healthy,  interesting,  and  Grand  Ezcunlnut  on  the 
Continent  of  America . 

*ii  .'■  • 


HOI3f?UDX 


H  A  H  O 


BUFFALO  AND  NIAGARA  FALLS  TO  MONTREAL  AND  QUEBEC, 

Passing  throngh  Lakk  Ontabio,  the  TeoiTBAirD  Islands,  and  down  th«  Rapids 
of  the  St.  Lawbknok  Ritxb. 


American  Side. 


BU  VPAL.O MUu. 

Am  Tork  Ventral  R.R. . 

UlaokRock 3 

Buffalo  4-  Niagara  FalU  R.  R. 

TONAWAMOA 8-11 

HohloMer'a  Landing 10-21 

NlacaraFallsViTlace  l-Ti 

NiAOAKA   ClTT 2-21 

A'tw  York  Ctntral  R.  R. 

Ijewiatoii 4-28 

YoungstowD 7-35 

Fort  Niagara l-.i6 

Cak Orchard  Creek.... 
CUAIU.OTTR,  Oatport  for 

Roclmter 80-llc 

PultueirvUla -^0-136 

BodiuBay 

OSWEGO 40-176 

Mouih  of  OHwego  River. 
Btoney  Point  &  Island. .  34-210 
Baokbt's  Uahbok 12-222 

Cape  Vincent 20-242 

WaUrtown  f  Rom*  R.  R. 

Clayton 13-233 

Alexandria 16^49 

Morristown 20-269 

OGDENSBURGH  11-280 
Nortktm  Railroad,  IIU  miies 
to  Rouae's  Point. 


Ottfects  ot'lutereet,  etc. 


Voot  of  Lake  Erie. 
Ekib  Canal. 
Niagara  River. 

Grand  Island,  A. 

NaTy  Island,  C. 

Goat  Island,  A. 

Palla  of  Niagara.* 

Suapeusiou  Bridge. 

Bauids  and  Whirlpool. 

if  cod  vf  NavigtUion, 

Ijakc  Ontario,  180  miles  long 
Amkkican  and  Canauian 
i;jTBAitBKS  leave  Lewiston 
daily,  daring  the  season  of 
navigation,  for  Toronto, 
Charlotte,  Oswego,  Kings- 
ton, and  other  Ports  on 
Lake  Ontario,  passing  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  Itiver  to 
Ugdensburgh  and  Prescott, 
from  thence  to  Montreal, 
passing  through  all  the 
liapids,  having  a  total  de- 
scent of  over  200  feet,  af- 
fording the  most  interesting 
excursion  on  the  Continent. 

Thousand  Islands. 

Wolf,  or  Grand  Ishind,  Can. 

Howe  Island,  Gore  Isl'd.    " 

Well's  Island,  New  York. 

Admiralty  Islands. 

Navy  Islands. 

Old  Friends  Group,  and  other 

groups.t 


Cana<la  Side. 


Port  Erie Milw. 

Bt{ffalo  f  Lakr.  Smtoh  R.  R, 

Watbbloo 3 

Sttam  nrry 

Chippbwa.. l7_ao 

Table  liock 2-22 

CUFTON, 4_a4 

Ortat  WeMUm  RaUtoay.      »w 

Brock's  Monument 

QuBSNsroN 4_28' 

Niagara 8-38 

Fort  Massasauga 

Port  Dalhoasie 12-48 

Hamilton 32-4i0 

TORONTO  (dirwjt)... 42-78 
Grand  Trunk  Railway. 

Bowmanville 43-'12l 

POKT  UUFB 19-140 

COBODBO. . , 8-148 

Long  ii'olnt 61-200 

Amherst  Island 30-230 

KINGSTON 12-242 

Fort  Henry ■ 

Ganauoque 16-238 

Mallorytown 18-256 

Broekviile 12-268 

BrockviUt  .and  OttauHi  R.  R. 

Freacott 12-260 

Ottawa  and  PracoU  R.  R.,H 
miles  to  Ottawa  City. 


-«« 


*  Situate  in  North  latitude  i.i"  6',  and  Wast  longitode  i"  6'  firom  Washington,  being  SM 
miles  above  Quebec. 

t  There  are  two  channels  tliroagh  these  nomeroas  and  roqiantio  Islands,  known  as  tiie 
Ameritan,  and  Canadian  Chtmntlt.  The  former  paases  near  Cape  Yincent,  Clayton,  Alex- 
udria,  etc.,  being  for  the  vajVamI  in  Amwloan  waters,  MtaolMd  to  the  State  of  N.  York. 


CI 

Til 
U 

Li 
Oji 


Go 

Ch 
Lo 
Lo 

Ba 

Soi 
451 
8t, 
Sqi 

Bi, 

I 
Ma 
Ma 

Th< 

Brc 
La 
Isle 

St. 
Isle 

Be 


The 
oqa 

tl>  D 

Fid 
the 

• 

Ism 

•X* 


no 

AND  QUEBEC, 

id  down  th«  Rapids 


Cau«<la  Side. 
Brie Milw. 

lUM jt 

iwi-  • .';.  .17-aO 

Rock 2-22 

N- ...  4-24 

Wutem  HttUtM). 

sHonument 

itON 4_28 

«•• 8-:« 

MasHasauga 

alhoanie 12-48 

Uuu 32-(iO 

►NTt»  (di wet)... 42-78 

Trunk  HaUway. 

mvUto 43-'121 

[UPB 19-140 

to... 8-148 

olnt ....61-200 

It  Island 30-230 

iSTOHr 12-241 

Henry ■ 

loque ...18-238, 

rtown 18-266 

vllle 12-268 

Hit. and  Ottawa  X.  R. 

oU 12-280 

and  PrticoU  R.  R.,H 
I  to  Ottawa  City. 

(^Mhington,  being  5)>4 

Islands,  known  as  tiia 
rittcent, Clayton,  Alex- 
>  the  State  of  N.  York. 


TBAVBLBS'S  OUIDB!. 


II 


American  Side. 

Chimney  Island 6-38fi 

Tibbet's  Island 

ble  aox  Galops .S-287 

LisBox 7-294 

Ogden's  Island 4-298 

WADDiNaroN 3.300 

Goose  Neck. Island 

Chrysler's  Island 

huuieviLLK  Landino..  12-312 
honif  Saolt  Island 4-316 


Objeets  of  Interest,  etc. 


Barnhart's  Island. 


GAtops  Rapiiw,  141  feet  de- 
scent. 

Bawb  Plat,  11|  feet  descent. 


Canada  Side. 


Windmii;  Point.  ... 
Isle  aox  Hoatoaa. . . 
Drummoud's  Island. 
Duck  Island 


.S-IFJ 


Ratio  DiPLAir. 


Socrn  Sira 

4Stb  degree  North  lat. . 

St.  Rbois 12-328 

Sqauv  Island 18-336 

BtauhamoU    Canal,  11 

„">"«» 24-300 

Uaclntvre  Island 

Maple  Island 

Thorn  Island 

Pig  Island 

Broad  Island iSOi 

La  Pierre  Island 

Wel'Ail 

St.  Timothy 

IsleauxNois 

Beauliarnols 8-373 


LoNo  Sault  Bakm,  48  feet 

descent. 


Boundary  Line  between  the 
United  St  tes  and  Canada. 

Lakb  St.  FaANois,  25  miles  in 
length. 


CorcAN  BATin. 

CBDAa  Rapids 

Split  Boce  RAriDs. 

Cascadi  Rapids.* 

Month  of  the  Uttewa  River. 

Lakb  St.  Louis. 


Canal,  1  mile. 

Point  Cardinal 6-288 

Matilda 0-284 

Point  Iriquois 6-299 

Canal,  2  miles. 

WiLLiAXSBmo 2-301 

Canal,  4  miles. 

Chrysler's  Farm. ......  .4-309 

Catlsland 

Faren's  Point 6-311 

Vanal,  3  miles. 

Dickinson's  Landinq  .  .8.416 

Canal,  11|  miles. 

Sheek's  Island 

NOKTH  Sidb 

boruwall 10-320 

St.  Regis  Island 

Lancastbk 14-340 

Coteau  du  Iiac 17-367 

(iiroux  Island 

French  Island 


Fitb  Island 

Isle  aax  Vaches. 


Cbdab  ViLLAoa 10-M7 

Isle  aux  Quacks 

Isle  de  la  (irnnd  Chute. . 

Point  an  X  Monlin 

Isie  aux  Cascade.  6-372 

Isle  Perrot 

Month  Ottawa  Rive- 


fHddler'$  £lbou>,  the  S«<«rf  and  the  &SiABo«^.ihJj-   **"'''"'  «'"°"P''  "'  Is'sods-the 
the  most  romantic  character  ^''~"*'  '"""«  P***«»'  "^  «'<"•?•  <>'  «••«><«•,  of 

i«^''*-.ifc  T"  t  ■"■  '■■''*'*•  V*  »«c«nded  by  means  of  the  Btauhamoii  Canal  lU  miu.  i. 
Isogth,  with  looks,  overcoming  a  deaeent  of  84  feet.         -"'"""whom  uomm,  ii^  milea  ia 


12 


TBAVELES'S  GUIDE. 


Amertcaii  81<fe. 


Cauornawaoa 17-390 

Mantnal  4-  PlaUtbyLrgk  R.R 

Isle  anx  DUble 

LaPraikii 8-398 

Chmn^iik^Sl.lMi'renetR.H 

LOMOOBIL 8-406 

Varenneg 13-417 

Verobore 

Sorel 20-447 

BiverSt.  Francis 

DoooETPM 40-489 

Branch  Grand  Tnmk  H.  ft. 


Becancoar . 
Qentilly.  .. 
SUPiere... 


Otjeeta  of  Interest,  etc. 


LACHioa  Bxrira,  44|  feet  de- 
scent. 

Victoria  Bridob. 
Btad  ef  NavigalUm, 
St  Helen's  Island. 
St.  Theresa  Island. 


Group  of  Islands. 
Lakb  St.  Pbtir,  26  miles  in 

length. 
Head  cf  Tid*  fVattr,  90  miles 

above  Quebec. 


Dechellons 

Lothinier 

St.  Croijt 

St.  Antoine 

Chaudiere  River 

Orand  Trunk  Railaas. 

Poiut  Lievi 

SUamHrry. 


£74 


Cauadian  Hide. 


Lactilne 18-390 

Canal,  Si  miles. 

Isle  aux  Heron 6-396 

Nnn's  Island 

Orand  lYunk  Railway. 

MONTREAL a-40i 

North  latitude  45°  30*. 

L' Assumption 

St.  Snipioe 

La  Vitre 

Bsnauut 48-447 

Fond  da  Lac 

Three  Kivera 41-489 


Aieftdieu    Rapid$,   45    *niles 
above  Quebec- 


ISLAID  of  OBLIAMS. 


Magdalen 

Batisoam 16-604 

St.  Marie 

St.  Anne 10-614 

Point  aux  Tremble*. . . . 

St.  Augustine 

Cape  Sante 80-6U 

Cape  Rouge 20-614 

Wolfe's  Cove 8-572 

aUEBEC 2-674 

North  latitude  46°  49'. 


Trip  to  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence  and  Saguenay  Rivers. 


The  noble  St.  Laitbimoi  Ritbb,  which  is 
about  one  mile  wide  opposite  Quebec,  ex- 
tends a  distance  of  about  400  miles  when  it 
empties  into  the  Gulf,  widening  to  100  miles 
and  upwards  before  reaching  the  Island  of 
Anticosta. 

The  far-famed  Bao0bnat  Bivbb,  its  largest 
tributary,  enters  from  the  West  abont  140 
•ilea  below  Quebec,  the  St  Lawrence  here 
being  about  30  miles  wide. 

At  Murray  Bay,  80  miles ;  Kamtmratka, 
100  miles;  Atvtere  Du  Loup,  120  miles:  Ca- 


eotma,  126  miles;  and  the  Tadetuae,  140 
miles;  and  at  other  resorts,  or  Watering 
Places,  along  the  Lower  St.  Lawrence,  are 
well  kept  Hotels,  where  sea-bathing  and  fish- 
ing can  be  eojoyed  by  visitors  seeking  health 
and  pleasure  during  the  summer  months. 

During  i^arm  weather,  Steamers  run  every 
few  daysf^om  Mohtual  and  QonBO  for  the 
Lower  St.  Lawrence  and  Saguenay  Blvers, 
affording  one  of  the  most  romantic  and 
healthy  excursions  on  the  Continent  of 
America.  ■■"•—■■  tas 


.  t 
I 
1 

-I 

I 

i 

■i 

( 
t 
t 
1 
] 
t 


Biiadian  Side. 

ne 18-390 

8i  miloB. 

(Heron 6-396 

[■land 

7Vunil:  Railieay. 

rREAL a-40i 

latitude  45°  30*. 

mption 

l>ioe 

re 

■B 43-U7 

a  Lao 

Kiven 41-489 

en •••• 

AK.. 15-604 

rie 

ne 10-*U 

kux  TremblM. . . . 

gnatine 

tante 80-6U 

touge 20-514 

sCove »-57a 

;BEC J-574 

latitude  46°  49'. 


uenay  Rivers. 

nd  the  TaiUm$ae,  140 
>  reaorta,  or  Watering 
)wer  St.  Lawrence,  are 
ere  Bea-bathing  and  fish- 
y  visitors  seeking  health 
the  rammer  montha. 
her,  Steamers  run  every 
iBAL  and  QcnBO  for  the 
)  and  Sagnenajr  Bivera, 
ie  most  romantto  and 
on  the  Continent  of 


■  11  ij  mf^  M.j^jKiffi)^'.i"W'. 


MAGNITUDE  OF  THE  LAKES,  OR  "INLAND  SEAS." 


lOTHING  but  a 
1  voyage  over  all  of 
(the  great  bodies  of 
I  water  forming  the 
1 "  Inland  Sbas," 
(can  furnish  the 
tourist,  or  scientific 
explorer,  a  just 
idea  of  the  extent, 
depth,  and  clear- 
ness of  the  waters 
of  the  Great  Lalccs  of  America,  together 
with  the  healthy  influence,  fertility,  and 
romantic  beauty  of  tho  numerous  islands, 
and  surrounding  shores,  forming  a  circuit 
of  about  4,000  miles,  with  an  area  of 
90,000  square  miles,  or  about  twice  the 
extent  of  the  State  of  New  York — ex- 
tending through  eight  degrees  of  latitude, 
and  sixteen  degrees  of  longitude — this 
region  embracing  the  entire  nortli  half  of 
tlie  temperate  zone,  where  the  purity  of 
the  a'Tjosphere  vies  with  tho  purity  of 
these  extensive  waters,  or  "  Inland  Seas," 
being  connected  by  navigable  rivers  or 
straits. 

The  States,  washed  by  the  Great  Lakes, 
are  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Mich- 
igan, Indiana,  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  Minne- 
sota, and  Canada  West — the  boundary 
line  between  the  United  States  and  the 
British  Possessions  running  through  the 
centre  of  Lakes  Superior,  Huron,  St. 
Clair,  Brie,  and  Ontario,  togetlier  with 
the  connecting  rivers  or  straits,  and  down 
the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  45th  paral- 
lel of  latitude.  From  thence  the  St. 
Lawrence  flows  in  a  northeast  direction 
through  Canada  into  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 


rence. The  romantic  beauty  of  the  rapids 
of  this  noble  stream,  and  its  majestic  flow 
through  a  healthy  and  rich  section  of 
country,  is  unsurpassed  for  grand  lake 
and  river  scenery. 

K.ake  Superior,  the  largest  of  tho 
Inland  Seas,  lying  between  46"  30'  and 
49'  north  latitude,  and  between  84''  30' 
and  92"  30'  west  longitude  from  Green- 
wich, is  situated  at  a  height  of  600  feet 
above  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  from 
which  it  is  distant  about  1,500  miles  by 
the  course  of  its  outlet  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence river.  It  is  460  miles  long  from 
east  to  west,  and  110  miles  broad  in  its 
widest  part,  with  an  average  breadth  of 
85  miles ;  the  entire  circuit  being  about 
1,200  miles.  It  is  800  feet  in  greatest 
depth,  extending  200  feet  below  the  level 
of  the  ocean.  Estimated  area,  31,500 
square  miles,  being  by  far  the  largest 
body  of  fresh  water  on  the  face  of  the 
globe — celebrated  alike  for  its  sparkling 
purity,  romantic  scenery,  and  healthy  in- 
fluence of  its  surrounding  climate.  About 
one  hundred  rivers  and  creeks  are  said  to 
flow  into  the  lake,  the  greatest  part  being 
small  screams,  and  but  few  navigable  ex- 
cept for  canoes,  owing  to  numerous  falls 
and  rapids.  It  discharges  its  waters  east- 
ward, by  the  strait,  or  river  St  Mary,  60 
miles  long,  into  Lake  Huron,  which  lies 
26  feet  below,  there  being  about  20  feet 
descent  at  the  Saut  Ste  Marie,  which  is 
overcome  by  means  of  two  locks  and  a 
ship  canal.  Its  outlet,  is  a  most  lovely 
and  romantic  stream,  embosoming  a  num- 
ber of  large  and  fertile  islands,  covered 
with  a  rich  foliage. 


14 


MAQNITUDK    OX    TMIt    LAXXii. 


f.Bk<^  Michigan,  lying  616  ft.  above  i 
the  Bca,  is  320  miles  long,  85  miles  broad,  | 
and  700  feel  deep;  area,  22,000  square; 
miles.  This  lake  lies  whoUy  within  the  i 
oonttnes  of  the  United  States.  It  pre- J 
sents  a  large  expanse  of  water,  with  but 
.ew  islands,  except  near  its  entrance  into 
the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  through  which  it 
discharges  its  surplus  waters.  The  strait 
is  30  01  40  miles  in  length,  and  discharges 
its  accumulated  waters  into  Lake  Huron, 
on  nearly  a  level  with  Lake  Michigan. 
At  the  north  end  of  the  lake,  and  in  the 
Straits,  are  several  large  and  romantic 
islands,  aCfording  delightful  resorts. 

Orecn  Bay*  a  most  beautiful  ex- 
panse of  water,  containing  several  small 
islands,  lies  at  about  the  same  elevation 
as  Lake  Michigan ;  it  is  100  miles  long, 
20  miles  broad,  and  60  feet  deep ;  area, 
2,000  square  miles.  This  is  a  remarkably 
pure  body  of  water,  presenting  lovely 
shores,  surrounded  by  a  fruitful  and 
healthv  section  of  country. 

fi.dike  Huron,  lying  at  a  height  of 
674  feet  above  the  sea,  is  250  miles  long, 
100  miles  broad,  and  750  feet  greatest 
depth ;  area,  21,000  square  miles.  This 
lake  is  almost  entirely  free  of  islands, 

f  resenting  a  largo  expanse  of  pure  water, 
ts  most  remarkable  feature  is  Saginaw 
Bay,  lying  on  its  western  border.  The 
waters  of  this  hike  are  now  whitened  by 
the  sails  of  commerce,  it  being  the  great 
thonmglifare  to  and  f^om  Lakes  Michigan 
and  Superior. 

Gcorj((.an  Bay,  lying  northeast  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  of  the  same  altitude, 
being  separated  by  islands  and  headlands, 
lies  wholly  within  the  confines  of  Canada. 
It  is  140  miles  long,  56  miles  broad,  and 
600  feet  in  depth;  area,  6,000  square 
miles.  In  the  Kortli  Channel,  which  com- 
municates with  St.  Mary's  River,  and  in 
Georgian  Bay,  are  innumerable  islands 
and  islets,  forming  an  interesting  and  ro- 
mantic feature  to  this  pure  body  of  water. 
All  the  above  bodies  of  water,  into  which 


are  discharged  a  great  number  of  streams, 
find  an  outlet  by  the  River  St.  Clair,  com- 
mencing  at  ihe  foot  of  Lake  Huron, 
where  it  has  only  a  width  of  1,000  feet, 
and  a  depth  of  f^om  20  to  60  feet,  flowing 
with  a  rapid  current  downward,  38  miles, 
into 

I  £«ke  St.  Clair,  which  is  26  mUes 
'  long  and  about  as  many  broad,  with  a 
small  depth  of  water;  the  most  difficulty 
navigation  being  encountered  in  passing 
over  "  St.  Clair  Flats,"  where  only  about 
12  feet  of  water  is  afforded.  Detroit  Kive>; 
27  miles  in  length,  is  the  recipient  of  all 
the  above  waters,  flowing  southward 
through  a  fine  section  of  country  into 

£.ake   Erie,  the  fourth  great  lake 
of  this  immense  chain.    This  latter  lake 
again,  at  an  elevation  above  the  sea  of 
664  feet,  250  miles  long,  60  miles  broad, 
and  204  feet  at  its  greatest  depth,  but,  on 
an  average,  considerably  less  than  100 
feet  deep,  discharges  its  surplus  waters  by 
the  Niagara  River  and  Falls,  into  Lake 
Ontario,  330  feet  below ;  51  feet  of  this 
descent  being  in  the  rapids  immediately 
above  the  Falls,  160  feet  at  the  Falls 
themselves,  and  the  rest,  chiefly  in  the 
rapids  between  the  Falls  and  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  35  miles  below  Lake  Erie. 
This  is  comparatively  a  shallow  body  of 
water;  and  tlie  relative  depths  of  the 
great  series  of  lakes  may  be  illustrated 
by  saying,  that  the  surplus  waters  poured 
from  the  vast  basina  of  Superior,  Michi- 
gan,  and  Huron,  flow  across  the  pUte  of  Erie 
into  the  deep  bowl  of  Ontario.    Lake  Brie 
is  reputed  to  be  the  only  one  of  the  series 
in  which  any  current  i?  perceptible.    The 
fact,  if  it  is  one,  is  usually  ascribed  to 
its  shallownesB;  but  the  vast  volurtie  of 
its  outlet— the  Niagara  River— with  its 
strong  current,  is  a  much  more  favorable 
cause  than  the  small  depth  of  its  water, 
which  may  be  far  more  appropriately  ad- 
duced as  the  reason  why  the  navigation 
is  obstructed  by  ice  much  more  than  either 
1  of  the-other  great  lakes. 


die 

pci 
wa 

Of 

ted 
Ri' 
mi] 

r 

of 

wa 
St. 
for 
the 
thu 
dee 
oce 
lak 
est 
hw 
tha 
wh 
not 
she 
of 
the 
est 
tra' 
Gei 
Lai 
isla 
pur 
Lai 
the 
1 
the 

•  i 
..  ^ 

t; 

i 

T 

pi,t 
or 
r^ 
tan( 


LAKB    ONTAKIO TRIBUTARIXS    OV   TMS    LAKES. 


tl 


Dumber  of  etreams, 
iver  St.  Clair,  com- 
of  Lake  Huron, 
idth  of  1,000  feet, 
I  to  60  feet,  flonibg 
ownward,  38  miloa, 

',  which  is  26  milea 
lany  brood,  with  a 
;  the  most  difficulty 
>uDtered  in  paetiing 
"  where  only  about 
rded.   Detroit  Jiiver, 
the  recipient  of  all 
Rowing    southward 
of  country  into 
B  fourth  great  lake 
1.    This  latter  lake 
a  above  the  eea  of 
ng,  60  miles  broad, 
>ateat  depth,  but,  on 
ably  less  than  100 
ts  surplus  waters  by 
nd  Falls,  into  Lake 
ow ;  51  feet  of  this 
rapids  immediately 
}  feet  at  the  Falls 
resti.  chiefly  in  the 
'alls  and  the  mouth 
IS  below  Lake  Erie, 
y  a  shallow  body  of 
.tire  depths  of  the 
I  may  be  illustrated 
irplus  waters  poured 
of  Superior,  Michi- 
«ros8tho^li/eof  Erie 
Ontario.    Lake  Brie 
mly  one  of  the  series 
i?  perceptible.    The 
usually  ascribed  to 
the  vast  volume  of 
ara  Biver — with  its 
ouch  more  favorable 
I  depth  of  its  water, 
ore  appropriately  ad- 
why  the  navigation 
luch  more  than  either 
kes. 


The  ascertained  temperature  in  the  mid- 
dle of  Lake  Erie,  August,  1845,  was  tem- 
perature of  air  76"  Fahrenheit,  at  noon — 
water  at  surl  xe  73" — at  bottom  63". 

Lake  Ontario,  the  fifth  and  last 
of  the  Great  Lakes  of  America,  is  eleva- 
ted 234  feet  above  tide-water  at  Three 
Rivers  on  the  St  Lawrence;  it  is  180 
miles  long,  60  miles  broad,  600  foet  doop. 

Thus  bdiin  succeeds  6<Min,  like  the  locks 
of  a  great  canal,  ttie  whole  length  of 
waters  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence  being  rendered  navigable 
for  vessels  of  a  large  class  by  means  of . 
the  Welland  and  St.  Lawrence  canals — 
thus  enabUng  a  loaded  vessel  to  ascend  or 
descend  600  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
ocean,  or  tide-water.  Of  these  Ave  groat 
lalfos,  Lake  Superior  has  by  far  the  larg- 
est area,  and  Lake  Ontario  has  the  least, 
having  a  surface  only  about  one- fifth  of 
thai  of  Lake  Superior,  and  being  some- 
what less  in  area  than  Lake  Brie,  although 
not  much  less,  if  any,  in  the  circuit  of  its 
shores.  Lake  Ontario  is  tlie  safest  body 
of  water  for  navigation,  and  Lake  Brie 
the  most  dangerous.  The  lake?  of  great- 
est interest  to  the  tourist  or  scientific 
traveler  are  Ontario,  Huron,  together  with 
Georgian  Bay  and  North  Channel,  and 
Lake  Superior.  The  many  picturesque 
islands  and  headlands,  together  with  the 
pure  dark  green  waters  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  form  a  most  lovely  contrast  during 
the  summer  and  autumn  months. 

The  altitude  of  the  land  which  forms 
the  water-shed  of  the  Upper  Lakei  does 


not  exceed  from  600  to  2,600  foet  abore 
the  level  of  the  ocean,  while  the  altitude 
of  the  land  which  forms  the  water-shed 
of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  lower  tribu- 
taries of  the  St.  Lawrence  River  rises 
from  4,000  to  6,000  above  the  level  of  the 
sea  or  tide-water,  in  the  States  of  Ver- 
mont and  New  York. 

The  divide  whicli  separates  the  waters 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from  those  flow- 
ing northeast  into  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  do 
not  in  some  places  exceed  ten  or  twenty 
feet  above  the  level  of  Lakes  Michigan 
and  Superior ;  in  fact,  it  is  said  tliat  Lake 
Michigan,  when  under  the  influence  of 
high  water  and  a  strong  northerly  wind, 
discharges  some  of  its  surplus  waters  into 
the  Illinois  River,  and  thence  into  the 
Mississippi  and  Gulf  of  Mexico — so  low 
is  the  divide  at  its  southern  terminus. 

When  we  consider  the  magnitude  of 
these  Great  Lakes,  the  large.st  b6dy  of 
fresh  water  on  the  globe,  being  connected 
by  navigable  Straits,  or  canals,  we  may 
quote  with  emphasis  the  words  of  an 
English  writer:  "How  Uttle  are  tliey 
aware,  in  Europe,  of  the  extent  of  com- 
merce upon  these  'Inland  Seas,'  whose 
coasts  are  now  Uned  with  flourishing 
towns  and  cities ;  whose  waters  are  plow- 
ed with  magnificent  steamers,  and  hund- 
reds of  vessels  crowded  with  merchandise  I 
Even  the  Americans  tliemselves  are  not 
fully  aware  of  the  rismg  importance  of 
these  great  lakes,  as  connected  with  tM 
Far  West. 


TBIBITTASIES  OF  THE  OBEAT  LAEES  AND  ST.  LAWBEnCB 

BIVEB. 


Unlike  the  tributaries  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, the  streams  falling  into  the  G  reat  Lakes 
or  the  St.  Lawrence  River  are  mostly 
ri^rid,  and  navigable  only  for  a  short  dii- 
tanoe  firom  their  mouths. 


Tlio  following  are  the  principal  Rivers 
tliat  are  navigable  for  any  considerable 
length: 


1ft 


MAOKITUDM    Or  TUK    LAKSt. 


AUEBICAN  BIDS.  SIQeB. 

St.  Louii  River,  Min Superior  to  Fond  du  Lao. 20 

Fnx,  or  Neenali,  Wis Orocn  Bay  to  Lake  Winnebago* 38 

St.  Joseph,  Micli St.  Josopli  to  Niles. a« 

Grand  River,  " Grand  Haven  to  Grand  Rapids 40 

Muslcegon,       " Muslicgon  to  Newaygo 40 

Saginaw  " Suginaw  Bay  to  Upper  Buginaw 26 

Maumee,  Ohio Maumce  Bay  to  PerryKburgh 18 

Genesee,  N.  Y Clmrlotte  to  Rochester 6 

CANADIAN  SIDE.  MllOS. 

Xhamea Lalie  St.  Clair  to  Chatham 84 

Ottawa    La  Chine  to  Carillon 40 

11      my  means  of  locks  to  Ottawa  Cily)\...  70 

Richelieu  or  Sorol.' .' Sorel  to  Lake  CliampJain  (by  locks)        W 

SaKUonay    TaduMic  to  Chicoutimi 70 

■  (thence  to  Lake  St.  Jolin,  60  m.) 


LAKE  AND  RIVEB  HAYIGATIOIT, 

TO  THE  QULF  Or  ST.   LAWRENCE. 


raOU  FOND  DU  LAO,   LAKE  dUPERIOR, 

Lenzth  In  Greatest 

LxKn,  KiTKU,  ITO.  miig^  brc.idth. 

Superior 460  170 

St.  Mary's  River 60  6 

Michigan 320  85 

Green  Bay 100  25 

Strait  of  Mackinac 40  20 

Huron 250  100 

NorthChannel 150  20 

Georgian  Bay 140  E5 

St.  Clair  River 38  li 

LakeSt.  '  air* 25  25 

Detroiti:    er 27  3 

Erie 250  'TO 

Niagara  River 35  3 

Ontario 180  58 

St.  Lawrence  River 760  100 

Lake  St.  Francis,  foot  Long  Saut. . . 
Lake  St.  Louis,  foot  Cascade  Rapida 

At  Montreal 

Lake8t.Pet©r 

Tide- water  at  Three  Rivers 

At  Quebec 


Av. 
breoiltb. 

85 
2 

58 

18 

10 

70 

10 

40 
1 

18 
1 

40 
1 

40 
2 
4 
5 
3 

12 
1 
1 


Depth 

ill  fret. 
800 

10  to  100 
700 
100 

20  to  200 
700 

20- to  200 
600 

20  to 

10  to 

10  to 


El.  aboT* 

sea. 

600  ft. 

676  " 

676  " 

676  " 

574  " 

674  " 

674  " 


60 

20 

60 

200 


600 


668 
664 
334 


143 

68 

13 

« 

0 

0 


Total  miles  navigation. ..... ..    2,836 

•  By  means  of  IT  locks,  overcoming  an  elevation  of  m  feet.  ^._„  ..j  i...fc. 

♦  The  navlitatlon  for  steamers  extends  IBO  miles  above  OtUwa  aty,  by  means  of  portages  and  lod* 

*  The  St.  Clair  Flat*,  which  have  to  be  passed  by  all  Urge  steamers  and  sail  vessels  running  irom 
Lake  Erie  to  the  Upper  Lakes,  now  affords  tweWp  feet  of  water,  the  ship  ehannM  being  very  natfow 
and  winding,  where  stands  a  light  and  baoys  to  guide  the  marUer. 


AI 


Lak 

Poi 

Gro 

Ora 

Pic 

Iroi 

Qui 

Moi 

Por 

Isle 

Mir 

Mic 

Pie 

St. 

Mel 

Thi 


the 

oft 

Ew 

raa{ 

na« 

we« 

fain 

Moi 

1,2( 

elei 

tain 
11 

8tit\ 
thn 
For 
and 

tUK 

low 
the 
nor 
insi 
Whi 
vat 


tfnes. 

IiflO 

...20 

Winnebago*. . 

...38 

...  ae 

snd  Rapids. . . 

...40 

rffo       > 

...40 

per  8»ginaw. . 

...26 

rry«biirgh. . , . 

...18 

ter     

...   e 

MUes. 

atham 

...  34 

...40 



0  Ottawa  C«<v>f. . .  70 

plain  {by  locks 

76 

(mi  

...70 

)  St.  Jolin,  60 

m.) 

TSf, 

ST.   LAWRENCE. 

Depth 

El.  sboT* 

111  feet. 

sea. 

800 

600  ft. 

10  to  100 

700 

676    " 

100 

676    " 

20  to  200 

676    " 

700 

674   " 

20- to  200 

674   " 

600 

674   " 

20  to    60 

10  to    20 

668    " 

10  to    60 

200 

664   " 

600 

334   " 

148   " 

68   " 

18   " 

6   " 

0   " 

•  " 

means  of  porUgM 

andloekA 

d  sail  yessels  rui 

Dine  tnm 

ALTITUDES — TOPOaRArBT   AKO  lIBTKOROLOar. 

ALTITXTBE  OF  VABIOUS  POIHTB  OH  THE  SH0RB8 

SUPEBIOB. 

liOOAurm.  AboTS  Lake  Superior. 

Lake  Superior 000  feet 

Point  Iroquois,  South  Shore 360    " 

Qros  Cap,  0.  W.,  North  Shore 700    " 

Orand  Sal>le,        South  Shore 346    " 

Pictured  Rocks,           "            200     " 

Iron  Mountains,           "           860     " 

Quinoy  Copper  Uine,  Portage  Lalce 660    " 

Mount  Houghton,  near  Koweenaw  Point 1,000    " 

Porcupine  Mountains,  South  Shore 1,380    " 

Isle  Royale,  Michigan 300    " 

Minnesota  Mountains  (estimated) 1,200    " 

Miohipicoten  Island,  C.  W 800    " 

Pie  Ishutd,                    "    760    " 

St.  Ignace  (estimated)   "     1,200    •• 

McKay's  Mountain,       "    1,000    " 

Thunder  Cape,               "    1,350     " 

tOPOOEAPHT  AND  METEOBOLOOT. 


It 


OF  LAKE 

▲b0T«  th«  8«*, 

600  feet 

060 

<i 

1,300 

i< 

945 

<i 

800 

u 

1,460 

II 

1,160 

II 

1,600 

II 

1,980 

II 

900 

u 

1,800 

II 

1,400 

II 

1,360 

li 

1,800 

II 

1,600 

M 

1,960 

m 

"Tlie  mountains  of  the  region  along 
the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  consist 
of  two  granite  belts  in  the  northwest,  the 
Huron  Mountains  to  the  southward,  a  trap 
range  starting  from  the  head  of  Kewee- 
naw Point,  and  running  west  and  south- 
west into  Wisconsin,  the  Porcupine  ifnun- 
tains,  and  the  detrital  rocks.  The  Huron 
Mottntuns  in  places  attain  an  elevation  of 
1,200  feet  abore  the  Lake.  The  highest 
elevation  attained  by  the  Porcupine  Moun- 
tahis  is  1,380  feet 

"  Meteorological  observations  were  in- 
stituted by  order  of  the  Government  at 
three  military  posts  in  the  District,  viz.: 
Forts  Wilkins  (Copper  Harbor),  Brady, 
and  Mackinac.  From  these  observations 
it  i^pears  that  the  mean  annual  tempera- 
ture of  Fort  Brady  is  about  one  degree 
lower  than  that  of  Fort  Wilkins,  althougli 
the  latter  post  is  nearly  a  degree  fUrther 
north.  This  difference  arises  from  the 
insular  position  of  Keweenaw  Point 
which  is  surrounded  on  three  sides  by 
water.    The  dimate  at  Fort  Brady,  dur- 


ing the  whole  season,  oorremonda  in  • 
remarkable  degree  with  that  of  St  Peters 
burg.  The  temperature  of  the  region  it 
very  favorable  to  the  growth  of  oereala. 
Tlie  annual  ratio  of  fair  days  at  Fort 
Brady  is  168 ;  of  cloudy  days,  77 ;  rainy 
days,  71 ;  snowy  days,  47. 

"  The  temperature  of  the  water  of  Lake 
Superior  during  the  summer,  m  fathom  or 
two  below  tlie  surface,  is  but  a  few  de> 
grees  above  the  freezing  point.  In  the 
western  portion,  the  water  is  mudi  colder 
than  in  the  eastern — the  surface  flow  be- 
coming warmer  at)  it  advances  toward  the 
outlet  The  mirage  which  frequently  o» 
curs,  is  occasioned  by  the  difference  be- 
tween the  temperature  of  the  air  and  the 
Lake.  Great  difficulties  are  experienoe4 
from  this  cause  in  making  astnxtomioal 
observations. 

"  Auroras,  even  in  midsummer,  are  of 
frequent  occurrence,  and  exhibit  a  bril- 
liancy rarely  observed  in  lower  latitadas." 
—JFbsterdi  Whitney'*  neport 


la 


MAOHiTVDa  or  m  lakxb. 


THB  XTPPBR  LAKES,  OR  "DrLANB  8EA,"  OF  AMEBICA. 


This  appellation  applies  to  Lakes  Hu- 
ron, Midiigan,  and  Superior,  including 
Oreon  Bay,  lying  within  the  conflneR  of 
the  United  States,  and  Georgian  Bay, 
which  lies  entirely  in  Canada. 

These  bodie»  of  water'  embrace  an  area 
,  0f  aboat  Tr),000  square  miles,  and,  as  a 
whole,  are  deserring  of  the  name  of  the 
'Inland  Sba,'  being  closely  connected  by 
Btraita  or  water-courses,  navigable  for  the 
largest  class  of  steamers  or  sail  vessels. 
The  shores,  although  not  elevated,  are 
bold,  and  free  from  marsh  or  swampy 
lands,  presenting  one  clean  range  of  coast 
for  aloout  3,000  miles. 

By  a  late  decision  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  U.  States,  the  Upper  Lakes 
including  Lake  Erie,  with  their  connect- 
ing waters,  were  declared  to  be  seat,  com- 
mercially and  legally.  Congress,  under 
this  decision,  is  empowered  to  improve 
the  harbors  of  the  lakes  and  the  connect- 
ing straits,  precisely  as  it  has  power  to 
do  the  same  on  the  seaboard.  Thia  will 
probably  lead  to  a  vigorous  policy  in  the 
maintenance  of  Federal  authority,  both  in 
improving  the  harbors,  and  making  pro- 
vision for  the  safety  of  commerce,  and 
protection  of  life,  as  well  as  guarding 
against  foreign  invasion.  The  only  forti- 
fication of  importance  that  is  garrisoned 
is  iVr<  Mackinac,  guarding  the  passage 
through  the  Straits  of  Mackinac. 

The  islands  of  these  lakes  are  numer- 
ous, particularly  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac, 
and  in  Gieorginn  Bay,  retaining  the  same 
bold  and  virgin  appearance  as  the  main- 
land; most  of  them  are  fertile  and  sus- 
ceptible of  high  cultivation,  although,  as 
yet,  but  few  an  inhabited  to  anr  consid- 
erable extent 


The  dark  green  waters  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  when  agitated  by  a  storm,  or  the 
motion  of  a  passing  steamer,  presents  a 
brilliancy  peculiar  only  to  these  trans- 
parent waters — they  then  assume  the  ad- 
mixture of  white  foam,  with  a  lively  green 
tinge,  assuming  a  crystal-like  appearance. 
In  this  pure  woter,  the  white,  fish,  and 
other  species  of  the  finny  tribe,  delight 
to  gambol,  affording  the  sportsman  and 
epicurean  untold  pleasure,  which  is  well 
described  in  the  following  poem : 

THE  WHITE  FISH. 

Henbt  R.  ScBOOLCRAn,  in  his  poem. 
"Th«  White  Fioh,"  says: 

"All  Mends  to  good  Urln  j  by  turrrn  nod  dish, 
Ooncnp  In  rxiilttog  thia  prince  of  a  flsli ; 
Po  One  in  a  platter,  so  tcinptlnx  a  fry, 
80  rich  on  a  gridiron,  so  sweet  In  a  pie ; 
That  even  btfore  it  the  salmon  must  fall, 
Aud  that  mighty  bonnt-boueht,  of  tb«  land- 
beaver's  tail. 

•  *  •  • 
"TIh  It  morsel  alike  for  the  conrmand  or  fiuter, 
Wh'ie,  whitens  a  tablet  or  pure  alabMtart 
Its  beauty  or  flavor  no  person  can  doubt. 
When  seen  In  the  water  or  tasted  without; 
And  all  the  dispute  that  opinion  ere  make* 

or  this  king  of  lake  fishes,  this  'dter^Os 

laktt,'* 
Repird  not  Its  cholceness  to  ponder  or  sup. 
But  the  boat  mode  of  dressing  and  serving  it  np 

*  •  •  » 
Here  too,  might  a  fkncy  to  descant  inclined. 
Contemplate  the  love  that  peruins  to  the  kind. 
And  bring  up  the  red  man,  In  fancifu)  strain*, 
To  prove  itS'Creatlon  Itom  feminln*  brain«.**f 


•  A  trandation  of  Ad-dik-kttmtnata,  th*  Id> 
dian  name  for  this  flab, 
t  rM4  "  IndUa  Talt*  and  Lagtnda.* 


qua 

Itii 

can 

The 

san 

in 

Mai 

coo 

qua 

BO  i 

tlia 

hab 

an 

wit 

are 

and 

tha 

the 

to 

Th< 

Onl 

ara 

II 

a  f 
whi 

StUI 

piki 

rod 
roai 
bill 

■he 

ii 

the 
laki 
one 
atu 
oth 

BiSi 

11 

BOB 

beti 
ling 
inai 
piol 
are 


OF  AXESICA. 

water!  of  the  Upper 
ed  by  a  stonn,  or  the 
g  steamer,  presents  a 
only  to  these  trans- 
y  then  assume  the  ad- 
im,  with  a  lively  green 
rystal-Iike  appearance. 
r,  the  whitf  Jish,  and 
le  flnny  trihe,  delight 
g  the  sportsman  and 
Teasure,  which  is  well 
owing  poem : 


OTE  riSH. 

JLCBAiT,  in  his  poem. 

"  says: 

1d(  by  tunrn  and  dJib, 
laprlnrcnfaflsh; 
temptlnit  n  fry, 
Bu  awect  \n  »  pie ; 
e  salmon  mnsthll, 
nn4-boucht,  of  tb«  laad- 

*  • 
the  sonnnuft  or  fiuter, 
«t  or  pure  olabMter  t 

>  person  can  duiibt, 
IT  or  tasted  witliout; 
at  opinion  «re  makr* 
fishes,  this  '(Iter  ^04 

less  to  pondrr  or  sup, 
irrssing  and  serving  It  np 

•  * 
!y  to  distant  Inclined, 
that  pertains  to  th*  kind, 
(nan,  in  fanciful  atratni, 
(Tom  feminine  braint."t 


1  and  Legend*.* 


risn  or  nii  upprr  lakm. 


FIBS  OF  THE  XTPFXR  LAKES. 


10 


"  The  numbers,  raricties,  and  excellent 
quality  of  lake  flsh  are  worthy  of  notice. 
It  is  believed  that  no  fresh  waters  known 
can,  in  any  respect,  bear  comparison. 
They  are,  with  some  exceptions,  of  the 
same  kind  in  all  the  lakes.  Those  found 
in  Laku  Superior  and  the  straits  of  St. 
Mary  aro  of  the  best  quality,  owing  to  the 
cooler  temperaturu  of  the  water.  Their 
quantities  aro  surprising,  and  apparently 
so  inezliaustiblo,  as  to  warrant  the  belief 
tliat  were  a  population  of  millions  to  in- 
habit the  lako  shore,  they  would  furnish 
an  ample  supply  of  this  article  of  food 
without  any  sensible  diminution.  There 
aro  aoTeral  kinds  found  in  Lake  Superior, 
and  some  of  the  most  delicious  quality, 
that  are  not  found  in  the  lakes  below,  as 
the  siskowit  and  muckwaw,  whicli  grow 
to  the  weight  of  eight  or  ten  pounds. 
The  salmon  and  some  others  are  found  in 
Ontario,  but  not  above  the  Falls  of  Niag- 
ara. 

"  The  foUowhig  is  a  very  partial  list  of 
a  few  of  the  prominent  varieties:  the 
white  fish,  Mackinac  and  salmon-trout, 
sturgeon,  muscaluqje,  siskowit,  pickerel, 
pike,  perch,  herring,  white,  blaclc,  and 
rock  bass,  cat,  pou^  eel-pout,  bull-head, 
roach,  sun-fish,  dace,  sucker,  carp,  mullet, 
bill-AshiSword-flsh,  bull-fish,  stone-carrier, 
■heapt-hcad,  gar,  &c. 

"  The  lamprey-eel  is  found  in  all,  but 
the  common  eel  is  found  in  neither  of  the 
lakes,  nor  in  any  of  their  tributaries,  except 
one.  Hie  weight  to  which  some  of  these 
attain  is  not  exceeded  by  the  fish  of  auy 
other  inland  fresh  waters,  except  the  Mis- 
Bilnippi.     •  *  •  • 

"  The  fish  seem  to  be  more  numerous 
some  years  than  others,  and  likewise  of 
better  quality.  The  kinds  best  for  pick- 
ling and  export  are  the  white  flah,  Mack- 
inac and  salmon  trout,  sturgeon,  and 
piokereL  The  fisheries  at  which  these 
are  oanght  are  at  Maokinao,  at  soTeral 


points  in  each  of  the  four  straits,  the 
southeast  paTt  of  Lake  Superior,  Thunder 
Bay,  Saginaw  Bay,  and  Fort  Gratiot  near 
foot  of  Lake  Huron.  The  sport  of  taking 
the  brook  trout,  which  are  round  in  great 
abundance  in  the  rapids  at  the  Saut  Ste 
Mario,  and  most  all  of  the  streams  falling 
into  the  Upper  Lakes,  affbrda  healthful 
amusement  to  hundreds  of  amateur  fish- 
ermen during  the  summer  and  full  months. 
The  modes  of  taking  the  diflerent  kinds  of 
fish  are  in  seines,  dip-nets,  and  gill-nets, 
and  the  trout  with  hookn. 

"  Those  engaged  in  catching  fish  in  the 
Straits  of  Mackinac,  are  composed  of 
Americans,  Irish,  French,  half  breeds, 
and  Indians.  Some  are  employed  by  cap- 
italists, others  have  their  own  boata  and 
nets.  Each  one  is  furnished  with  a  boat, 
and  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  nets,  re- 
quiring constantly  two  or  three  men  for 
each  boat,  to  run  the  different  gangs  of 
nets.  The  fish  caught  are  principally 
white  fish,  with  some  trout  The  demand 
for  exportation  increases  every  year,  and 
although  immense  quantities  are  caught 
every  season,  still  no  diminution  in  their 
number  is  perceived. 

"  A  fleet  of  two  hundred  flsh-boata  are 
engaged  in  and  about  the  Straits,  em- 
bracing, however,  all  the  Beaver  group. 
Kach  boat  will  average  one  barrel  of  fish 
per  day  during  the  fishing  seaaon. 
«  *  *  •  • 

"  Ye,  who  are  fond  of  sport  and  tan, 
who  wish  for  wealth  and  strength;  ye, 
who  love  angling;  ye,  who  believe  that 
Ood  has  given  us  a  time  to  pray,  a  time 
to  dance,  Ac.,  ftc.,  go  to  these  fishing- 
grounds,  gain  health  and  strength,  and 
pull  out  Mackinac  trout  from  20  to  40  lbs. 
in  weight.  One  hook  and  line  has,  in 
three  to  four  hours,  pulled  out  enough  to 
fill  three  to  four  barrels  of  fish,  wiuout 
taking  the  sport  inV>  consideration. 

"Yours,  W.M.J.' 


MAaNITUDB    or  TUB   LAKES. 


PRTBXCAL  CEA&ACTSB  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI  BASIH. 


"  The  Valley  of  the  Miraissippi,  bounded 
on  the  one  hand  by  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  on  the  other  by  the  Alleghaniea,  em- 
braoea  a  drainage  area  of  1,244,000  square 
miles,  which  is  more  than  one-half  of  the 
entire  area  of  the  United  States.  The 
Upper  Mississippi  Valley  is  composed  of 
three  subordinate  basins,  whose  respective 
dimensions  are  as  follows : 

Sonar*  mllra. 

ThcObiobMln 814,000 

The  Vpt»r  MlulMippI 1<»,000 

Th«  MUaourl B18,00l> 

Making  a  toUl  of 901,000 

Its  naTigable  rivers  are  as  follows: 

MIlea, 

Mlaaonrt,  to  nnir  th«  Great  Valla S,IM 

Mlaaoiirl,  above  (Ireat  Kalla  to  Three  Forka  190 

Oiiaffp,  to  Uaccola 200 

Kanaas 10U 

RI«8loax 76 

TeDow-atona BOO 

V  pjier  MtaaissippI,  to  St  Paul KS 

St.  Anthonr,  to  Sank  RapMa 80 

Above  Little  Fnlla,  to  Hokfftlma'ralla.*. .  .s  800 

MInneaota,  to  Patteraon'a  Uaplda S9fi 

Bt.  Croix,  til  St  <'raiz  Falla «0 

Inlnol^  to  Iji  Salle 280 

Ohio,  to  PIttsbnrKh »76 

Mononimh«la,ta  0  ene  va(alaok- vater,4  locka)  91 

Muaklricntn,  to  Urraden        "          8    "  lOO 

GreenKfTertoBowllngOreen"          5    "  1S6 

Kentackjr,  to  Brooklyn          "          6    ■•  117 

Kaaawha,  to  Oaalej-  Bridge 100 

Vabaab,tuLaftiyetU 886 

Salt  to  ShepherdaTllle 80 

Bandy,  to  Lonlaa 8B 

Tenneaaee,  to  Mnaele  Sboala COO 

Cumberland,  to  Borkeavllle 870 

Total  navigation 8.947 

Kora.— Steamboata  have  aaoended  the  D»a 
llolnea  to  Dea  Molnaa  CHy,  Iowa  Kiver  to  Iowa 
CItr,  Cedar  Blrer  to  Cedar  Baplda,  and  the  Maqno- 
keta  to  Maqnokata  City,  but  only  daring  tempo- 
nry  flooda. 


"It  would  thus  appear  that  the  internal 
navigation  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  Val> 
ley  is  about  9,000  miles  in  extent;  but, 
during  the  summer  months,  even  through 
the  main  channels,  it  loeoomea  precariouSi 
and  at  times  is  practically  suspended. 

"The  Mississippi  Valley,  viewed  as  k 
whole,  may  be  regarded  as  one  great  plain 
between  two  diverging  coast  ranges,  els- 
vated  from  400  to  800  feet  above  the  aea. 
St.  Paul,  the  head  of  the  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi,  is  800  feet  alMve  the  ocean ; 
Pittabnrgh,  at  tlie  junction  of  the  Monon- 
gahela  and  Alleghany,  forming  the  Ohio, 
699  feet ;  Lake  Superior  on  the  north,  600 
feet ;  but  the  water-shed  on  the  west,  at 
South  Pass,  rises  to  nearly  T,500  feet. 

"It  is  traversed  by  no  mountain  ranges, 
but  the  surface  swells  into  hills  and  rid|(ea, 
and  is  diversified  by  forest  and  prairie. 
Leaving  out  the  sterile  portions  west  oC 
the  Missouri,  the  soil  is  almost  uniformly 
fertile,  easily  cultivated,  and  yields  an 
abundant  return.  The  climate  is  healthy 
and  invigorating,  and  altogether  the  region 
is  the  most  attractive  /or  immigration  of 
any  portion  of  the  earth." 

By  means  of  a  Ship  Canal,  connecting 
with  the  Illinois  River,  the  waters  of  the 
Mississippi  will  be  united  with  the  watars 
of  Lake  Michigan — thus  forming  an  un- 
interrupted navigation  for  armed  Tessels 
of  a  large  class  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  forming  an 
inland  navigation  of  about  3,000  mile»— 
running  through'  the  sub-tropioal  and 
temperate  zones,  where  natnre  is 
lavish  of  her  gifts. 


PETSIOAL  CHABACTEB  07  THE  ST.  LAWBENCE. 


Tim,  sources  of  the  Hisaissippi  on  the 
east  interlock  with  those  of  the  St.  Law- 
renoBi  wfaiofa,  with  its  associated  lakes 


and  rivers,  presents  a  system  of  water- 
oommunioation  of  nearly  equal  extent  and 
grandeur. 


*ABI 


Hupri 
MIrli 
Iliiru 
Krie. 
OnUi 


is  ee 

theii 

ezte 

II 

ter« 

long 

the 

abot 

stup 

tog 

an  a 

the 

sees 

affoi 

Bwe: 

becc 


Tl 
|daa 
sissi 
Toai 
limi< 
that 
«he 
pled 
man 
undi 
that 
ish: 
(^m 
way 
ezte 
dust 
to  ii 


oppi  BAsnr. 

tppear  that  the  internal 
Jpper  Misiiuippi  Val> 
miloR  in  extent;  bat, 
'  months,  eyen  through 
it  beoomea  preoarioui^ 
ctically  lUBpended. 
i  Valley,  viewed  as  k 
trded  as  one  great  plain 
;ing  coast  ranges,  els- 
SOO  feet  above  the  sea. 
)f  the  navigation  of  the 
feet  above  the  ocean; 
junction  of  the  Monon- 
my,  forming  the  Ohio, 
)crior  on  the  north,  600 
r-shed  on  tho  west,  at 
0  nearly  7,600  feet, 
by  no  mountain  rangei, 
Us  into  hills  and  rid|^ 
by  forest  and  praurie. 
itcrile  portions  west  of 
oil  is  almost  uniformly 
ivated,  and  yields  an 
The  climate  ia  healthy 
id  altogether  the  region 
tive  /or  immigration  of 
^arth." 

3 hip  Canal,  connecting 
iver,  the  waters  of  the 
united  with  the  waters 
—thus  forming  an  un- 
tion  for  armed  vesMls 
m  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
Lawrence,  forming  an 
)f  about  3,000  milea— 
the  sub-tropical  and 
whore  nature  ia  Boat 


.AWBEHCE. 

ts  a  system  of  water- 
(tearly  equal  extent  and 


FHTtlCAl  OHARACTIR  Of  TIIC  IT.  LAWRKWCI— DBVILOPMBWT. 


21 


TABU'  BBOWmO  THB  nnflKSIOllfl  or  TBI 
nVI  aklAT  AMUUOAN  LAKCS. 


Lauh 


OmlMl 
lb. 


Unilh. 

MllM. 

HupnHnr 4«U 

MIchlieui »*) 

Huron »«0 

Kri» «40 

OatMio IM 


llrMtMl     H«lfhl 


MllM 

»'•«(. 

nu 

(00 

85 

576 

1(0 

6T4 

TO 

MB 

•0 

DM 

ArM  In 
•i|.mll«c 

8t.MW 

91,000 

>0,«W 

9,«00 

«,M0 


Total,. 


.1,460 »0,000 


"  The  entire  area  drained  by  these  lako3 
is  estimated  at  336,000  square  miles,  and 
their  shore  lines  are  nearly  5,000  miles  in 
extent. 

"  These  rivers  are  as  diverse  in  charac- 
ter as  in  direction.  The  Mississippi  is  tho 
longer,  but  the  St.  Lc^twrcnce  discharges 
the  greater  volume  of  water;  the  one 
abounds  in  difllcult  rapids,  the  other  in 
stupendous  cataracts ;  tho  one  is  subject 
to  great  fluctuations,  the  other  preserves 
an  almost  unvarying  level ;  the  waters  of 
the  one  are  turbid,  those  of  the  other  pos- 
sess an  almost  crystal  purity;  the  one 
affords  few  lalce-like  expansions,  the  other 
swells  into  vast  inland  seas.  Both  have 
become  the  great  highways  of  commerce, 


enrichinp  the  regions  through  whicn  thor 
flow,  and  supplying  the  inhabitants  with 
the  varied  products  of  distant  cUmcp." — 
FoaUr  and  Whitney' »  lieport  on  Lakt  Supe- 
rior. 

"  The  commerce  of  these  lakes,  whose 
annual  value  reaches  $460,000,000 — more 
ttiMi  twice  the  external  commerce  of  the 
whdo  country — is  carried  on  by  a  fleet  of 
1,643  vessels,  of  the  following  classes:— 

Stramen 148 

■  ■niiiclU'ri KM 

Hurts 74 

ttrtg* 88 

Scb<Mineri 1,008 

Slo<>i>« HI 

Uargti 8 

ToUli 1,648 

The  following  are  the  distances  of  some 
of  the  commercial  routes,  taking  Chicago 
as  the  initial  point: 

Cliiciiso  to  Mnrklnoe  (itlrect) 880  miltc 

''        "  Fonddu  LnoSuiwrior....    (KM      •* 

"^    »  Oeiinrtttn  Bar «W      " 

"       ."  BuIThIo,  N.  Y 900      - 

•'        "  Quelx-o 1,680      " 

"       "  Gulf  of  St.  L»wren«* 1,I»0     » 


Tmium. 

V>lM 

68.&M 

|1.I»O.I)00 

TO.ii.'W 

8.578.8IMI 

88,'20S 

1»S'2.900 

S4.H31 

WI1,*I0 

M7,8«l 

B,»MAV) 

fl67 

Vi.TIO 

8,718 

IT.OOO 

418,028 

118,257,020 

PR00BEB8  OF  SEYXLOPMENT. 


The  first  colony  of  English  extraction, 
|daated  in  the  territory  of  the  Upper  Mis- 
eissippi,  was  in  1788— just  seventy-five 
Toars  ago—at  Marietta,  within  the  present 
limits  of  Ohio.  This  was  the  origin  of 
ttiat  spirit  of  colonization,  which,  jrithin 
fhe  lifetime  of  many  living  men,  has  peo- 
pled this  region  with  nine  millions  of  hu- 
man beings;  has  subdued  and  brought 
under  eultivation,  an  area  greater  than 
that  of  all  the  cultivated  lands  of  the  Brit- 
ish Empire ;  has  connected  the  principal 
(jommeroial  points  with  a  net- work  of  rail- 
ways more  than  eleven  thousand  miles  in 
extent;  and  has  built  up  a  domestio  in- 
dustry, the  value  of  whose  annual  product 
it  in  excess  of  three  hundred  and  ftAj 
niOkma  of  dollars.    Out  of  this  territory 


hare  been  carved  not  less  than  nine  States, 
wbidi  are  indissolubly  linked  together  bjr 
a  similarity  of  conditions  in  soil  and  cli- 
mate, and  by  the  geographical  features  of 
the  country.  They  have  already  received 
the  appellation  of  the  "  Food-pboducino" 
States — an  appellation  which  they  are 
destined  to  retain  for  all  time. 

The  rivers  and  the  lakes,  which  water 
this  region,  offer  the  most  magnificent  sys- 
tem of  internal  communication  to  be  found 
on  the  surface  of  the  earth.  No  mountabi 
barriers  interpose  to  divide  the  people  in- 
to hostile  clans,  or  divert  the  great  cur- 
rents of  trade  in  their  flow  to  the  markets 
of  the  world.  With  a  soil  sufficiently  rich 
in  organic  matter  for  fifty  successive  crops ; 
with  almost  boundloss  fields  of  ooal,  stored 


■M 


23 


UAoaiTUDs  or  thk  lakks. 


sway  for  iViture  um;  withvut  deposits 
of  the  usefal  ores,  and  the  precious  metals, 
on  the  rim  of  the  great  basin ;  and  with 
a  climate  most  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  human  energy,  it  ia  impossible 
for  the  mind,  even  in  its  most  duing  spec- 
ulations, to  assign  limits  to  the  growth  of 
the  North-west.  When  all  of  these  ele- 
ments of  wealth,  now  in  a  crude  state, 
shall  have  been  fully  developed,  there  will 
be  an  exhibition  of  human  power  and 
greatness  such  as  no  other  people  ever  at- 
tained. 
Comparing  the  whole  superflcial  con- 


tents of  these  States  with  the  port'ons  ciil< 
tivated,  it  will  be  seen  that  only  about  16 
per  cent,  of  the  surface  has  been  sub- 
dued ;  and,  if  population  arA  cultivation 
increase  in  the  same  ratio  in  the  future  as 
they  have  in  the  past,  before  the  lapse  of 
another  decade  there  will  be  collected  an- 
nually, on  the  borders  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
more  than  200,000,000  bushels  of  cereals 
for  exportation,  giving  employment  to  a 
fleet  of  more  than  3,000  vessels,  and  re- 
quiring avenues  of  more  than  twice  th« 
capacity  of  existing  ones. 


A  LUHAS  TIDAL  WAVE 
In  the  Iforth  American  Eiaket. 

Sxiraeifrom  a  Paper  read  by  Lt.-Col.  Gbaham,  before  the  American  AssoeiaHon  for  ffu 

Advancement  of  Science,  Auguit,  1860. 


"Much  has  been  written,  at  various 
periods,  on  the  fluctuations  in  the  eleva- 
tion of  tho  surface  waters  of  the  great 
freshwater  lakes  of  North  America.  Val- 
uable and  interesting  memoirs  have  ap- 
peared from  time  to  time  in  the  American 
Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  published 
monthly  at  Now  Haven,  Connecticut, 
-within  the  last  thirty  years,  on  this  sub- 
ject, written  by  ihii  late  Brevet  Brigadier- 
Oeneral  Henry  Whiting,  of  the  TJ.  S.  Ar- 
my, when  a  captain,  by  Major  Lachlan, 
Charles  Whittlesey,  Esq.,  and  others. 
The  observations  contained  in  their  me- 
moirs have,  however,  been  directed  chiefly 
to  investigations  of  the  extent  of  the  sec- 
ular and  annual  variations  in  elevation  of 
the  surfaces  of  these  lakes. 

"The  learned  Jesuit  fathers  of  the  time 
of  Marquette,  a  period  near  two  centuries 
ag^,  and  at  later  periods  the  Baron  do  la 
Hontan,  Charlevois,  Carver,  and  others, 
noticed  in  their  writings  the  changes  of 
elevation,  and  some  peculiar  fluctuations 
which  take  place  on  these  Inland  seas. 


Tn  the  speculations  indulged  in  by  some 
of  these  writers  a  slight  lunar  tide  is 
sometimes  suspected,  then  again  such  an 
influence  on  the  swelling  and  receding 
waters  is  doubted,  and  their  disturbance 
is  attributed  to  the  varying  courses  and 
forces  of  the  winds. 

"  But  wo  have  nowhere  seen  that  ,  y 
systematic  course  of  observation  was  ever 
instituted  and  carried  on  by  these  early 
explorers,  or  by  dny  of  their  successi'ws 
who  have  mentioned  the  subject,  giving 
the  tidal  readings  at  small  enough  inter- 
vals of  time  apart,  and  of  'ong  enough 
duration  to  develop  the  problem  of  a  diur- 
nal lunar  tidal  wave  on  these  lakes.  The 
general  idea  has  undoubtedly  been  that 
no  such  lunai'  influenco  was  here  percep- 
tible. 

"In  April,  1854,  I  was  stationed  at 
Chicago  by  the  orders  of  the  Govera- 
ment,  and  charged  with  the  direction  of 
the  harbor  improvements  on  Lake  Mich- 
igan. In  the  latter  part  of  August  of 
that  year,  I  caused  to  be  erected  at  tba 


eust 
harb 
the  ] 
of  t 
oft! 
thue 
into 
of  tl 
oft 
rive 
tide 
the 

the 

ti 

aco 
on  t 
ono< 
ber, 
first 
ob8< 
gau| 
the} 
pro] 
Dur 
raea 

free 

i( 

chic 
vitl 
and 
ele\ 
tor 
and 
of 
bar 
/ 
18S 

ser 

f 

BUT 

and 

tid( 
Aud 
«inc 


40mim 


with  the  port'ons  ciil- 
in  that  onl}-  about  16 
rface  has  been  sub- 
ition  and  cultivation 
ratio  in  the  future  as 
t,  before  the  lapse  of 
I  will  be  collected  an- 
'8  of  the  Great  Lakes, 
)0  bushels  of  cereals 
ag  employment  to  a 
,000  vessels,  and  re> 
more  than  twice  th« 
}ue8. 


■an  AtioeiaHon  for  0k« 


ndulg^d  in  hj  some 
slight  lunar  tide  is 
,  then  again  such  an 
celling  and  receding 
nd  their  disturbance 
varying  courses  and 

vhore  seen  that  ,  y 
observation  was  ever 
1  on  by  these  early 
'  of  their  successi'ws 
1  tiie  subject,  giving 
small  enough  inter- 
and  of  ~ong  enough 
he  problem  of  a  diur- 
on  these  lalces.  The 
loubtedly  been  that 
ico  was  here  peroep> 

I  was  stationed  at 
era  of  the  Govenii- 
ith  the  direction  of 
icnts  on  Lake  Mich- 
part  of  August  of 
o  be  erected  at  tba 


A   LUNAR   TIDAL    WATI. 


2S 


east  or  lakeward  extremity  of  the  North 
harbor  pier,  a  permanent  tide-gauge  for 
the  purpose  of  making  daily  oV/jervations 
of  the  relative  heights  and  fluctuations 
of  the  surface  of  this  lake.  The  position 
thus  chosen  for  the  observations  projects 
into  the  lake,  entirely  beyond  the  mouth 
of  the  Chicago  River,  and  altogether  out 
of  the  reach  o'  any  influence  from  the 
river  current,  upon  the  fluctuations  of  the 
tide-gauge.  It  was  the  fluctuations  of 
the  lake  surface  alone,  that  could  affect 
the  readings  of  the  tide- gauge. 

"On  the  first  day  of  September,  1854, 
a  course  of  observations  was  commenced 
on  this  tide-gauge,  and  continued  at  least 
once  a  day,  until  the  3lBt  day  of  Decem- 
ber, inclusive,  1858.  During  each  of  the 
first  three  winters  a'  portion  of  the  daily 
observations  was  lost,  owing  to  the  tide- 
gauge  being  frozen  fast  in  its  box,  but 
they  constituted  only  a  small  number  in 
proportion  to  that  embraced  in  the  series. 
During  the  subsequent  winters  artificial 
means  were  resorted  to,  to  prevent  this 
freezing. 

"These  observations  were  instituted 
chiefly  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining 
vith  accuracy  the  amount  of  the  annual 
and  also  of  the  secular  variation  in  the 
elevation  of  the  lake  surface,  with  a  view 
to  regulating  the  heights  of  break-waters 
and  pters  to  be  erected  for  the  protection 
of  vessels,  and  for  improving  the  lake 
harbors." 

After  a  series  of  »cw  observations  from 
1864  to  1868,  Lieut.-Colonel  Graham  ob- 
serves:—  .  ,    ,  , 

'  The  difference  of  elevation  of  the  lake 
Borfaoe,  between  the  periods  of  lunar  low 
and  lunar  high-water  at  the  moan  spring 
tides  is  here  shown  to  be  two  hundred 
and  flfty-four  thousandths  (.264)  of  a  foot, 
and  the  time  of  high-water  at  the  full  and 


change  of  the  moon  is  shown  to  be  thirty 
(30)  minutes  after  the  time  of  the  moon's 
meridian  transit. 

"  We,  therefore,  in  accordance  with  ens 
torn  in  like  oases,  indicate  as  the  «taUwA- 
ment  for  the  port  of  Chicago, 
b.  nu 
k  Foot,  0  30. 

"Although  this  knowledge  nay  be  of 
but  small  practical  advantage  to  naviga- 
tors, yet  it  may  serve  as  a  memorandum 
of  a  physical  phenomenon  whose  exist- 
ence has  generally  heretofore  been  either 
denied  or  doubted. 

"  We  think  it  probable  that,  if  the  ef- 
fect of  unfavorable  winds  and  all  other 
extraneous  forces  which  produce  irregular 
oscillations  in  the  elevation  of  the  lake 
surface  could  bo  fully  eliminated,  a  semi- 
diurnal lunar  spring  tide  would  be  shown 
of  as  much  as  one-third  of  a  foot  for  the 
periods  of  highest  tides. 

The  time  of  low-water  and  the  relative 
times  of  duration  of  the  flood  and  ebb 
tides  are  given  only  approximately.  The 
extreme  rise  of  the  tide  being  so  little, 
the  precise  time  of  the  change  from  ebb 
to  flood,  and  hence  the  duration  of  the 
flow  of  each,  can  only  be  accurately  de- 
termined by  numerous  observations  at 
short  intervals,  say  three  to  five  minutes 
of  time  apart,  from  about  on  hour  before 
to  an  hour  after  the  actual  time  of  low 
water. 

"  In  conclusion,  we  offer  the  above  obr 
servations  as  solving  the  problem  in  ques- 
tion, and  its  proving  the  existence  of  a 
semi-diurnal  lunar  tidal  wave  on  Lake 
Miclugan,  and  consequently  on  the  other 
great  freshwater  lakes  of  North  America, 
whose  co-ordinate  of  altitude  is,  at  its 
summit,  as  much  as  .16  to  .26  (^'^  to  -fif 
of  a  foot.  United  States'  measure." 


tiisii^  jwsav 


4mmm 


1 


>4 


MAONITUDK    OF   THK    LAK£8. 


BEHABKABLE  PHENOKENA. 


Prof.  Mather,  'who  observed  the  bar- 
ometer at  Fort  Wilkins,  Copper  Harbor, 
Al"  30'  north  lat.,  during  the  prevalence 
of  one  of  these  remarkuble  disturbances 
which  are  pecuUar  to  all  the  Upper  Lakes, 
remarks: — "As  a  general  thing,  fluctua- 
tions in  the  barometer  accompanied  the 
fluctuations  in  the  level  of  the  water,  but 
sometimes  the  water-level  varied  rapidly 
in  the  harbor,  while  no  such  variation 
occurred  in  the  bsrometer  at  the  place  of 
observation.  Thfc  variation  in  the  level 
of  the  water  may  be  caused  by  varied 
barouetrio  pressure  of  the  air  on  the 
water,  either  at  the  place  of  observaliou, 
or  at  some  distant  point.  A  local  in- 
creased pressure  of  the  atuio^pher)  at 
the  place  of  observation,  would  lowor  the 
water-level  where  there  is  a  wide  expanse 
of  water ;  or  a  diminished  pressure,  under 
the  same  oircumstances,  would  cause  the 
water  to  rise  (ibove  its  usual  level" 


In  the  summer  of  1854,  according  to 
the  Report  of  Foster  and  Whitney,  made 
to  Congress  in  1850,  "an  extraordinary 
retrocession  of  the  waters  took  place  at 
the  Saut  Ste  Marie.  The  river  hero  is 
nearly  a  mile  in  width,  and  the  depth  of 
water  over  the  sandstone  rapids  is  about 
three  feet.  The  phenomena  occurred  at 
noon ;  the  day  was  calm  but  cloudy ;  tho 
water  retired  suddenly,  leaving  the  bed 
of  the  river  bare,  except  for  the  distance 
of  about  twenty  rods  where  the  channel 
is  deepest,  and  remained  do  for  the  space 
of  an  hour.  Persons  went  out  and  caught 
fish  in  the  pools  formed  in  the  rocky  cavi- 
ties. The  return  of  the  waters  was  sud- 
den, and  presented  a  sublime  spectacle. 
They  came  down  like  an  immense  surge, 
roai-ing  and  foaming,  and  those  who  had 
incautiously  wandered  into  tho  river  bed, 
hud  barely  time  to  escape  being  over- 
whelmed." 


Bismg  and  Falling  of  the  Waters  of  Lake  Michigan. 

[From  tha  Chicago  Tribune,  Miiy  28, 18«1.] 


One  of  those  singiilar  oscillations  in  the 
Lakes,  or  "Inland  Seas,"  which  have 
been  observed  occasionally  ttom  the  time 
of  the  exploration  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers, 
was  witnessed  yesterday  in  Lake  Michi- 
gan. A  variety  of  signs,  such  as  the 
mirage  of  the  distant  shore,  unusual  de- 
pression of  the  barometer,  and  a  sudden 
rise  of  the  temperature  from  a  cool,  bracing 
air,  to  a  sultry  heat,  indicated  an  unusual 
commotion  in  the  atmospheric  elements. 
About  eleven  o'clock  a.  u.,  when  our  at- 
tention was  first  called  to  the  phenomena, 
the  waters  of  the  lake  had  risen  ibout 
thirty -one  inches  above  the  ordinary  level, 
and  in  the  course  of  half  an  hour  they 
•gain  receded.  Throughout  the  whole 
day  they  continued  to  ebb  and  flow  at  in- 
tervals of  fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and 


the  current  betveen  the  buter  and  inner 
breakwater,  near  the  Illinois  Central  Bad- 
road  House,  was  so  great  at  times  that  a 
row-boat  made  Uttle  or  no  headway  against 
it.  The  extreme  variation  betweeu  high 
and  low  water  was  nearly  three  feet. 
The  wind  all  day  was  off  shore  (ttom  the 
southwest),  the  olTect  of  whi«di  was  to 
keep  down  the  waters  instead  of  accumu- 
lating them  at  this  point.  About  eight 
o'clock  in  the  evening  it  veered  suddenly 
to  the  northwest,  and  blew  a  violent  gale, 
accompanied  by  vivid  electrical  displays. 
This  morning  (Monday)  we  hear  of  tele- 
graphic lines  prostrated,  of  persons  killed 
by  lightning,  &c.,  while  the  lake,  altlmugh 
agitated,  exhibits  none  of  the  pulsations 
of  yesterday. 


MHliMM 


am 


RHMW-i 


Eztn 


4 


"In 
Review 
UiilKdo 
inapprc 
tlie  ris 
growth 
'  InlaD( 

"Wl 
de  La 
Seneca 
Creek,  i 
was  lai 
vessel 
of  Lak 
Westw 
The  eel 
their  sc 
waaycl 
and  his 
three  ( 
■tiBirr 
the  firn 
broke  i 
gion. 
tliem  tt 
of  heai 
anobje 

"Thi 


tm 


1854,  according  to 
iDd  Whitney,  mado 
"an  oxtraordinar/ 
aters  took  place  ut 
The  river  hero  is 
,  and  the  depth  of 
}ne  rapids  is  about 
lomena  occurred  at 
Im  but  cloudy ;  tho 
ly,  leaving  the  bed 
3pt  for  the  distance 
where  the  channel 
led  60  for  the  space 
vent  out  and  caught 
d  in  the  rocky  cavi- 
>he  waters  was  sud- 
Bublime  spectacle, 
an  immense  surg^e, 
and  those  who  had 
I  into  the  river  bed, 
Dscape  being  over- 


Uiohigan. 


the  buter  and  inner 
Illinois  Central  Bad- 
;reat  at  times  that  a 
no  headway  against 
tktion  between  high 
nearly  three  feet, 
off  shore  (from  the 
t  of  whim  waa  to 
I  instead  of  accumu- 
point.  About  eight 
;  it  veered  suddenly 
blew  a  violent  gale, 
I  electrical  displays, 
ly)  we  hear  of  tele- 
ad,  of  persons  killed 
le  the  lake,  altlmugh 
e  of  the  pulsations 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  LAKES 

Extract  from  the  Aimual  Report  of  the  Trade  and  Commeroe  of 

Bq&Io, 


"  In  presenting  to  the  public  our  Annual 
Review  of  tlio  Trade  and  Commerce  of 
tiuir.do,  for  the  last  year  it  will  not  bo 
inappropriate  to  revert  to  the  past  to  show 
tlie  rise  and  progress,  the  extent  and 
growth  of  the  oommcrco  of  these  vast 
'  Inland  Seas.' 

"  Wheii  in  the  year  1679,  the  Cliovnller 
de  La  Salle  obtained  permission  of  tho 
Seneca  Indians  to  buUd  a  vessel  at  Cayuga 
Creek,  six  miles  above  Niagara  Falls,  which 
was  lau  'bed  in  1679,  and  wiis  the  first 
vessel  II  jved  with  sails  upon  tho  waters 
of  Lake  Erie,  every  portion  of  the  great 
West  was  covered  with  its  ancient  forests. 
The  echoing  axe  had  never  rung  through 
their  solitudes,  and  the  battle  for  mastery 
was  yet  undecided  between  the  wild  beast 
and  his  wild  foe  the  savage  hunter.  The 
three  guns  which  were  tired  when  the 
•UairriN'  was  launched,  were,  probably, 
the  flrnt  sounds  of  gunpowder  that  ever 
broke  upon  the  stiUness  of  this  vast  re- 
gion. Thp  wondering  Seneoas  heard  in 
tliem  the  thunders,  and  saw  the  lightnings 
of  heaven.  Tho  white  man  was  c  lually 
an  object  of  admiration  and  fear.  I 

"The  arts  of  navigation,  at  this  period,  i 


upon  this  great  inland  sea,  were  '^onflne^^ 
to  the  bark  cunoo  and  the  rude  paddle 
with  which  it  was  propelled.  Never  be- 
fore had  tiie  ctmvus  here  opened  itself  to 
the  wind.  Tlie  voyage  of  La  Salle  wus 
an  era  in  the  history  of  this  portion  of  the 
world.  Tho  immense  fur  trade  with  tho 
natives  at  thu  extremities  of  those  lakes, 
whicli  was  carried  on  first  by  the  French 
and  afterward  by  tlie  English,  was  tliea 
almost  entirely  unknown.  It  was  but  the 
year  before  tiie  sites  of  the  first  trading- 
houses  had  been  selected.  La  Salle  set 
sail  from  tlie  foot  of  Lake  Erie,  on  the  7th 
day  of  August,  1679,  witli  a  crow  of  thirty 
men,  and  arrived  at  Mackinac  on  the  28th 
day  of  that  month.  The  first  cargo  of 
furs  was  put  on  board  the  GriOin,  and  she 
was  ordered  by  La  Sulle  to  return  with  a 
crew  of  six  men  to  Niagara.  But  a  storm 
was  encountered,  a  jd  the  vessel  and  cargo, 
valued  at  fifty  to  sixty  thousand  franca, 
with  all  on  board,  was  lost.  Tims  was 
made  the  first  great  sacrifico  of  life  and 
property  to  the  commerce  of  Lake  Erie. 

"  Since  that  period  the  changes  that  have 
been  wrought  in  the  country  bordering  u[>- 
on  vtd  lying  beyond  these  lakes,  surpass 
tho  dreams  of  cncliantment.  Enterprise 
and  energy  have  penetrated  those  vast 
solitudes ;  tlie  beasts  of  prey  have  slunk 
back  into  tho  deep  fastnesses  of  the  woods, 
the  native  tribes  have  vanished  away  like 
their  own  mEOostic  forests,  and  the  white 
man  followiug  fust  upon  their  rustling 
footsteps,  has  subdued  the  wilderness  to 
the  forms  of  civilization. 

"  The  country  from  which  the  furs  were 
gathered  dt  the  trading  postd  at  Niagara 


MM 


COMIIXRCB    OF   TBI    LAKX8. 


Detroit,  and  Mnckinao,  including  a  large 
portion  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michi- 
gan, and  Wiflconsitt,  now  contains  a  pop- 
ulation of  6,926,874.  Since  the  day  wlien 
La  Sallu  flrst  opened,  as  it  were,  to  future 
generations  the  great  highway  upon  the 
waters  of  Lnlces  Erie  and  Huron,  tlie  pro- 
genitors of  this  mighty  multitude  have 
been  borne  upon  its  waves  by  favoring 
winds ;  and  innumerable  little  bands  gaia- 
ing  the  mouth  of  some  fair  river,  have 
tl^ence  radiated  over  the  wide-spread  do- 
main from  which  their  descendants  are  now 
pouring  down  upon  the  trusting  bosom 
of  tlie  lalce,  the  abundant  products  of  an 
almost  inexhaustible  fertility. 

'  'reat  as  haa  been  the  change  since 
the  country  was  first  explored,  it  has  al- 
most wholly  taken  place  since  the  year 
1800.  The  population  of  Ohio  in  that  year 
was  only  45,365 ;  and  that  was  the  mly 
State,  with  the  e.Tcoption  of  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania,  of  all  those  bordering 
upon  the  great  lakes,  wliich  contained  any 
considerable  settlements,  or  in  which  any 
enumeration  of  the  people  was  taken. 
Even  Ohio  was  not  then  admitted  into 
tlio  Union ;  and  the  commercial  advantage 
ot  Lake  Brio  were  scarcely  begun  to  be 
developed  till  twenty-flve  years  afterward. 
The  flrst  vessel  bearing  the  American  flag 
.upon  Lake  Erie  was  tlie  sloop  Detroit,  of 
seventy  tons,  which  was  purchased  of  the 
Northwest  Fur  Company,  by  the  General 
Government,  in  1T96.  She  was,  however, 
800U  condemned  as  unseaworthy,  and 
abandoned.  Up  to  the  time  of  the  decla- 
ration of  war  in  1812,  tlie  wliole  number 
of  ve!<sols  of  all  descriptions  on  these 
lakes,  did  not  exceed  twelve,  and  these 
were  employed  either  in  the  fur  trade,  or 
in  transporting  to  the  West  such  goods 
and  merchandise  as  were  required  for  the 
■cattered  population  that  had  found  their 
way  there.  A  few  vessels  were  built  dur- 
ing the  vrar,  but,  probably,  as  many  or 
more  were  destroyed.  And  during  the 
three  years  of  its  continuance,  as  all  emi- 


gration to  the  West,  if  any  had  before  n 
isted,  must  have  ceased,  there  cf.anot  be 
said  to  have  been  any  commerce  on  th« 
lakes. 

"In  March,  1191,  (Jol.  Thomas  Proctor 
visited  the  Senecas  of  Buflblo  Creek,  and 
from  him  the  first  authentic  notice  of  Buf 
folo  is  given.  He  mentions  •  storehouse 
kept  by  an  Indian  trader  named  Winne, 
at  Lake  Erie. 

"In  June,  1195,  a  French  nobleman, 
named  La  Rochefoucauld  Liancourt,  visit- 
ed Buffalo  and  the  neighboring  Indian  vil- 
lages. At  this  place  there  were  then  but 
few  houses.  He  mentions  an  Inn  where 
he  was  obliged  to  sleep  on  the  floor  in  hia 
clothes. 

"In  Angust,  1195,  Judge  Porter,  ac- 
companied by  Jttdah  Colt,  wept  to  Presqne 
Isle,  now  Erie,  through  Buflblo.  Judge 
Porter  makes  mention  '  that  one  Johnson, 
the  British  Indian  interpreter,  Winne,  the 
trader,  and  Middaugh,  a  Dutchman,  with 
his  family,  lived  at  Buffalo.'  The  only 
road  between  Buffalo  and  Avon,  in  the 
year  1191,  was  an  Indian  trail,  and  the 
only  house  on  this  trail  was  one,  about 
one  and  one-half  miles  cast  of  the  pre8e'..>t 
village  of  Le  Roy,  occupied  by  a  Mr. 
Wilder.  As  late  as  1812  the  roads  were 
next  to  impassable,  and  to  obtain  supplies 
from  Albany,  trade  was  carried  on  by  a 
circuitous  route,  'through  the  Niagara 
river  to  Schlosser,  thence  by  portage  to 
Lewiston,  thonco  by  water  to  Oswego  and 
up  the  Oswego  River,  through  the  Oneida 
Lake  and  Wood  Creek,  and  across  a  siiort 
portase  to  the  Mohawk  River,  thence  by 
that  river  and  around  the  portage  of  Little 
Falls  to  Schenectady — and  thence  over  the 
arid  pine  plains  to  Al'.any.'  The  late 
Judge  Townsend  and  George  Coit,  Esq., 
came  to  Buffalo  as  traders,  in  1811  by  thiH 
route,  bringing  about  twenty  tons  of  mer- 
chandise from  Albany  at  a  cost  of  fifty 
dollars  a  ton.  At  this  time  there  went 
less  than  one  hundred  dwellings  hero,  and 
the  population  did  not  exceed  five  luft- 


drad. 

thea  ( 

preve 

and  < 

frequ( 

acrosi 

them 

at  Bii 

To  rei 

bythi 

it  was 

a  pier 

was  d 

aubsci 

lagers 

The  1 

origin 

and  U 

which 

bar. 

eapaci 

mud-s 

The  fl 

was  m 

incorp 

and  as 

"M( 

last  ce 

in  181 

In  18 

1830, 

18,213 

in  186 

year  1 

over  1 

ert^ol 

this  VI 

the  rei 

ial86: 

"Th 

*hj,  \ 

meats, 
the  cai 
bylak< 
the  p( 
Wests 
and  rai 


if  anj  had  before  ex 
scd,  there  c;.anot  be 
My  commerce  on  the 

Col.  Thomas  Proctor 
if  Buffalo  Creeic,  an^ 
thentic  notice  of  Buf 
entions  a  storehouse 
rader  named  Winne, 

a  French  nobleman, 
lauld  Liancourt,  Tiait> 
aighboring  Indian  Til- 
I  there  were  then  but 
ntiona  an  Inn  where 
«p  on  the  floor  in  hia 

i,  Judge  Porter,  ao- 
Golt,  wept  to  Presqne 
lUgh  Buflblo.  Judge 
a  '  that  one  Johnson, 
terproter,  Winne,  the 
h,  a  Dutchman,  with 

Buffalo.'  The  only 
lo  and  Avon,  in  the 
Indian  trail,  and  the 
trail  was  one,  about 
es  east  of  the  presev.t 

occupied  by  a  Mr. 
1812  the  roads  were 
tnd  to  obtain  supplies 
was  carried  on  by  a 
hrough  the  Niagara 
ihenco  by  portage  to 
water  to  Oswego  and 
r,  through  the  Uneida 
>k,  and  across  a  sliort 
iwk  River,  thonne  by 
1  the  portage  of  Little 
— and  thence  OTer  the 
I  Al'.any.'  The  late 
id  George  Coit,  Esq., 
aders,  in  1811  by  thill 
it  twenty  tons  of  mer- 
iny  at  a  cost  of  fifty 
this  time  there  went 
id  dwclliDgs  hen,  and 
not  exceed  &to  bnA- 


■ARLT   BISTORT. 


W 


dred.  The  mouth  of  Buffolo  Creek  was 
then  obstructed  by  a  sand-bar,  frequently 
prevoQtiag  the  entrance  of  small  vessels, 
and  even  frail  Indian  bark  canoes  were 
(ivquently  shut  out,  and  footman  walked 
across  its  mouth  on  dry  land.  Vessels 
then  received  and  discharged  their  car^.'oes 
at  Bird 'Island  wharf;  near  Black  Rock. 
To  remedy  the  obstructions  in  the  creek 
by  the  sand-bar  at  its  outlet  into  the  lake, 
it  was  proposed,  in  the  year  1811,  to  run 
a  pier  into  the  lake,  but  nothing  of  moment 
was  done  till  tlie  spring  of  1830,  when  a 
subscription  was  raised,  by  the  tlien  vil- 
lagers of  Buffalo,  amounting  to  $1,361. 
The  late  Hon.  Samuel  Wilkson  was  the 
originator  and  projector  of  this  movement, 
and  temporary  improvements  were  made 
which  carried  away  the  obstructing  sand- 
bar. In  1822  the  village  in  its  corporate 
capacity  paid  John  T.  Lacy  for  building  a 
mud-scow  for  working  in  the  harbor  $534. 
The  first  corporate  notice  of  the  liarbor 
was  made  in  the  latter  year.  Buffalo  waa 
incorporated  as  a  viU^  in  April,  1813, 
and  as  a  city  on  20th  of  April,  1833. 

"Jfelish  says,  'the  population  by  the 
last  census  was  365,  and  it  was  computed 
in  1811  at  SCO,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.' 
In  1823  the  popuktion  was  2,412;  in 
1830,  8,668;  in  1835,  16,661;  in  1840, 
18,213;  in  1846,  29,973;  in  1860,  421261; 
in  I860,  81,129;  and  at  the  end  of  the 
year  1862  the  population  is  estimated  at 
over  100,090.  In  1817  the  taxable  prop- 
erty of  the  village  was  $134,400,  and  on 
this  valuation  an  assessment  of  $400  was 
ntade  during  that  year.  The  valuation  of 
this  real  and  personal  property  of  the  city 
in  1862  is  $30,911,014. 

. "  The  population  and  valuation  of  prop- 
erty, the  harbor  and  harbor  improve- 
ments, the  manufactures  and  commerce, 
the  canal,  railway,  and  water  connnctions 
by  lake  with  other  portions  of  the  country, 
the  population  and  productions  of  the 
West  and  Northwest,  the  large  lake,  canal, 
and  railway  facditias  for  transportation  at 


the  present  time,  when  compared  with 
what  they  were  flhy  years  ago,  'are  ma> 
velloua  in  our  eyes,'  and  if  some  far-seeing 
mind,  a  half  century  since,  had  prophesied 
results  of  such  vast  magnitude,  he  would 
have  Iseen  denominated  an  idle  dreamer, 
and  a  fit  subject  for  a  lunatic  asylum. 

"  Jhe  States  and  Territories  bordering 
on,  and  tributary  to  the  great  lake  basin 
that  had  fifty  years  ago  but  a  few  thousand 
population,  have  now  nearly  seven  millions, 
which  will  soon  be  augmented  by  the 
natural  increase  and  by  immigration  to 
thirty  millions,  and  Buffalo  with  its  500 
inhabitants  in  1811,  81,000  in  1860,  will 
have  a  population  of  ttiree  or  four  hun- 
dred thousand  before  the  present  century 
shall  have  passed  away.  Within  the  lim- 
its of  these  lake  States,  where,  less  than 
forty  years  ago,  there  were  neither  canala 
nor  railways,  there  are  now  14,484  miles 
of  railway,  and  3,345  miles  of  navigable 
capals,  of  which  latter  about  760  miles 
are  slack-water  navigation. 

"The  whole  West  and  Northwest  is 
now  traversed  by  a  net-work  of  railways, 
with  important  canal  connections  between 
the  different  States,  where  there  was  a 
sparsely  populated,  almost  interminable 
forest  or  uninhabited  prairie.  In  this 
march  of  improvement,  making  more  in- 
timate the  social  and  commercial  relations 
of  these  widely  separated  sections  of  the 
co;<.ntry,  the  Kmpire  State  has  nobly  led 
the  way.  The  far-seeing  mind  of  her 
honored  son.  Governor  Clinton,  projected 
the  Erie  Canal  which  was  completed  in 
1^25,  uniting  the  waters  of  the  Hudson 
with  the  hikes.  A  brighter  day  then 
dawned  upon  the  West,  the  population 
was  rapidly  augmented,  which  was  soon 
succeeded  by  largely  increased  agricultu- 
ral productiottji  tliat  gave  new  life  to  com- 
merce. The  era  of  railways  was  com- 
menced in  about  the  year  1830. 

"  With  these  htrgely  uicreased  rail  fa- 
cilities, and  the  capacity  of  the  New  York 
canals  nearly  quadrupled,  the  augmenting 


■MM 


'tti 


S8 


oouMEBoa  or  thi  laxcb. 


fccffities  do  not  Ireep  pace  with  the  rapid- 
ly augmenting  population  and  largely  in- 
creased production.  Improved  charnels 
of  communication,  both  by  mil  and  water, 
must  be  made,  to  enable  the  producer  at 
the  West  to  get  his  products  more  cheap- 
ly to  market.  A  country  Tast  in  extent, 
bordering  upon  the  upper  Mississippi,  the 
Ohio,  Cumberland,  Tennessee,  Arltansaa, 
Red,  and  Missouri  rivers  and  their  tribu- 
taries, and  the  Red  river  of  the  North, 
traversed  by  more  than  twenty  thousand 
miles  of  navigable  waters,  will  soon  be 
densely  peopled;  new  States  to  the  west 
of  those  already  admitted  will  soon  Icnock 
for  admission  into  the  Union;  the  supera- 
bundant products  of  an  almost  inexhaust- 
ible fertility  will  be  pouring  over  the  lakes 
and  railways,  and  through  the  rivers  and 
canals,  imparting  activity  to  trade,  giving 
life,  strength  and  vital  energy  to  the  large- 
ly augmenting  commerce  of  the  West 
As  the  star  of  empire  westward  weuds  its 
way,  widening  the  distance  from  the  great 
sea-board  marts  of  trade,  the  prospective 
wants  and  increased  productions  of  scores 
of  millions  of  people  will  from  necessity 
create  cheaper  and  more  expeditious  facil- 
ities fbr  the  transportation  of  their  surplus 
products  to  market.  There  is  no  country 
on  the  face  of  the  globe  that  has  so  many 
natural  advantages  for  a  large  and  extend- 
ed internal  trade  as  the  great  West  and 
Northwest. 

"The  great  basin  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  is  drained  by  the  Mississippi 
and  Missouri  Rivers  and  their  tributaries, 
and  theit  waters  find  an  outlet  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  great  lakes,  having 
an  area  equal  to  one  twenty-fifth  part  of 
the  Atlantic  Ocean,  are  drwned  by  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  and  find  an  outlet  in 
the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence.  The  construc- 
tion of  a  few  miles  of  canal  makes  a  nav- 
igable connection  from  tLd  ocean  to  the 
great  chain  of  hikes.  These  natural  ad- 
vantages have  been  Improved  to  some  ex- 
tent <»  the  United  Stetes  by  the  construc- 


tion of  a  canal  through  the  State  cf  l^aw 
York,  that  now  has  a  prism  forty-five  feet 
at  the  bottom  and  seventy  feet  at  the  top, 
with  seven  feet  of  water,  with  locks  18 
feet  6  inches  wide  by  100  feet   long. 
There  is  also  a  canal  one  hundred  miles 
long  connecting  the  Illinois  river  with 
lake  Mioliigan  at  Chicago,  and  slack  wster 
navigation  connecting  Green  Bay,  Wiscon- 
sin, with  the  Mississippi  river.    By  the 
construction  of  a  ship  canal  about  three- 
fourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  from  Big 
Stone  Lake  to  Lake  Traver  in  Minnesota, 
steamboats  from  St.  Paul  could  navigate 
both  the   Minnesota  river  and  tlio  Red 
river  of  the  North  to  Lake  Winnepeg^  a 
distance  of  seven  hundred  miles.    The 
country  traversed  by  these  rivers  is  sur- 
passingly fertile  and  capable  of  sustaining 
a  dense  population.    Lake  Winnepeg  is 
larger  than  Lake  Ontario,  and  receives  the 
Sas-katch-e-wan  river    from   the    West. 
The  Sas-katch-e-wan  river  is  navigable  to 
a  point  (Edmonton  House)  near  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  seven  hundred  miles  west  of 
Lake  Winnepeg,  and  only  150  miles  east 
of  the  celebrated  gold  diggings  on  Frazcr 
river  in  British  Columbia.     Tlie  digg^g 
of  tiiat  one  mile  of  canal,  would,  there- 
fore, enable  a  steamboat  ut  New  Orleans 
to  pass  into  Lake  Winnepeg  and  from 
thence  to  Edmonton  House,  some  6,000 
miles.    A  move  has  already  been  made 
for  constructing  this  short  canaL    By  en- 
larging the  Illinois  and  Michigan  canal 
and  improving  the  navigation  of  the  Illi- 
nois river,  and  improving  and  completing 
the  shick  water  navigation  of  the  Fox 
river  in  Wisconsin,  connecting  Green  Bay 
with  the  ^lississippi  river,  and  still  ftir- 
ther  enlarging  the  main  trunk  of  the  N"ew 
York  canals,  steamers  could  be  passed 
from  New  York  or  the  Gulf  of  St  Law- 
rence, either  through  the  canals  of  New 
York  or  Canada  into  the  great  lakes,  and 
ftom  thence  to  the  head  waters  of  the 
Sas-katch-c-wan,  the  Missouri,  the  Yellow 
Stone  rivers,  bemg  "ome  6.000  to  6,000 


milei 

bordi 

was 

862,6 

6691 

of  th 

cerca 

9,178 

1860, 

in  po 

deear 

creas 

Shall 

Willi 

a  ceri 

mis 

acer< 

in  18 

a  ocn 

and  I 

with 

of  yei 
reach 
they 
of  bu 
falo  1 
in  th< 
«47,2 
grain 
360,0 
of  th( 
on  til 
years 
•  gra 
.of  bu 
^onal 
^Otw^ 
tork 
topaf 
of  gri 
in  the 
ingn( 
requii 
.  1880, 


mm 


FIRST   STKAUBOAT   ON   I.AKK   XRtK. 


89 


jh  the  State  of  IJew 
k  prisni  forty-flve  feet 
renty  feet  at  the  top, 
mter,  with  locks  18 
by  100  feet  long, 
one  hundred  mfles 
lUinois  river  vrith 
jago,  and  slack  w»ter 
J  Green  Bay,  Wiscon- 
sippi  river.  By  the 
p  canal  about  three- 
n  length,  from  Big 
Traver  in  Minnesota, 
Paul  could  navigate 
,  river  and  the  Red 

0  Lake  Winnepeg,  a 
lundred  miles.  The 
r  these  rivers  is  sur- 
capable  of  sustaining 

Lake  Winnepeg  is 
tario,  and  receives  the 
or  from  the  West. 
,  river  is  navigable  to 
[ouse)  near  the  Rocky 
indred  miles  west  of 

1  only  150  miles  east 
id  diggings  on  Frazer 
umbia.  Tlie  digg^g 
canal,  would,  there- 
boat  ut  New  Orleans 
Winnepeg  and  from 
I  House,  some  6,000 
I  already  been  made 
I  short  canaL    By  en- 

and  Michigan  canal 
lavigation  of  the  lUi- 
oving  and  completing 
ivigation  of  the  Fox 
connecting  Green  Bay 
i  river,  and  still  ftir- 
aain  trunk  of  the  K*etv 
lers  could  be  passed 
the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
:h  the  canals  of  New 
}  the  great  lakes,  and 
(  head  waters  of  the 
3  Missouri,  the  Yellow 

•ome  6.000  to  6,000 


miles.  The  cereal  product  of  the  States 
bordering  on  and  tributary  to  the  lakes 
was  267,295,877  bushels  in  1840;  434,- 
862,661  bushels  in  1860,  against  679,031,- 
660  bushels  in  1860,  and  the  population 
of  these  States  has  kept  pace  with  their 
cereal  products,  being  6,269,345  in  1840; 
9,178,003  in  1860,  against  13,366,093  in 
1860,  an  increase  of  nearly  fifty  per  cent, 
in  population  and  cereal  products  in  each 
decade.  If  the  same  rate  per  cent,  of  in- 
crease in  population  and  cereal  products 
shall  bo  continued,  these  States  in  1870 
will  have  a  popuhttion  of  20.032,639,  with 
a  cereal  product  of  1,008,557,338  bushels; 
in  1880,  a  population  of  30,048,958,  with 
a  cereal  product  of  1,312,821,000  bushels; 
in  1890,  a  population  Of  66,073,437,  with 
a  cereal  product  of  2,269,231,610  bushels, 
and  in  1900  a  population  of  67,610,166, 
with  a  cereal  product  of  3,403,847,266. 

"The  grain  trade  of  Buffalo  for  a  series 
of  years,  given  in  this  report,  has  already 
reached  upwards  of  72,000,000  bushels  for 
the  year  1862.  If  a  crop  of  680,000,000 
of  bushels  of  cereal  products,  gives  Buf- 
falo 72,000,000  of  bushels  of  that  crop; 
in  the  year  1900,  with  a  crop  of  3,403,- 
>^7,266  busiiels  of  cereal  products,  the 

frain  trade  of  Buffalo  will  be  upward  of 
60,000,000  of  bushels.  The  calculations 
of  the  forty  years  of  the  future  are  based 
on  the  actual  results  of  the  last  thirty 
years.  The  year  1870  will  give  to  Buffalo 
a  grain  trade  of  upwards  of  107,000,000 
of  bushels,  and  if  there  sliall  be  a  propor-^ 
donate  increase  in  the  Krain  trade  of 
Otwego^  the  present  capacity  of  the  New 
Tork  canals  will  be  entirely  inadequate 
.to  pass  through  them  this  large  amount 
of  grain  in  addition  to  the  largo  increase 
in  uie  tonnage  of  other  commMlities,  say- 
ing nothing  of  the  capacity  that  will  be 
required  for  the  augmented  business  in 
.  1880,  1890,  and  1900." 


The  Flrnt  Steamboat  on 
E>ake  Erie. 

The  Detroit  Tiibnne  furnishes  some  in- 
teresting extracto  on  this  subject,  taken 
from  the  flies  of  the  Detroit  Gazette,  of 
1818.  We  select  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  reception  of  this  monster  of 
the  great  deep  by  the  "  Wolverinet"  of  that 
day. 

"AuouBT  26,  1818 :— Yesterday,  be- 
tween  the  hours  of  10  and  7 1  a.  m.,  the 
elegant  steamboat  Walk•in^t^e^  Water,  Capt. 
J.  Pish,  arrived. — As  she  passed  the  pub- 
lie  wharf,  and  that  owned  by  Mr.  J.  8. 
Roby,  she  was  cheered  by  hundreds  of 
the  inhabitants,  who  had  collected  to  wit- 
ness this  (in  these  waters)  truly  novel  and 
grand  spectacle.  She  came  to  at  Wing's 
wharf  She  left  Buffalo  at  half-past  1 
o'clock  on  the  23d,  and  arrived  o&'  Dun- 
kirk at  35  minutes  past  6  on  the  same 
day.  On  the  next  morning  she  arrived 
at  Erie,  Capt.  Fish  having  reduced  her 
steam  during  the  night,  in  order  not  to 
pass  that  place,  where  she  took  in  a  sup- 
ply of  wood.  At  half-past  7  p.  m.  she  left 
Erie,  and  came  to  at  Cleveland  at  11  o'clock. 
On  Friday,  at  20  minutes  past  6  o'clock, 
p.  M.,  sailed  and  arrived  off  Sandusky 
Bay  at  I  o'clock  on  Wednesday ;  lay  at 
anchor  during  the  night,  and  then  pro- 
ceeded to  Tenice  to  wood;  left  Venice  at 
3  p.  u.,  and  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Detroit  River,  where  she  anchored  during 
the  night  —the  whole  time  employed  in 
sailing,  in  this  first  voyage  from  Buffalo 
to  this,  being  about  44  hours  and  10  min- 
utes ;  the  wind  ahead  during  nearly  the 
whole  passage.  Not  the  slightest  accident| 
happened  during  the  voyage,  and  all  our 
machinery  worked  admirably. 

"  Nothing  could  exceed  the  surprise  of 
the  sons  of  the  forest  on  seeing  the  Walk- 
in-lhe-  Water  moving  majestically  and  rap- 
idly against  a  strong  current,  without  the 
asHistonce  of  sails  or  oars.  They  lined 
the  banks  near  Maiden,  and  ezpreiued 


m0» 


80 


COHMKRCK   or  TRB    LAKM. 


their  Mtonishnrant  by  repeated  iihouts  of 
'  rai-yoh  nichee.'  A  report  had  been  cir- 
culated among  them,  that  a  'big  canoef 
would  Roon  come  fVom  the  noity  waters, 
which,  by  order  of  the  great  father  of  the 
Cho-mu-ko-rmms,  would  be  drawn  through 
the  lakes  and  rirem  by  iturgetml  Of  the 
truth  of  the  report  thay  are  now  per- 
fectly mtisfled.  The  cabins  of  this  boat 
are  fitted  up  in  a  neat,  conrenient,  and 


elegant  style;  and  the  manner  hi  which 
she  is  found,  does  honor  to  the  proprie- 
tors and  to  her  commandei-.  A  passage 
between  this  place  and  finffuk)  in  now  not 
merely  tolerable,  but  truly  pleasant.  To- 
day ahe  will  make  a»trlp  to  Lake  St.  CTair, 
with  a  large  party  of  ladies  and  gentle- 
men. She  will  leave  for  Buffalo  to-mor- 
row, and  may  be  expected  to  ridt  na 
again  nest  week." 


TABLE, 

EzmBinira  thb  Tokkaqi  ct  the  sereral  Lake  Districts  in  the  United  States, 

on  the  30th  June,  1866. 
DnraioTC.  Bute.  takm,*e.  Total  Tonnage. 


Burlington Vermont 

Champlain. New  York. . . 

Oswego. " 

Niagara " 

Genesee " 

Oswegatcbie " 

BuSUo " 

Dunkirk. •• 

Erie Fennsylrania. . 

Cuyahoga  (Cleveland).  .Ohio. 

Sandusky " 

Toledo "  

Detroit Michigan  . . . . , 

Mackinac "        . . . . . 

Milwaukee Wisconsin  . . . 

Chicago Illinois 


.Champlain . 


.Ontario., 


.St.  Lawrence  River. 
.Erie 


.Detroit  River. 

.Huron 

.Michigan 


Total  Lake  Tonnage 

Total  Tonnage  in  the  United  SUtea. 


2,946 
6,131 
03,612 
2,588 
1,726 
2,026 

94,603 

»,667 

8,730 

63,629 

13,000 

11,691 

73,638 

1,392 

24,616 

86,685 

482,478 

8,368,47» 

■:i,   '.iJ 


1 

9 


Th] 
firom] 
flieno 
by  the 
Jlailn 
tliroui 
Falls, 
miles, 
Railwi 
Lewis 
•gara 

Am< 


andtli 
The 
mode 
■cendL 
to  Chi] 
and  Oi 


on 
ws;  Sv 
■ton,  < 
ara,  C. 

thelatt 
tained 
Kiagar 
flratob 
old  Fd 
oanii,Ji 
foot  of 
strong 


*i 


the  manner  in  which 
lonor  to  the  proprie- 
■mande>'.  A  passage 
ad  fiaffuk)  in  now  not 
t  truly  pleasant.  To- 
.triptoLakeStaair, 
of  ladies  and  gentk- 
'e  for  Buffalo  to-mor- 
•zpeoted  to  ridt  us 


in  the  United  States, 

Total  Tonnage 

2,946 

6,131 

, 03,612 

2,588 

1,725 

nt. . . .  2,025 

94,603 

7,667 

.../..  8,730 

62,529 

13,000 

11,601 

72,638 

1,393 

24,616 

86,686 

482,478 

8,368,4T» 

-  y;ai.  -nil 


.:-i 


bahboad  ahb  stiaiooat  sovtbs 

Wrom  Bnflhlo  to  Nlagmn  Fall*,  Toronto,  etc. 

goremment  have  recently  erected  for  the 
protection  of  the  rirer  and  the  city  of 
BuflUo. 

■Watebloo,  C.  W.,  three  miles  beloti 
Buffalo  and  opposite  Block  Rock  (now  i 
part  of  Buffalo),  with  which  it  is  connect 
od  by  a  steam-ferry,  ia  handsomely  situ 
ated  on  the  west  side  of  Niagara  River, 
which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  wide. 
The  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railroad  runs 
from  Fort  Erie,  near  Waterloo,  to  Paris, 
0.  W.,  where  it  connects  with  the  Great 
Western  Railway  of  Canada.  It  is  now 
completed  to  Goderich,  C.  W-  i^ing  on 
Lake  Huron. 

Grand  Islaito,  belonging  to  the  Uni- 
ted  States,  is  passed  on  the  right  in  de- 
scending the  river.  It  is  a  large  and  val- 
uable  tract  of  good  land,  abounding  witii 
white  oak  of  a  superior  quality. 

Navy  Island,  belonging  to  the  British, 
is  next  passed,  lying  within  gun-shot  of 
the  mainland.  This  island  obtained  great 
notoriety  in  the  fall  and  winter  of  1837-'8, 
when  it  wa3  occupied  by  the  "  Patriots,'* 
as  they  were  styled,  during  the  troubles 
in  Canada.  The  Steamer  Caroline  was 
destroyed  on  the  night  of  December  20th, 
1837,  while  lying  at  Schlosser's  Landing, 
O'l  the  American  shore,  having  been  en- 
gaged in  transporting  persons  to  and 
from  the  island,  which  was  soon  after 
evacuated. 

Opposite  Navy  Island,  on  the  Canada 
side,  near  Chippewa  battle-ground,  is  tho 
houae  in  which  Captain  Usher  resided, 
when  murdered  in  1838.  It  is  supposed 
he  fell  by  the  hands  of  some  of  the  de- 
luded patriots,  having  been  shot  by  a  se- 
cret foe,  while  in  hia  own  house. 

Chippewa,  20  miles  below  Bufblo,  and 
two  miles  above  the  Falls,  ia  on  the  west 
side  of  Niagara  River,  at  the  mouth  of  a 


Thi  most  usual  mode  of  conveyance 
fix>m  Buffalo  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  and 
ttence  to  Lake  Ontario,  or  into  Canada,  is 
by  tho  Buffalo,  Xidgara  Falts  and  Leuiiiton 
Railroad,  28  miles  in  length.  It  runs 
Wirongh  Tonawanda,  11  miles;  Niagara 
Falls,  22  miles;  Suspension  Bridge,  24 
miles,  connecting  with  the  Great  Weitem 
Railway  of  Canada,  and  terminatci  at 
Lewiston,  the  head  of  navigation  on  Ni- 
agara River,  28  miles. 

American  and  Canadian  steamers  of  a 
urge  class  leave  Lewiston  several  times 
daily,  for  different  ports  on  Lake  Ontario 
and  the  St.  Lawrence  River. 

There  is  also  another  very  desirable 
mode  of  conveyance,  by  Steamboat,  de- 
scending the  Niagara  River,  from  Buffalo 
to  Chippewa,  C.  W.,  thence  by  tt  e  Erie 
and  Ontario  Railroad,  17  miles  in  locvth; 
passing  in  fiill  view  of  the  Falls,  to' the 
(flifton  House,  three  mUes  betow  Chippe- 
wn;  Suspension  Bridge,  five  miles;  Queen- 
ston,  eleven  miles,  terminating  at  Niag- 
•HL  C.  W.,  thirty-flve  miles  from  Buffalo. 
'■  A»  the  steamboat  leaves  BuflUo,  on 
the  latter  route,  a  One  view  may  be  ob- 
tained of  Lake  Erie  and  both  shores  of 
Niagara  River.    On  the  Canada  side,  the 
first  objecto  of  interest  are  the  ruins  of 
old  FoBT  Erik,  captured  by  the  Ameri- 
cans, Julv  3d,  1814.    It  ia  situated  at  the 
foot  of  the  lake,  opposite  the  site  of  a 
•trong  fortress  which  the  United  States 


82 


TRIP    rHROUOII    TIIK    LAKK8. 


creek  of  the  tamo  name,  which  is  naviga- 
ble to  Port  Kouinbon,  somu  eight  or  ten 
niiloH  west ;  the  latter  place  being  on  the 
lino  of  titu  Welland  Oitnal.  Tlie  village  of 
Ciiippewa  contains  a  population  of  about 
l.OUU  Boula.  Steambuata  anH  lalce  craft 
of  a  large  size  are  built  at  this  place  for 
the  trade  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  Upper 
Lakes.  It  has  obtained  a  place  in  history 
on  account  of  the  bloody  battle  which 
was  fought  near  it  in  the  war  of  1812, 
between  the  United  States  and  Qreat 
Britain.  The  battle  was  fought  on  the 
0th  of  July,  1814,  on  the  plains,  a  short 
distance  south  of  the  steamljoat  landing. 
The  American  forces  were  commanded 
by  Major-Qeneral  Jacob  Brown,  and  the 
British,  by  Major-General  Riall,  who,  af- 
ter an  obstinate  and  sanguinary  tight, 
was  aefeated,  with  considerable  loiiB. 

At  Chippewa  commences  thti  railroad 
extending  to  Niagara,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  »  distance  of  17  miles.  Steamboats 
continue  the  line  of  travel  from  both  ends 
of  this  road,  thus  furnishing  an  interesting 
and  speedy  conveyance  between  Lakes 
Krie  and  Ontario. 

On  ariving  in  the  Ticinity  of  the  Falls 
OF  Niagara,  the  cars  atop  near  the  Clifton 
llonae,  situated  near  the  ferry  leading  to 
the  American  side.  The  site  of  this  house 
was  chosen  as  giving  the  best  view  of  both 
the  American  and  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoo 
Falls,  whicii  are  seen  horn  the  piazzas  and 
front  windows.  This  is  the  most  interest 
ing  approach  to  the  Falls. 

In  aiddition  to  tlie  Falls,  there  are  other 
points  of  attraction  on  the  Canada  side  of 
the  river.  The  collection  of  curiosities  at 
the  Museum,  and  the  Camera  Obscura, 
which  gives  an  exact  and  beautiful,  though 
miniature  image  of  the  E'alls,  are  well  wor- 
thy of  a  visit.  The  Bufing  Spring,  two 
miles  above  the  Falls,  i..  also  much  fre- 
quented; and  the  rides  to  the  battle- 
grounds in  this  vicinity  makes  an  exhila- 
rating and  very  pleasant  excursion.  For 
lurtber  descnption  of  Falls,  see  page  149. 


DRrnMONDsvir.i.K,  one  mile  w<..;t  of  the 
FoUa,  and  situated  on  jMndy'a  Laiie,  is 
celebrated  as  the  scene  of  another  Ran- 
gLiinary  engagemi-nt  between  the  Ameri- 
can and  British  forces,  July  25,  1814. 

The  following  is  a  brief,  though  coricct 
account  of  the  engagement :  "On  the  after- 
noon of  the  above  day,  while  the  Aniori- 
can  army  was  on  their  march  from  Jihrl 
George  (oward  thrt  Erie,  ascending  the 
west  bank  of  the  river,  their  rear-gtinrd, 
under  the  imfaiediat3  command  of  Uou. 
fjcott,  was  attacked  by  the  advanced  ^ard 
of  tlio  British  army,  under  Uen.  Riall,  the 
British  having  been  reinforced  after  their 
defeat  at  Chippewa,  on  the  6th  of  the  same 
month.  This  brought  on  a  general  conflict 
of  the  most  obstinate  and  deadly  character.  . 
As  89on  as  attacked.  Gen.  Scott  advanced 
with  his  division,  a^nounting  to  about  3,000 
men,  to  the  open  ground  facing  the  heights 
occupied  by  the  main  British  army,  where, 
were  planted  several  heavy  pieces  of  can- 
non. Between  eight  and  nine  o'clock  in 
the  evening,  on  the  arrival  of  reinforcements 
to  both  armies,  the  battle  became  general 
and  raged  tor  severnl  hours,  with  alternate 
success  on  both  sidc^;  each  army  evin- 
cing the  most  determined  bravery  and  re- 
sistance. The  command  of  the  respective 
forces  was  now  assumed  b^  Major  Gen. 
Brown  and  Lieut.-Gen.  Drummond,  each 
having  under  his  command  a  well-disci- 
plined army.  The  brave  (Amerioan)  GoL 
Miller  was  ordered  to  advance  and  seize 
the  artillery  of  the  British,  which  he 
effected  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  in  tlie 
most  gallant  manner.  Gen.  Riall,  of  the 
English  army,  was  captured,  and  the  pos- 
session of  the  battle-ground  contested  un- 
til near  midnight,  when  1,700  men  being 
either  killed  or  wounded,  the  conflicting 
armies,  amounting  altogether  to  about 
6,000  strong,  ceased  the  deadly  conflict, 
and  for  a  time  the  bloody  field  was  left  un- 
occupied, except  by  the  dead  and  wounded. 

When  the  British  discovered  that  the 
Americans  had  encamped  one  or  two  miles 


^mw-'j-VM.!*  *■ 


fi,  one  milo  w<..<t  of  the 

on  Lundy's  Law,  is 
icene  of  another  Ran- 
t  botwoen  the  Ameri- 
los,  July  25,  1814. 
a  brief,  though  correct 
(ement :  "  On  tlio  after- 
day,  while  the  Ameri- 
heir  march  from  Ihrt 
t  Erie,  ascending  the 
river,  tlieir  rear-giuird, 
.t3  oommand  of  Uon. 
by  the  advanced  (^ard 
,  under  Uen.  Riall,  tl>e 
t  reinforced  after  tlieir 

on  the  6th  of  the  same 
lit  on  a  general  conflict 
e  and  deadly  character.  . 
i,  Gen.  Scott  advanced 
(lounting  to  about  3,000 
ound  facing  the  heighto 
in  British  army,  where, 
i\  heavy  pieces  of  can- 
>t  and  nine  o'doclc  in 
rrival  of  reinforcements 
battle  became  general 
il  hours,  with  alternate 
de«;  each  army  ovin- 
rmined  bravery  and  re- 
mand of  the  respective 
isumed  b^  Major  Oen. 
Gen.  Drummond,  each 
command  a  well-disci- 

brave  (Amerioan)  GoL 
i  to  advance  and  seize 
le  British,  which  he 
t  of  the  bayonet  in  the 
Bt.  Gen.  Riall,  of  the 
captured,  and  the  pos- 
e-ground contested  un* 
ivhen  1,700  men  being 
}unded,  the  conflicting 

altogether  to  about 
ed  the  deadly  conflict, 
iloody  field  was  left  un- 
tbe  dead  and  wounded. 
ih  discovered  that  the 
unped  one  or  two  miles 


distan 

formei 
most  I 
the  lai 
a  rict 
noitho 
diet" 

Clii 
situate 
Great 
with  t 
tioD  ol 

Que 
tho  Fi 
above 
Lake 
village 
nee  ted 
length 
60  dw 
Scotch 
churcl] 
tliree 
celcbn 
strife 
forces, 
troops 
oomiiu 
selaor, 
mandp 
for  the 
powen 
ing  to 
many 
whole 
era  am 

Majc 
mande 
flght,T 
monuD 
where 
first  n 
gunpoi 
act,  Bs 
person 
1837-' 

Bboi 
mence< 


BOUT!    rROM    BUrrALO   TO   MIAQARA    ITALLS,  BTO. 


W 


distant,  thpy  returnod  and  occupied  tlieir 
former  poHilion.  Tliua  ended  one  of  the 
moat  bloody  conHictn  that  occiirrvd  during; 
the  last  war;  and  while  each  poj-ty  buaiitod 
a  victory,  altogetlier  too  dearly  bought, 
noithor  was  diiiposed  to  renew  the  cun- 
diet" 

CLirroN  is  a  now  and  flouriHhing  village, 
situated  at  the  western  termination  of  the 
Great  Western  Railway,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Sufpenition  Uruige.  For  descrip- 
tion of  route  to  Detroit,  tui.,  see  page  5U. 

QuEENSTON,  situated  seven  miles  below 
the  Falls,  and  about  the  same  distance 
above  the  ontrance  of  Niagara  River  into 
Lake  Ontario,  lies  directly  opposite  the 
village  of  Lewi.ston,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  Suspension  Bridge  850  feet  in 
length.  It  contains  about  6UU  inhabitants, 
60  dwelling-houses,  one  Kpisoopal,  one 
Scotch  Presbyterian,  and  ono  Baptist 
church,  four  taverns,  four  stores,  and 
three  warehouses.  This  place  is  also 
celebrated  as  being  tlie  scene  of  a  deadly 
strife  between  the  American  and  Britlah 
forces,  October  Vi,  1812.  The  American 
troops  actually  engaged  in  the  fight  were 
commanded  by  Uon.  Solomon  Van  Rens- 
selaer, and  both  the  troops  and  their  oom- 
mandp-  greatly  distinguished  themselves 
for  their  bravery,  although  ultimately  over- 
powered by  superior  numbem  In  attempt- 
ing to  regain  their  own  side  of  the  river 
many  of  the  Americans  perished;  the 
whole  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prison- 
ers amounting  to  at  leaat  1,000  men. 

Major-Ooneral  Brock,  the  British  com- 
mander, was  killed  in  the  middle  of  the 
fight,  while  leading  on  his  men.  A  now 
monument  stands  on  the  heights,  noar 
where  he  fell,  erected  to  his  memory.  The 
first  monument  was  nearly  destroyed  by 
gunpowder,  April  IT,  1840;  an  infamous 
act,  said  to  have  been  perpetrated  by  a 
person  concerned  in  the  insurrection  of 
1837-'38. 

Brook's  nbw  Mokuubnt  was  com- 
menced in  1853,  and  finished  in  1856; 


being  186  feet  high,  ascended  on  the  in< 
side  by  a  spiral  staircase  of  236  stone 
steps.  The  base  is  40  feet  square  and  35 
feet  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  tablet  36 
feet  high,  with  historical  devices  on  the 
four  sides.  The  main  shaft,  about  100 
feet,  is  tlutod  and  surmounied  by  a  Corin- 
tliian  capital,  on  which  ia  placed  a  colossal 
figure  of  Mi^orOoneral  Brock,  18  fee^  in 
height  This  beautiful  structure  uost 
£10,000  sterling,  being  entirely  con- 
structed of  a  cream-colored  stone  quar- 
ried in  the  vicinity.  A  massive  stone 
wall,  80  feet  square,  adorned  with  mUi- 
tary  figures  and  trophies  at  the  comers, 
27  feet  in  height,  surrounds  the  monu- 
ment, leaving  space  for  a  grass-plot  and 
walk  on  the  inside  of  the  enclosure. 
nie  following  is  tbe  insoription: 

Cpper  (/uuds 

Has  dedicated  this  Monnment 

to  the  memory  of  the  Ut« 

Ml  ]or-Cenenl  Sir  Uaao  Bbook,  K.  B. 

Provlilunal  Lleat.-<iovomiir  itnd  OummandiV 

of  the  Furons  in  this  Provinee, 

Whose  romainit  t;o  dopoiltod 

In  the  Tsalt  beneath. 

Opp'i.Miyr  the  iBTsdlng  enemy 

He  full  In  Mtlon,  near,  the  Ueighta, 

on  the  l»th  October,  1818, 

In  the  48d  year  of  his  age, 

Bevered  and  loniented  by  the  people      • 

whom  be  governed,  and  deplored  Dy 

the  Sovereign  to  whom  servioe 

His  life  had  been  devoted. 

The  last  words  of  Mqor-Oeneral  Brock, 
when  he  fell  mortally  wounded  by  a  mus- 
ket-shot through  the  left  breast,  were, 
"  Never  mind,  my  boys,  the  death  of  one 
man — I  have  not  long  to  live."  Thus 
departed  one  of  the  many  noUe  spirits 
that  were  sacrificed  on  this' iVontier  during 
the  war  of  1812. 

The  Tillage  of  Niaoara  is  advantage- 
ously eituMted  on  the  Oanada  aide,  at  the 
entrance  of  the  river  into  Lake  Ontario. 
directly  opiKwite  Fort  Niagara,  on  the 
American  side.  It  contains  about  3,000 
inhabitants ,  a  court-house  and  jail ;  one 
Episcopal,  one  Presbyterian,  one  Motho- 


34 


TRIP  THROUGH  TUX  LAKBB. 


dist,  and  one  Roman  Oatholic  Church;  6 
hotels  and  taverns;  and  20  stores  of  dif- 
ferent kinds;  also,  an  extensive  locomo- 
tive and  car  factory.  This  is  tho  most 
noted  place  in  Canada  West  for  btiilding 
steamboats  and  other  craft  navigating 
Lake  Ontario.  Here  is  a  dockyard  with 
a  marine  railway  and  foimdry  attached, 
I  capable  of  making  machinery  of  the  lar- 
gest description,  and  giving  employment 
to  a  groat  number  of  men.  It  is  owned 
by  tlie  "  Niagara  Dock  Company." 
Steamers  leave  daily  for  Toronto,  etc. 

fORT  Gboboe,  situated  a  short  distance 
■outh  or  up-stream  from  the  mouth  of  the 


river,  is  now  in  ruins.  This  was  the  scene 
of  a  severe  contest  in  1813,  in  wliich  tlie 
Americans  wer»  victorious.  A  new  fort 
has  been  erected  on  the  pcint  of  land  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river,  directly  opposite 
old  Fort  Niagara  on  the  American  side. 
Tho  new  fortification  is  called  Fort  Maasa- 
sauga. 

The  whole  frontier  on  the  Canada  side, 
from  Fort  GJeorge  to  Fort  Erie,  opposite 
Buflfaio,  was  occupied  by  the  American 
army  in  1814,  when  occurred  a  succession 
of  battles  of  the  most  determined  and  bril- 
liant character. 


HIAOARA  BIVER, 

ITS  RAPIDS,    FALLS,   INLANDS,   AND  BOMAKTIO  BCENXRT. 


"  Majestic  atresni  I  what  river  rivals  thee, 
Thun  child  of  many  Utkcs,  and  sire  of  one — 
Lakus  that  claim  kindred  with  the  all-circling 

S'."ll — ' 
Large  at  thy  birth  as  when  thy  race  is  ran ! 
Aeainst  what  great  obstructions  has  thou  won 
Thine  augus'  way— the  rock -formed  mountain- 
plain 
Has  opened  at  thy  bidding,  and  the  steep 
-Bars  not  thy  passage,  for  the  ledge  in  vain 
Strctclies  across  the  channel — thou  dost  leap 
Bnblimely  down  tho  height,  and  urge  again 
Thy  rock-embattled  course  on  to  tho  distant 
main." 


This  most  remarkable  and  romantic 
stream,  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  through 
which  flows  all  the  accumulated  waters 
of  the  Upper  Lakes  of  North  America, 
very  appropriately  forms  the  boundary 
between  two  great  countries,  the  British 
province  of  Upper  Canadaon  the  one  side, 
and  the  State  of  New  York,  the  "  Empire 
State"  of  the  Union,  on  the  opposite  side. 
In  its  whole  course,  its  peculiar  character 
is  quite  in  keeping  with  the  stupendous 
Cataract  from  which  its  principal  interest 
is  derived. 

The  amount  of  water  passing  through 


this  channel  is  immense ;  from  a  compu- 
tation which  has  been  made  at  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Erie,  the  quantity  thus  dis- 
charged is  about  twenty  millions  of  cubic 
feet,  or  upwards  of  600,000  tons  jier 
minute,  all  of  which  great  volume  of 
water,  20  miles  below,  plunges  over  the 
Falls  of  Niagara. 

The  Niagara  River  commences  at  Bird 
Island,  nearly  of^site  the  mouth  of  Buf- 
falo harbor,  and  passes  by  the  site  of  old 
Port  Erie  and  Waterloo  on  the  Canada 
side.  At  tho  later  place  a  steam  ferry- 
boat plies  across  the  river  to  Black  Rock, 
now  forming  a  part  of  the  city  of  Buffalo. 
It  is  here  proposed  to  construct  a  railroad 
bridge  across  the  stream,  about  1,800  feet 
in  width. 

Squaw  Island  and  Stbawbkrkt  Island 
arc  both  small  islands  lying  on  the  Amer- 
ican side  of  the  stream,  near  the  head  of 
Grand  Island.  The  river  is  here  used  in 
part  for  the  Brio  Canal,  a  pier  extending 
from  Squaw  Island  to  Bird  Island,  forming 
a  large  basin  called  Black  Rock  Harbor. 

Grand  Island,  attached  to  Ede  Co., 


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^m  iw*.'a<S','!«MewJiw.^w;w"Viii>!aiwa;i!ii<^  ;  ,->■ 


This  was  the  scene 
1813,  in  ^hich  the 
rious.  A  new  fort 
he  point  of  land  at 
jr,  directly  opposite 
the  American  side. 
a  called  Fort  MoMOr 

[>n  the  Canada  gide, 
Fort  Erie,  opposite 
bj  the  American 
Ksiirrod  a  succession 
letermined  and  bril- 


KRT. 

se;  from  a  compu- 
.  made  at  the  out- 
quantity  thus  dis- 
ly  millions  of  cubic 
600,000  tons  per 
4  great  volume  of 
■,  plunges  over  the 

commences  at  Bird 

the  mouth  of  Buf- 

by  the  site  of  old 

loo  on  the  Canada 

lace  a  steam  ferry- 

'iver  to  Black  Rock, 

tlie  city  of  Buffalo. 

construct  a  railroad 

im,  about  1,800  feet 

TBAWBKBBT  ISLAND 

lying  on  the  Amor- 
near  the  head  of 
ver  is  here  used  in 
[1,  a  pier  extending 
lird  Island,  forming 
ack  Rock  Harbor, 
ichod  to  Kr'e  Co., 


ROUTK   FROM    BUFrALO   TO    NIAGARA   FALLS,  E10. 


S5 


N.  Y.,  is  a  large  and  important  body  of 
land,  about  ton  miles  long  from  north  to 
south,  and  seven  miles  wide.  This  island 
is  partly  cleared  and  cultivated,  while 
the  larger  portion  is  covered  with  a  large 
growth  of  oaks  and  other  forest  trees. 

The  ship  or  steamboat  channel  runs 
along  the  bank  of  Grand  Island  to  nearly 
opposite  Chippewa,  Vrhere  the  whole 
stream  unites  bufore  plunging  over  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  being  again  separated 
at  the  head  of  Goat  Island.  From  this 
point  the  awe-truck  traveller,  can  scan 
tlie  quiet  waters  abeve,  and  tlie  raging 
rapids  below,  preparing  to  plunge  over 
the  Cataract. 

Cayuoa  Island  and  Btokhorn  Island 
are  small  bodiou  of  land  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  situated  immediately  be- 
low Grand  Island. 

Navy  Island,  lying  opposite  the  vil- 
lage of  Chippewa,  18  miles  below  the 
head  of  the  river,  is  a  celebrated  island 
belonging  to  the  Canadians,  having  been 
taken  possession  of  by  the  sympathizing 
patriots  in  1837,  when  a  partial  rebellion 
occurred  in  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

TONA WANDA,  11  mQes  below  Buffalo,  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Tonawanda 
Creek,  opposite  Grand  Island.  The  Erie 
Oanai  here  enters  the  creek,  which  it  fol- 
lows for  severid  miles  on  its  course  to- 
ward Lockport.  A  railroad  also  runs  to 
Lockport,  connectmg  with  the  New  York 
GtntrcU  Hailruad,  extending  to  Albany. 
A  ship  canal  is  proposed  to  be  construct- 
ed from  Tonawanda  to  some  eligible  point 
on  Lake  Ontario,  thus  formiug  a  rival  to 
the  Welland  Canal  of  Canada. 

Sculossbr's  Landinq,  two  miles  above 
Niagara  Falls  village,  is  a  noted  steam- 
boat landing,  opposite  Cliippewa,  from 
wlienoe  the  steamer  Caroline  was  cut 
adrift  by  the  British  and  destroyed,  by 
being  precipitated  over  the  Falls  during 
tho' Canadian  rebellion,  December  29t^ 
1837. 
Tius  Rapids. — Below  Navy  Island,  be- 


tween Chippewa  and  Sohlosser,  the  river 
is  nearly  three  miles  in  width,  but  soon 
narrows  to  one  mile,  when  the  Rapids 
commence,  and  continue  for  about,  one 
mile  before  reaching  the  edge  of  the  preci- 
pice at  the  Horse-Shoe  FalL 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Bapids, 
"  the  bed  of  the  river  declines,  the  chan- 
nel contracts,  numerous  large  rocks  heavo 
up  the  rolling  surges,  and  dispute  tho 
passage  of  the  now  ragin^  and  foaming 
floods.  The  mighty  torrent  leaping  down 
successive  ledges,  dashing  over  opposing 
elevations,  Imrled  back  by  ridges,  and 
repelled  from  shores  and  islands — plung- 
ing, boiling,  roaring — seems  a  mad  wil> 
demess  of  waters  striving  against  its 
bettor  fate,  and  hurried  on  to  destruction 
by  its  own  blind  and  reckless  impetuosi- 
ty. Were  there  no  cataract,  these  Rapids 
would  yet  make  Niag^ara  the  wonder  of 
the  world." 

Iris,  or  Goat  Island,  commences  near 
the  head  of  the  Rapids,  and  extends  to 
tlie  precipice,  of  which  it  forms  a  part, 
separating  the  American  Fall  from  the 
Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall.  It  is  about 
half  a  mile  in  length,  eighty  rods  wide, 
and  contains  over  sixty  acres  of  arable  land, 
being  for  the  most  part  covered  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  forest  trees  of  a  variety 
of  species,  and  native  plants  and  flowers. 
A  portion  of  the  island,  however,  has 
been  cleared  off",  and  a  i^arden  enclosed, 
in  which  are  some  excellent  fruit-trees, 
and  a  variety  of  native  and  foreign  plants 
and  flowers,  and  a  ttsh-pond.  The  'sland 
is  remarkably  cool,  shady,  and  pleasant, 
and  is  an  object  of  imcoasing  admiration 
from  year  to  year.  Comfortable  seats  and 
arbors  are  placed  at  the  moat  interesting 
points,  where  the  visit-jr  can  sit  at  ease 
and  enjoy  the  beautiful  and  sublime  views 
presentee  tn  hio  sight— often  entranced 
by  a  deafening  roar  of  mighty  waters  in 
their  descent,  accompanied  by  chang- 
ing rainbows  of  the  most  gorgeous  do- 
noription. 


i   I 


86 


TRIP  THROUOH  THE  LAKES. 


Niagara. 

WUirriX  DT  LTDU  H.  SiaOCBHIT. 

Flow  on  foTOTor,  in  thy  glorious  robe 
or  tenor  and  of  beauty;  Ood  hnth  set 
His  rainbow  on  thy  forchpoil,  and  the  cload 
Mantles  aniiind  tbr  feet,  and  He  doth  rlre 
T|iy  voice  of  thuniier  power  to  speak  of  Ulan 
Eternally ;  bidding  the  Up  of  man 
Keep  silence,  and  upon  th"  rocky  altar 
Pour  inoenae  of  awe-struck  prai3& 

OoAT  Island  BmoaB.— The  Niagara 
^aila  OaxeHe  gives  the  following  desorip- 
tion  of  tliis  new  structure : 

"This  bridge  across  the  east  branch  of 
the  Kiagara  Rirer  is  situated  in  the  Rap- 
ids, about  sixty  rods  above  the  Cataract,  on 
the  site  of  the  old  wooden  bridge.  It  is 
360  feet  long,  and  consiuts  of  four  r^:Loii 
of  ninety  feet  span  each,  supported  be- 
tween the  abutments  of  three  piers.  The 
piers  above  water  nre  built  of  heavy  out 
Btone,  and  are  twenty-two  feet  long  and 
six  feet  wide,  tapering  one  foot  in  the 
height.  The  foundations  are  formed  of 
foot-square  oak  timber,  strongly  flwned 
and  bolted  together  in  cribs,  filled  with 
stone,  and  covered  with  timber  at  the  sur- 
face of  the  water.  These  timber-founda- 
tions are  protected  against  wear  and  injury 
from  ice  by  heavy  plates  of  iron,  and  be- 
ing always  covered  with  water,  will  be  as 
durable  as  the  stone. 

"The  superitructure  is  of  iron,  on  the 
plan  of  Whipple's  iron-arched  bridge. 
The  whole  width  is  twenty-seven  feet, 
affording  a  double  carriage-way  of  sixteen 
and  a  half  feet,  and  two  foot- ways  of  five 
and  a  fourth  feet  each,  with  iron  railings. 
The  arehes  are  of  cast  iron,  and  the 
chords,  suspenders,  and  braces  of  wrought 
iron.  All  the  materials  used  in  the  con- 
struction are  of  the  best  quality,  and  the 
size  and  strength  of  all  the  parts  far 
beyond  what  are  deemed  necessary  in 
bridges  exposed  to  the  severest  tests. 

"  This  substantial  and  beautiful  struc- 
ture, spanning  a  branch  of  this  majes- 


tic river  in  the  midat  of  the  rapidp,  and 
overlooking  the  cataract,  is  worthy  of  the 
site  it  oocupies  and  affords  another  in- 
stance of  the  trumph  of  humaii  ingenuity 
over  the  obst&f'es  of  nature. 

"  The  islands  connected  by  this  bridge 
with  the  American  shore  are  the  property 
of  Messrs.  Porter,  and  constitute  the  most 
interesting  features  in  the  scenery  sur- 
rounding the  cataract  This  bridge  has 
been  erected  by  them  to  fiiciliUte  com- 
munication  with  these  interesting  Reali- 
ties not  otherwise  accessible." 

This  IS  a  toll-bridge,  every  foot  passen- 
ger being  charged  25  cents  for  the  season, 
or  single  crossing. 

There  are  upward  of  thirty  islands  and 
islets  in  the  Niagara  River  or  Strait,  above 
the  cataract.  Most  of  those  not  described 
are  small,  and  scarcely  worthy  of  enumer- 
ation, although  those  immediately  contigu- 
ous to  Ooat  Island  form  beautiful  objects 
in  connection  with  the  rushing  and  mic'  ./ 
waters  by  which  they  are  surcouuded. 
Saik  Island,  Brig  Island,  Chapin'i  Island, 
and  Bird  Island,  all  situated  immediately 
above  the  American  Fall,  are  reached  by 
bridges. 

When  on  Goat  Island,  turning  to  the 
right  toward  the  Falls,  the  first  object  of 
interesi,  is  Hogg's  Back,  a  point  of  land 
facing  the  American  Fall, — Bridge  to  Ad- 
ington  Island  immediately  above  the  Cave 
of  the  Winds,  1 60feet  below.  Sam.  Patch's 
Pohit  is  next  passed  on  the  right,  from 
which  he  took  a  fearful  leap  some  years 
since.  Biddle's  Stairs  descend  to  the 
water's  edge  below  and  the  Cave  of 
the  Winds,  which  are  annually  visited  by 
thousands  of  visitors.  Terrapin  Bridge 
and  Terrapin  Tower  afford  a  grand  view 
of  the  Canadian  or  Horse-Shoe  Fall  and 
Rapids  abo/e  the  Falls.  Three  Sister  Isl- 
ands are  contiguous  to  Ooat  Island,  on  the 
American  side.  Passing  around  Ooat  Isl- 
and toward  the  south,  a  grand  view  ia 
afforded  of  the  river  and  rapids  above  the 
Canadian  and  Amerioon  Falls. 


)ru(,liiiJH  g^ 


of  the  rapidp,  aod 
it,  is  worthy  of  the 
ifforda  another  in- 
>f  humaTi  iag^nuity 
iiture. 

Bted  by  this  bridge 
re  are  the  property 
Bonstitute  the  most 
I  the  scenery  sur- 
This  bridge  has 
1  to  bdlitdtu  com- 
interesting  Icoali- 
ssible." 

every  foot  paasen- 
mts  for  the  season, 

'  thirty  islands  and 
rer  or  Strait,  abore 
lioee  not  described 
worthy  of  enumer- 
imediately  coutigu- 
a  beautifi'l  objects 
rushing  and  mic'  >/ 
y  are  surcouuded. 
d,  ChapMs  Island, 
:uated  immediately 
all,  are  reached  by 

nd,  turning  to  the 
the  first  object  of 
k,  a  point  of  land 
all, — Bridge  to  Ad- 
ely  above  the  Gave 
ilcv.  Sam.  Patch's 
on  the  right,  from 
ill  leap  some  years 
i  descend  to  the 
and  the  Gave  of 
annually  visited  by 
Terrapin  Bridge 
lord  a  grand  view 
orse-Shoe  Fall  and 
.  Three  Sister  Isl- 
Ooat  Island,  on  the 
ig  around  Ooat  Isl- 
[,  a  grand  view  is 
id  rapids  above  the 
a  Falls. 


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>*■  „ 

HIVIM^'l 

IIOUTS  rROM   BUFFALO   TO   HIAOABA  FALLS,  XTO. 


8T 


Niagara  is  a  word  of  Indian  origin — 
the  orthography,  accentuation,  and  mean- 
ing of  which,  are  variously  given  by 
different  authors.  It  is  highly  probable 
that  this  diversity  might  be  accounted 
forandexplained  by  tracingthe  appellation 
through  the  dialects  of  the  several  tribes 
of  aborigines  who  formerly  inhabited  the 
neighboring  country.  There  is  reason  to 
believe,  however,  that  the  etymon  belongs 
to  the  language  of  the  Iroquois,  and  signi- 
fies the  "  Thunder  of  Waters." 

"  When  the  traveUer  first  arrives  at  the 
cataract  he  stands  and  gazes,  and  is  lost 
in  admiration.  The  mighty  volume  of 
water  which  forms  the  outlet  of  the  great 
Lakes  Superior,  Michigiui,  Huron,  and 
Erie,  is  here  precipitated  over  a  precipice 
GO  feet  high,  with  a  roar  likcf  that  of 
fciunder,  which  may  be  heard,  in  favora- 
ble circumstances,  to  the  distance  of  fif- 
teen miles,  though,  at  times,  the  Falls  may 
be  nearly  approached  without  perceiving 
much  to  indicate  a  tremendous  cataract 
in  the  vicinity.  In  consequence  of  a  bend 
in  the  river,  the  principal  "tight  of  water 
is  thrown  on  the  Canadian  aide,  down 


what    is   called    th» 

Ifprge-Shoe  Fall,  which 
name  has  become  in- 
appropriate, as  the 
edges  of  the  precipice 
have  ceased  to  be  a 
curve,  and  form  a 
moderately  acute  an- 
gle. Near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fall.  Goat 
Jiland,  containing  16 
acres,  extends  to  the 
brow  of  the  precipice,  dividing  the  river 
into  two  parts;  and  a  small  projecting 
mass  of  rock  at  a  little  distance  from  it, 
toward  the  American  shore,  again  divides 
the  cataract  on  that  side.  Goat  Island, 
at  the  lower  end,  presents  a  perpendicu- 
lar mass  of  rocks,  extending  from  the  bot- 
tom to  the  top  of  the  precipice.  A  bridge 
has  been  constructed  from  the  American 
shore  to  Bath  Island,  and  another  connects 
the  latter  with  Groat  Island,  and  a  tower 
is  erentdd  on  tlie  brow  of  the  Horse-Shoe 
Fall,  approached  from  Qoat  Island  by  a 
short  bridge,  on  which  the  spectator  seems 
to  stand  over  the  edge  of  the  mighty  cat- 
aract, and  which  aflbrds  a  fine  view  of  tliis 
part  of  it.  The  distance  at  the  fall  from 
the  American  shore  to  Qoat  Island  is  65 
rod* ;  across  the  front  of  Goat  Island  is 
7d  rods;  around  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall,, on 
the  Canadian  side,  144  rods;  directly 
across  the  Horse-Shoe,  14  rods.  The 
height  of  the  fall  near  the  American  shore 
is  163  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the  same 
side,  158  feet;  near  Goat  Island,  on  the 
Canada  side,  164  feet.  Table  Rock,  a 
shelving  projection  on  the  Canadian  side, 
at  the  edge  of  the  precipice,  is  150  feet 
high.  This  place  is  generally  thought  to 
present  the  finest  view  of  the  Falls; 
though,  if  the  spectator  will  visit  the  tow- 
er on  the  opposite  side  on  Goat  Island,  at 
stnrise,  when  the  whole  cavity  is  enlight- 
ened by  the  sun,  and  the  gorgeous  bow 
trembles  in  the  rising  spray,  he  cannot 
elsewhere,  the  world  ovei,  ei\joy  such  an 


•t 


TRIP  THROUGH   THI    LACKS. 


inoomparable  scene.  A  covered  stairway 
on  the  American  side  descends  from  the 
top  to  the  bottom  of  the  precipice. 

"  It  has  been  computed  that  100  million 
tons  of  water  are  discharged  over  the 
precipice  every  hour.  The  Rapids  oom- 
Inenco  about  a  mile  above  the  Falla,  and 
the  water  descends  57  feet  befo  «  it  ar- 
rives at  the  cataract.  The  view  fh>m  the 
bridge  to  Goat  Island,  of  the  troubled 
water  dashing  tumultuously  over  the 
roclcs  of  the  American  fall,  is  terriflo. 
While  curiosity  constitutes  an  attribute 
of  the  human  character,  these  falls  will  be 
frequented  by  admiring  and  delighted 
visitors  aa  one  of  the  grandest  exhibitions 
in  nature. 

"  This  stupendous  Cataract,  situated  in 
north  latitude  43°  6',  aud  west  longitude 
2°  6'  from  Washington,  is  22  miles  north 
from  the  effliiz  of  the  river  at  Lake  Erie, 
and  14  miles  soutli  of  its  outlet  into  Lalce 
Ontario.  Tho  whole  length  of  the  rivor  is 
therefore  36  miles,  its  general  course  is  a 
few  points  to  the  west  of  north.  Though 
commonly  called  a  river,  this  portion  of  tbe 
St.  Lawrence  is,  more  properly  speaking, 
a  strait,  connecting,  as  above  mentioned, 
the  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  and  conduct- 
ing the  superfluous  waters  of  the  great 
seas  and  streams  above,  through  a  broad 
an4  divided,  and  afterward  compressed, 
devious,  and  irregular  channel  to  the  lat- 
ter lake,  into  which  it  empties — the  point 
of  union  being  about  40  miles  from  the 
western  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 

"  The  climate  of  the  Niagara  is  in  the 
b'ghust  degree  healthful  and  invigorating. 
The  atmosphere,  constantly  acted  upon 
by  tho  rushing  water,  the  noise,  and  the 
spray,  is  kept  pure,  refreshing,  and  salu- 
tary. There  are  no  stagnant  pools  or 
marshes  near  to  send  abroad  their  fetid 
exhahitions  and  noxious  miasmas,  poison- 
ing the  air  and  producing  disease. 

"  Sweet-breathing  herbs  and  beautiful 
wild  flowers  spring  up  spontaneously  even 
on  the  aides,  and  in  the  crevices  of  tho 


giant  rocks ;  and  luxuriant  dusters  of  flrs 
and  other  stately  forest  trees  cover  the 
islamds,  crown  the  cliffs,  and  overhang 
the  banks  of  Niagara.  Ilere  are  no  mos- 
quitoes to  annoy,  no  reptiles  to  alarm, 
and  no  wild  animals  to  intimidate,  yet  thnro 
is  life  and  vivacity.  The  many-hued  but- 
terfly sips  ambrosia  firom  the  fresh  opened 
honey -cup ;  birds  carol  their  lays  of  love 
among  the  spray-starred  branches;  and 
the  lively  squirrel  skips  chattering  from 
tree  to  tree.  Varieties  of  water-fowl,  at 
certain  seasons  of  the  year,  sport  among 
the  rapids,  the  sea-guU  plays  around  the 
precipice,  and  the  eagle — ^the  banner  bird 
of  freedom — hovers  above  the  oatara.t, 
plumes  his  gray  pinions  in  its  curling  mists, 
and  makes  his  home  among  the  giant  flrs 
of  its  inaccessible  islands. 

"  No  place  on  the  civilized  earth  oSbrs 
such  attractions  and  inducements  to  visi- 
tors as  Niagara,  and  tliey  can  never  be 
fully  known  except  to  those  who  see  and 
study  them,  from  the  utter  impossibility 
of  describing  such  a  scene  as  this  wonder- 
ful cataract  presents.  When  motion  can 
be  expressed  by  color,  there  will  be  some 
hope  of  imparting  a  faint  idea  of  it ;  but 
until  that  can  be  done,  Niagara  must  re- 
main undescribed." 


Cataract  of  Niagara. 

"Shrine  of  Omnipotence  I  how  vast,  how  grand, 
How  awful,  y(!t  now  t>eautifUI  thou  art! 
PillarM  around  thy  everltiKting  hills, 
KolH'd  in  the  drapery  of  dosci'nding  floods, 
OrowntMl  by  tho  rainbow,  canopied  by  clonds-' ' 
That  roH  in  incense  up  from  thy  dread  bane,  :)■ 
Hid  by  thoir  mantling  o'er  the  vast  ttl>ysa        , - 
Upon  ^-hose  verge  thou  atandeat,  whence  aS- 

cenc's 
Tae  mishty  anthem  of  thy  Mailer's  praise, 
Uvmn'a  in  eternal  thunderi /"  ,<, 


Below  the  Falls,  the  first  objects  of  in* 
terost  are  the  Ferry  Stairs  and  Point  View 
on  the  American  side ;  wliile  on  the  op- 


posite 

wher 

tocoi 

Table 

inten 

Ab 

the  e 

drow 

point 

queni 

Th 

artiflc 

two 

when 

Viagc 

Sttspt 

aud  ( 

river, 

vith  ■ 

Th( 

lelow 

g-eat 

Th( 

iialsc 

vith  I 

a  det 

jrecif 

by  In 

1759. 

sprea( 

valley 

ceptio 

Blood, 

foi'ce, 

precip 

of  int 

Hole. 

The 

thene 

ton  H 

the  C 

Bridgt 

oljjecti 

sized  ' 

The 

I.e\vig 

fartlie 

teou  b 


ROUTJB    FROU    BUVrALO    TO   NIAGARA   FALLS,    KTC. 


89 


Dt  dufltora  of  flrs 
trees  cover  the 
I,  and  overhang 
iere  are  no  mos- 
ptilea  to  alarm, 
midate,  yet  thnro 
I  many-hued  but- 
the  flresh  opened 
leir  lays  of  lore 
I  branches;  and 
chattering  ftom 
f  water-fowl,  at 
lar,  sport  among 
tlays  around  the 
-the  banner  bird 
ve  the  oatara.t, 
its  curling  mists, 
>ng  the  gwnt  flrs 
I. 

[Ized  earth  ofibrs 
iccments  to  visi- 
y  can  never  be 
ose  who  see  and 
ter  impossibility 
>  as  this  woudor- 
hen  motion  can 
ere  will  be  smue 
idea  of  it;  but 
Niagara  must  re- 


lagara. 

w  vast,  how  grand, 
il  thnuartt 
ng  hills, 
ct'iirling  floods, 
n<>i>i«il  by  vIonilB 
thy  (Iruiid  blue, 
he  vast  abyss        ^ 
indest,  whence  «*• 

faker's  praise. 


st  objects  of  in* 
and  Point  View 
liile  on  the  op- 


posite side  ia  a  ferry-house  and  landing, 
where  carriages  arc  usually  to  be  found 
to  convey  passenger;  to  the  Clifton  House, 
Table  Rock,  and  other  places  of  groat 
interest. 

About  30  rods  below  the  Ferry  £>'.airs  is 
the  spot  where  the  hermit  Abbot  was 
drowned.  Half  a  mile  below  the  latter 
point  is  Catlin's  Cave,  formerly  much  fre- 
quented. 

The  SusPRMsioir  Bridoi,  the  greatest 
artificial  curiosity  in  America,  is  situated 
two  miles  and  a  half  below  the  Falls, 
where  has  recently  sprung  into  existence 
Viagara  City,  or  better  known  as  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  on  the  American  side, 
aad  Clifton  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the 
river,  here  being  about  800  feet  in  width, 
vith  perpendicuUr  banks  of  325  feet. 

The  Whirlpool  and  Rapids,  one  mile 
lelow  the  Bridge,  are  terriflc  sights  of 
Jfeat  interest,  and  well  worthy  b  visit. 

The  DeviPa  Hole,  one  mile  farther  down, 
ij  also  a  point  of  great  attraction,  together 
vith  the  Bloody  Hun,  a  small  stream  wliere 
a  detacliment  of  English  soldier?  wore 
jrecipitatcd  in  their  flight  from  an  attack 
by  Indians  during  the  old  French  war  in 
1759.  An  amphitheatre  of  high  ground 
spreads  around  and  perfectly  encloses  the 
valley  of  the  Devil's  Hole,  with  the-  ex- 
ception of  a  narrow  ravine  formed  by 
Bloody  Run — from  which,  against  a  large 
force,  there  is  no  escape,  except  over  the 
precipice.  The  Ice  Cave  is  another  object 
of  interest  connected  with  the  Devil's 
Hole. 

The  Rapids  below  the  Whirlpool  are 
the  next  object  of  attraction ;  then  Queens- 
ton  Heights  and  Brock's  Monument  on 
the  Canadian  side,  and  the  Suspension 
Bridge  at  Lewiston;  altogether  forming 
oljjects  of  interest  sufficient  to  fill  a  well- 
sized  volume. 

The  Niagara  River  ia  navigable  from 
l/owistou  to  its  mouth  at  Fort  Niagara,  a 
further  distance  of  sovou  miles,  or  four- 
teou  below  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 


The  jiUage  of  Niagara  Falls,  Niagara 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  is  situated  on  the  east  side  of 
Niagara  River,  in  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  the  grand  Cataract,  22  miles  from  Buf- 
falo and  303  miles  from  Albany  by  rail- 
road route.  A'o  place  in  the  Union  exceeds 
this  favored  spot  as  a  fashionable  place  of 
resort  during  the  summer  and  fdl  months, 
when  hundreds  of  visitors  may  be  seen 
every  day  flocking  to  Goat  Island,  or 
points  contiguous  to  the  Rapids  and  Falls. 
The  village  contains  several  large  hotels 
for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  the 
most  noted  of  which  are  the  Cataract 
House  and  the  International  Hotel ;  the 
Monteagle  Hotel,  situated  two  miles  be- 
low the  Falls,  near  the  Suspension  Bridge, 
and  the  CUfton  House,  on  the  Canada 
side,  are  all  alike  popular  and  well-kept 
hotels ;  there  are  five  churches  of  different 
denominations;  15  stores,  in  many  of 
which  aro  kept  for  sale  Indian  curiosities 
and  fancy  work  of  different  kinds.  The 
water-power  here  afforded  by  the  de- 
scending stream,  east  of  Goat  Idand,  is 
illimitable.  A  paper-mill,  a  flouring-miU, 
two  saw-mills,  a  woollen  factory,  a  ftir- 
nace  aad  machine  shop,  together  with 
other  manufnoturing  establishments,  hero 
use  the  water-power  so  bountiftilly  si'  /- 
plied.    The  population  is  about  3,600.~ 

The  railroads  centring  at  the  Falls  are 
the  Buffalo,  Niagara  IhUs  and  Lewittm 
Railroad,  and  the  JVew  York  Central  Rail- 
road ;  the  latter  road  connecting  at  Buffak) 
with  the  Nino  York  and  Erie  Railroad,  and 
forming  with  other  roads  a  direct  route  to 
Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  and  Washm.^tton. 

.".n  omnibus  line  and  hacks  run  i\orx 
the  TiUage  of  Niagara  Falls  to  Niagara 
City,  or  Suspension  Bridge,  during  the 
summer  months,  and  thence  to  the  Clifton 
House  and  Table  Rock  on  Canada  side. 

Niagara  City,  situated  two  miles  below 
the  Falls,  at  the  Stixpension  Bridge,  is  a 
new  and  flourishing'  place  containing  about 
1,500  inhabitants.  Hero  is  situated  the 
Monteagle  Hold. 


40 


TUtP  TUROUOU    -I'HK    LAKKS. 


'  8U8FEH8I0N   BRIDGE 

AND  TUB 

CatanMst  and  Rapids  of   Niagara. 


To  give  the  reader  some  idea  of  the 
grandeur  of  this  triumph  of  engineering 
BlciU— THE  SUSPENSION  BRIDGE— 
we  copy  the  fdlowing  utide  bom  a  late 
Buffalo  paper: 

AN  ENGINEER'S  MONUMENT. 


Spanning  the  chasm  of  the  Niagara 
River,  uniting  the  territories  of  two  difl'cr- 
ent  Governments,  and  sustaining  the  unin- 
terrupted railroad  traffic  of  the  Provinces 
of  Canada  with  the  United  States,  250  feet 
above  a  flood  of  water  which  man  has 
never  been  able  to  ferry,  stands  the  monu- 
ment of  John  A.  Roedlino.  The  Niagara 
Bailway  Suspetision  Bridge,  is  the  grandest 
and  the  most  distinguisliing  achievement 
of  Art  in  this  world.  It  is  the  proudest, 
it  is  the  most  beautiful,  and  will  prove  to 
be  the  most  enduring  monument  anywhere 
■et  up  on  thia  continent. 

R.;gajrd  this  wonderful  product  t "  engi- 
neering slcill.  Its  span  is  822  feet.  Yet 
an  engine,  tender  and  passenger  car,  load- 1 
ed  with  men,  and  weighing  altogether  47 
tons,  depress  the  long  floor  in  the  centre 
but  6i  inches.  The  Bridge,  loaded  with 
a  loaded  freight  train,  covering  its  whole 
length,  and  weighing  326  tons,  is  deflected 
in  the  middle  only  10  inches.  Tliis  ex- 
treme depression  is  perceptible  only  to 
practised  eyes.  The  slighter  changes  of 
tevol  require  to  be  ascertained  with  in- 
stroments.  Delicate  as  lace  work,  and 
seemingly  light  and  airy,  it  hanp;s  there 
high  between  heaven  and  the  boihng  flood 
below,  more  solid  than  the  earthbcds  of 
the  adjacent  railways.  The  concussions 
it  fiat  moving  trains  arc  sensibly  felt  miles 


off  through  solid  rocky  soil.    In  cities  lo 
comotives  shake  entire   blocks  of  stone 
dweUings.      The  waters  of  the   CuyuKa 
Lake  tremble   under  the  wheels  of  the 
express  trains,  a  mile    away   from   tlie 
bridge.      But  a  freight  train  traversing 
John  A.  Robblino's  Monument,  at  th« 
speed  of  five  miies  an  hour,  oommunieatis 
no  jar  to  passeugers  walking   upon  th« 
carriage  way  below.    The  hind  cables  cf 
the  bridge  do  not  tremble  undc  it— tlie 
slight  concussions  of  the  superstructure 
do  not  go  over  the  summits  of  the  towers 
Tliis  List  fact  in  the  stiffness  of  the  grea; 
work  is  of  much  importance.    It  furnislied 
a  guarantee  of  the  durability  of  the  m»- 
sonry.     Fast    anchored  with    stone  aid 
grouted  in  solid  rock  cut  down  to  tin 
depth  of  twenty-flve  feet,  the  great  cables 
are  immovable  by  any  mechanical  forts 
incidental  to  the  use  of  the  bridge,  or  Ub 
natural  influences  it  will  be  subject  to, 
The  ultimate  strength  of  these  cables  is 
12,400  tons.    The  total  weight  of  the  ma- 
terial of  the  bridge,  and  of  the  traffic  to 
which   it  will  ordinarily  be  subjected  is 
2,262  tons,  to  sustain  which  tlie  Engineer 
has  provided  in  his  beautiful  and  scientiflo 
structure,  a  strength  of  1 2,400  tons.    He  . 
demonstrates,  too,  that  while  the  strength 
of  the  cables  is  nearly  six  times  as  great 
as  their  ordinary  tension,  that  stbenoth 

WILL  NEVEH  BB  UIPAIRED  BY  VIBEATION. 

This  was  the  question  raised  by  The  Db- 
iiocRAOY,  a  year  ago,  which  excited  such 
general,  and  in  instances  such  angry  dis- 
cussion. RoEBLiNa  treated  our  doubts 
with  a  cool  reason  and  the  stores  of  an 
extensive  engineering  experiexfte,  which 
gave  us  to  believe  that  Art  hud  at  last 
attained  to  a  method  of  suspending  Iron 
Bridges  for  Railroad  use,  that  should  eu< 


tirel 
by  I 
Stat 
it  ii 
T 
ers, 
and 
wei| 
onlj 
skil 
bun 
"tr 
of  I 
of; 

VOM 
1 

link 

whi 
ofi 
cun 
thic 
othi 
use 
coal 

Pig 
Btrt 
Incl 
pUl 
inci 
roci 
the 
ma; 
cha 
20 
the 
14,1 
sup 
1 
the 
anc 
ofi 
sui 
out 
tha 
ax( 
wil 
Th 

tOM 


55nj''Si^i 


ra. 

cy  soil.  In  cities  lo 
lire  blocks  of  stone 
.ters  of  tho  CayuK* 
the  wheels  of  the 
lile  away  from  the 
ght  train  traversing 
1  Monument,  at  th« 
1  hour,  oommunioatifl 
8  walking  upon  th« 
The  land  cables  cf 
•emble  undc  it— the 
if  the  Bupcrstructura 
iimmits  of  the  towora 
stiffness  of  tho  grea; 
ortance.  It  furnislie$ 
durability  of  the  mt- 
red  with  stone  aid 
ck  cut  down  to  ths 

feet,  the  great  cablos 
any  mechanical  furts 

of  tho  bridge,  or  tla 
t  will  be  subject  to> 
'th  of  these  cables  is 
)tal  weight  of  the  mo- 
,  and  of  the  traffic  to 
larily  be  subjected  is 
n  which  the  Engineer 
beautiful  and  scientiflo 
)  of  1 2,400  tons.    He  . 
hat  while  the  strength 
rly  six  times  as  great 
Dsion,  THAT  strengtq 

PAIRED  BY  VIBBATION. 

on  raised  by  The  Db- 
ro,  which  excited  such 
ances  such  angry  dis- 
>  treated  our    doubts 

and  the  stores  of  an 
ing  cxperiei^,  which 

that  Art  hud  at  last 
3d  of  suspending  Iron 
d  use,  that  should  ea< 


ROUT!   rROM   BI7rrAL0  TO   MIAOARA  TALLB,  KTO. 


41 


tirely  obviate  the  objections  to  them  felt 
by  most  of  tlie  Iron-Masters  of  tho  United 
States.  He  has  since  that  demonstrated 
it  in  •  most  wonderful  structure. 

There  are  in  the  bridge  624  "  suspend- 
ers," each  capable  of  sustaining  30  tons — 
and  all  of  sustaining  18,720  tons.  The 
weight  they  liave  ordinarily  to  support  Is 
only  1,000  tons.  But  the  Engineer  has 
skilfully  distributed  the  weight  of  the 
burdens,  by  the  means  of  "girders"  and 
"  trusses."  Those  spread  the  34  tons  heft 
of  a  locomotive  and  tender  over  a  length 
of  200  foot.  How  ample  is  this  provision 
made  for  defective  iron  or  .""ddea  strains  I 

The  Anchor  Chains  are  composed  of  9 
links,  each  7  feet  long,  save  the  last, 
which  is  10  feet  The  lowest  link  is  made 
of  7  bars  of  iron,  7  inch  by  H.  It  is  se- 
cured to  a  cast  iron  anchor  plate  3^  inches 
thick,  and  6  feet  6  inches  square.  The 
other  links  are  equally  strong.  The  iron 
used  was  nil  made  from  Pennsylvania  char- 
coal, Ulster  county,  N  Y.,  and  Salisbury 
Pig,  and  can  be  depended  upon  for  a 
strength  of  64,000  pounds  to  the  square 
Inch.  The  central  portions  of  the  anchor 
plates,  through  which  the  links  pass  is  1 2 
inches  thick.  The  excavations  in  tho  solid 
rock  were  not  vertical  They  inclined  from 
the  river.  The  rock  upon  wliich  the  work 
may  rely  on  the  New  York  side  of  the 
chiiiBm  Is  100  feet  long,  70  feet  wide,  and 
20  feet  deep.  It  weighs  160  pounds  to 
the  cubic  foot,  and  presents  a  resistance  of 
14,000  tons,  exclusive  of  tho  weight  of  the 
superincumbent  masonry  and  embankment. 

The  To  WEBS  are  each  15  feet  square  at 
the  base,  60  feet  high  above  the  arch, 
and  8  feet  square  at  the  top.  The  limestone 
of  which  they  are  built  will  support  a  pres- 
sure of  500  tons  on  each  square  foot  with- 
out crushing.  While  the  greatest  weight 
that  can  fjjll  upon  the  tower  will  rarely 
exceed  600  tons,  a  pressure  of  32,000  tons 
will  be  required  to  crush  the  top  course. 
There  are  4,000  tons'  weight  in  each  of  the 
towers  on  the  New  York  side. 


The  cables  are  4  in  number,  10  inches 
in  diameter,  and  composed  each  of  3,640 
small  No.  9  wires.  Sixty  wires  form  one 
square  inch  of  solid  section,  making  the 
solid  section  of  the  entire  cable  60.40 
square  inches,  wrapping  not  included. 
These  Immense  masses  of  wire  are  put 
together  so  that  each  individual  wire  per- 
forms its  duty,  and  in  a  strain  all  work 
together.  On  this,  Mr.  Roibuho,  who 
is  a  moderate  aa  well  as  a  modest  man, 
feels  justified  In  speaking  with  the  word 
pxRrECT.  Each  of  the  large  cables  Is 
composed  of  four  smaller  ones,  called 
"  strands."  Each  strand  has  620  wires. 
One  is  placed  in  the  centre.  The  rest  are 
placed  around  that.  These  strands  were 
manufactured  nearly  In  the  same  position 
the  cables  now  occupy.  The  preparatory 
labors,  such  as  oiling,  straightening,  spli- 
cing, and  reeling,  were  done  in  a  long 
shed  on  the  Canada  side.  Two  strands 
were  made  at  the  some  time,  one  for  each 
of  the  two  cables  under  process  of  con- 
struction. On  the  completion  of  one  set, 
temporary  wire  bands  were  laid  on,  about 
nine  inches  apart,  for  the  purpose  of 
keeping  the  wires  closely  united,  and  se- 
curing their  relative  position.  They  were 
.then  lowered  to  occupy  their  permanent 
positioj  in  the  cable.  On  completion  of 
the  seven  pairs  of  strands,  two  platform 
carriages  were  mounted  upon  the  cables, 
for  laying  on  a  continuous  wrapping,  by 
means  of  Roeblinq's  patent  wrapping 
machines.  During  this  process  the  whole 
mass  of  wire  was  again  saturated  with 
oil  and  paint,  which,  together  with  the 
wrapping,  will  protect  ^hem  effectually 
against  all  oxidation.  Five  hundred  tons 
of  this  wire  is  Englv  ,b.  American  man- 
ufacturers did  not  put  in  proposals.  That 
used  was  remarkably  uniform,  and  most 
carefully  made. 

The  law  deduced  from  large  use  of  wire 
re  I  e  in  Pennsylvania,  is,  tlmt  its  durabili- 
ty depends  upon  its  usage.  It  will  last 
muoli  longer  under  heavy  strains  moving 


4a 


TRIP  TUBOCOn   TIIB   LAKES. 


slowly,  than  it  will  under  light  strains 
uioving  rapidly.  This  law  was  borne 
coiistautly  in  iniud  by  the  Engineer  of 
tlie  Niugara  itailway  Bridge.  The  cables 
and  Huspeudors  are,  so  to  Hpeak,  at  rest. 
Tlioy  are  so  well  protected,  too,  from  rust, 
that  tliey  may  bo  regarded  as  eternally 
durable. 

Among  the  interesting  chftracteristios 
or  this  s))lendid  architecture,  is  its  elas- 
ticity. The  depression  under  a  load  copi- 
mouces  at  the  end,  of  course,  end  goes 
regularly  across.  After  the  passage  of  a 
train,  the  equilibrium  is  perfectly  restored. 
The  ohisticily  of  the  cables  is  fully  equal 
to  this  taslc,  and  will  mevkr  be  lost. 

The  e(|uilibrium  of  the  Bridge  is  less 
affected  in  cold  weatlier  than  in  warm. 
If  a  change  of  temperature  of  100  de- 
grees should  take  place,  the  difference  in 
tlie  level  of  the  lloor  would  be  2  fuot  3 
inches. 

So  solid  is  this  Bridge  in  its  weight, 
its  stiffness,  and  its  stnyin^c,  that  not  the 
slightest  motion  is  communicated  to  it  by 
tlio  severest  gales  of  wind  that  blow  \ip 
through  the  narrow  gorge  which  it  spans. 

Noxt  to  violent  winds,  suspension  bridge 
builders  dread  the  trotting  of  cattlo  across 
their  structures.  Mr.  RoKBLiNa  says  that 
a  heavy  train  running  20  miles  an  hour 
across  his  Bridge,  would  do  less  injury 
to  it  than  would  20  steers  parsing  on  a 
trot.  It  is  the  severest  teat,  next  to  tliut 
of  troops  marching  in  time,  to  which 
bridges,  iron  or  wooden,  suspension  or 
tubular,  can  be  subjected.  Strict  roRula- 
tions  are  enforced  for  the  paasage  of  hogs, 
horses,  and  oxen,  in  small  bodies,  and 
always  on  a  walk. 

This  great  work  cost  only  $500,000. 
The  same  structure  in  England  (if  it  could 
possibly  have  been  built  there)  would 
have  cost  $4,000,000.  It  is  unquestiona- 
bly the  most  admirable  work  of  art  on 
this  continent,  and  will  make  an  imper- 
ishable monument  to  the  memory  of  its 
Engineer,  JouM  A.  RoBBUNa. 


We  append  a  Table  of  Quantities  for 
the  convenience  of  our  rcadur.t,  and  the 
more  easy  comprehension  of  the  cliarac- 
te    jf  the  structure : 

Lenirth  of  >pan  from  ecntr*  to  centre  of 

Towers 82S  ftnl 

Heisht  (>t  Tower  above  rook  on  Amert- 

eu  ilde 89  feet 

Height  of  Tower  above  rork,  Canada  aide    TB  Mi 
Ilvlgbt  of  Tower  above  flour  of  Kttllway .  (0  fvut 

Nuinlwr  of  Wire  Cablca '< 

Diameter  of  each  Coble 10  Incbea 

Niimher  of  No.  9  wlrea  In  each  Cable. .  8,B«» 
llltlmato  a«grvirate  strength  of  Cables,  lie,4UU  tuna 

Weight  of  Siiperstrui'tiirc TSOtona 

Weight  of  Superstructure  and  maxl- 

miua  loads 1,280  toni 

Ultimate  supporting  strength T»0  tona 

Height  of  Track  utwve  water 2W  ftet 

Bttseof  Towers lefcet  square 

TopofTiiwers 8    " 

Length  of  each  ITpper  Cable 1,«15«*  feet 

"     Lower  Cable I.IKO  feet 

Depth  of  Anchor  Pits  below  surface 

of  Hock SOfeet 

Number  of  Suspenders 6'H 

Ultlinato  Btrongtli  of  Suspenders. 18,720  tona 

Number  of  UverfliiorStuys tW 

Aggregate  sf-ength  of  Slays 1,920  tons 

Number  of  U  .er  Stays M 

Aggregate  strength  of  Stays 1,680  tona 

Klevatlun of  Itnllway  Track  above  mid- 
dle stage  of  Ulver 945  feet 

Total  length  of  Wires 4,000  miles 

The  weights  of  the  materials  in  the 
bridge  are  as  follows : 

IB*. 

Timber. »!».'« 

Wrought  Iron  and  Suapeadera ]18,1)W 

Castings. 44,8^8 

Kails M.740 

Cables  (between  towers) 886,400 

Total 1,6M,72S 

The  Great  Western  Railway  of 
Canada,  which  unites  with  the  Neui  Tmrh 
Central  Railroad,  terminating  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  the  river,  hero  commenoea 
and  extends  westward  through  Hamilton, 
London,  and  Chatham  to  Windsor,  oppo- 
site Detroit,  Mich.,  forming  one  of  tli» 
great  through  lines  of  travel  from  Boston 
and  New  York  to  Detroit,  Chicago,  and 
the  Far  West.     See  page  50. 

This  road  also  furnishes  a  speedy  rout* 
of  travel  to  Toronto,  Montreal  etc 


T 
on 

Chii 
Nav 
Rap 
Bur 
Lun 
llor 
Tub 
Clii 
Kori 
Nov 
Clii 
Sus] 
AVh 
Bro. 
Qvt 

KlA 


T 

and 
limi 
pose 
in  he 

rcso 

BUUt 

this 
li 

WAtI 

tage 

unii 
ft  lii 
adt 
ftblj 
■um 


L 
ligh 

Nini 


'able  of  Quantities  for 
'  our  rcadurj*,  and  the 
.eiiaion  of  tho  cliarao- 

): 

MDtrt  to  centre  of 

82Sfo«l 

re  rook  on  Amert- 

SStnt 

I  rork,  Canada  aide  TB  fwi 
a  floor  of  Kallway .  (0  feut 

;» •  * 

g lOlncbet 

I  In  each  Cable. .  8,R<» 
ength  of  Cablea,  1X,4UU  tone 

UPC TSOtona 

sture  and  maxl- 

I,2fl0  tnna 

trength TlMtona 

1  wat«r 250  ftet 

16  fuet  square 

8    "       " 

Cable l.SSOt  feet 

Cahle 1,11(0  fleet 

bi'luw  lurruee 

aOfeet 

n 6« 

iispcndors. 18,720  ton* 

*tuy» <W 

f  Sinys 1,920  tons 

8.... M 

'  Stays 1,6S0  tone 

I'ruuk  above  uild- 

945  fwt 

4,000  miles 

'  tho  materials  in  tho 
Mrs: 

I.B8. 

»19,180 

usneDdera 118,1)W 

44,833 

60.740 

rs) a8^40O 

1,678,724 

^ESTERK  Railway  or 
lites  with  the  Aeu  Y»rk 
irminatingon  the  Ameri- 
river,  here  commenoes 
VMd  through  Hamilton, 
ham  to  Windsor,  oppo- 
I.,  forming  one  of  th« 
B  of  travel  from  Boston 
D  Detroit,  Chicago,  and 
36  page  50. 

iiruiahes  a  speedy  roat* 
o,  Montreal,  etc. 


inAOABA  rALLB,  LIWUTOW,  ITO. 

OftdecM  •T  iBterett. 


The  following  are  the  principal  obikcts 
or  iNTKBKST  above  and  below  the  Falls  : 
Canada  Side. 

Chippkwa,  R.R.  and  Steamboat  Station. 

NavT  Iilaud. 

Rapids. 

Burning  Spring. 

Lundy's  Lane,  and  Battle-field. 

Horseshoe  Fall. 

Table  Rock  and  Stairs. 

Cliitox  House. 

Kerry. 

New  Suspension  Bridge. 

Cliptok,  Oroat  Weslern  Railway  Station. 

Su8|)eii8ion  Bridge,  822  feet  in  leug^h. 

Whirlpool  and  Rapids. 

Brock's  Mouuniuut. 

QUKENSTON. 

KiAOAUA,  Town. 


Thh  Want  op  Improvkments. 

The  immense  water-power  at  tho  Falls, 
and  Rapids  above,  are  used  but  to  • 
limited  extent  for  raanufacturing  pur- 
poses, while  every  effort  is  made  by  the 
inhabitants  and  hangers-on  ut  this  great 
resort  to  extract  a  living  from  tho  thou- 
sands who  annually  flock  here  to  view 
this  mighty  Cataract. 

Instead  of  planting  shade-trees,  making 
walks  and  cooling  drives,  building  cot- 
tages, and  laying  out  gardens,  every  thing 
seems  neglected  and  suffered  to  remain 
unimproved  on  the  American  side,  while 
ft  limited  effort  is  perceptible  on  the  Can- 
ada side,  where  the  grounds  are  admir- 
ably situated,  affording  beautiful  sites  for 
summer  residences. , 

Lkwiston,  Niagara  Co.,  N.  Y.,  is  de- 
lightfully situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Niagara  River,   seven   miles   below   tlio 


Amtricaa  Side. 

Sohlosser's  Landing. 

Ooat  Island. 

(/'ave  of  the  Winds. 

Rapids,  and  Bridge  to  Ooat  Island. 

ViLLAOE  or  Niagara  Falls. 

American  Fall. 

Ferry  and  Stairs. 

New  Suspension  Bridge. 

NiAOARA  City. 

Suspension  Bridge,  New  York  Central 

Railroad  Station. 
Mont  Eagli-  Hotel. 
Rapids  and  Whirlpool. 
Mountain  Ridge. 
Lewiston,  R.  B.  and  Steamboat  Station. 

YOUUaBTOWN. 

Fort  Niagara. 
Lake  ONTAnio. 


Falls,  and  seven  miles  above  tho  mouth 
of  tho  river  where  it  falls  into  Lake  Uu- 
tario.  It  is  an  incorporatcil  village,  and 
contains  about  1,000  inhabitants,  four 
churches,  an  incorporated  academy;  a 
custom-houso,  it  being  the  port  of  entry 
for  tho  district  of  Niagara ;  two  hotels, 
nine  stores,  and  three  storehouses.  Here 
is  a  very  convenient  steamboat  landing, 
from  which  steamers  depart  daily  for  Os- 
wego, Ogdensbufgli.  etc.,  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  and  for  Toronto,  Kingston,  etc, 
on  the  Catjadian  side.  The  Buffah,  Niag- 
ara Fails,  and  Lewiston  Railroad  termi- 
nates at  this  place,  where  i.<i  a  steam 
ferry,  connecting  Lewiston  with  Q.ieens- 
ton,  Canada.  The  mountain  ridge  here 
rises  about  300  feet  abovo  tho  river,  form- 
ing many  picturesque  and  vornaiitic  points 
of  great  interest.  On  tht-  American  side 
of  the  river  stands  tho  sito  of  old  Fort 
Gray,  erected  during  the  war  of  1812, 
while  on  the  Canadian  side  are  situated 


44 


TRIP   TBROVQH  Tfil  LAKB8. 


Queenston  Heiglits,  sunnounted  by  a 
beautiful  ■  onument  erected  to  the  mem- 
ory of  General  Brock,  of  the  British  army, 
who  was  here  killed  in  a  sanguinary  con- 
(lict,  October  13th,  1812.  From  this 
I  teight  a  most  extensive  and  grand  view 
is  obtained  of  L^e  Ontario  and  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

YouNGSTOWN,  six  miles  below  Lewiston, 
and  one  mile  above  old  Fort  Niagara,  at 


the  mouth  of  the  river,  is  a  regular  steam- 
boat landing.  A  ferry  pUes  from  Youngs- 
town  to  the  village  of  Niagara  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  river,  here  about  Imlf 
a  mile  in  width.  This  is  the  first  landini^ 
on  the  American  side  of  the  river,  after 
leaving  the  broad  waters  of  Lake  On- 
tario. Fort  Niagara,  an  old  and  import- 
ant uiilitary  post,  ia  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river. 


Roate  around  lAke  Ontario. 

Ifiles. 

Kingston,  C.  "W.,  to  Toronto,  via  Grand  Trunk  RaUway 160 

Toronto  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  Toronto  and  Hamilton  R.R 38 

Hamilton  to  Suspension  Bridge,  via  Great  Western  R.  R 43 

Suspension  Bridge  to  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  via  N.  Y.  Central  R     lay 1« 

Rochester  to  Oswego,  N.  Y.,  by  Sta^e 10 

Oswego  to  Richland,  N.  Y.,            " 86 

Richland  to  Cape  Vincent,  via  WaUeriown  and  Rome  R  R.... 65 

Capo  Vinocut  to  Kingston,  C.  W.,  via  Wolfe  Island 12 

Total  MUes '• 489 

times  as  long  as  its  greatest  width.  The 

circuit  of  the  water  is  estimated  at  430 
miles. — See  Lake  Erie,  page  14. 


Note. — The  extreme  length  of  Lake 
Ontario  ia  190  miles  from  Cape  Vincent 
to  Hamilton,  0.  W. ;  being  ajout  four 


Rapida  of  the  §t.  liawrence  River. 


Tlie  Rapids  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  in  con- 
nection with  the  "  Thousand  Islands" 
form  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this 
truly  noble  stream.  The  "  Thousand  Isl- 
ands" are  situated  near  the  foot  of  Lake 
Ontario,  where  the  St.  Lawrence  proper 
commences.  Here  are  found  delightful 
resorts  for  those  fond  of  fishing  and  hunt- 
ing, surrounded  by  scenery  of  the  most 
enchanting  character. 

The  fall  in  tlio  St.  Lawrence  River, 
between  Ogdensburg  and  Montreal,  n  dis- 
tance of  120  miles,  exceeds  200  feet.  The 
rapida  encountered  are  the  GtUlop  Rapids; 


Rapid  Plat;  Long  Saut  Rapida  (descent 
48  feet).  The  Coleau  Rapida,  Cedar 
Rapida,  and  Caacade  Rapids  have  a  de» 
scent  of  82  feet  in  the  distance  of  11  milea. 
The  La  Chine  Rapids,  the  last  formidabto 
rapids  which  impede  navigation,  have  a 
descent  of  45  feet. 

The  descent  of  these  Rapids  by  ateaitt* 
ers  is  perfeot'.j  safe,  affording  the  most 
exciting  nud  grand  excursion  imaginable. 
In  ascending  the  stream  steamers  pass 
through  the  St.  Laujrenee  Canals,  afford- 
ing ship  navigation;  total  length  about 
40  miles.    See  Engraving. 


Th 

cbain 
the  SI 
180  I 
tremt 
circui 
the  ] 
State 
lake, 
rence 
whor 
Th 
vhol< 
size; 
upwa 
ia  ele 
and  1 
with 
Rivei 
It  ha 
ship 
trade 
tent 
is  ve 
crsasi 
stean: 
watei 
nevei 
the  « 
tion  i 
as  so 
moat 
Britia 
Cobu 
and 
Qape 
Char) 
wNi 


[ver,  is  a  regular  steam- 
terry  plies  from  Youngs- 
go  of  Niagara  on  the 
3  river,  here  about  lialf 
rhis  ia  the  first  landini^ 
aide  of  the  river,  after 
1  waters  of  Lake  On- 
ra,  an  old  and  import- 
t,   ia   situated  at  the 


o. 

MtlM. 

160 

38 

43 

■lay 16 

70 

35 

65 

12 

.: 489 

:s  greatest  width.  The 

er  ia  estimated  at  430 
5He,j)aye  14. 


Ivep. 

r  Saut  Rapids  (descent 
Coteau  Rapids,  Cedar 
ids  Rapids  have  a  de» 
the  distance  of  11  milea. 
nds,  the  last  formidabto 
«de  navigation,  have  a' 

these  Rapids  by  iteavtt* 
lafe,  affording  the  most 
1  excursion  imaginable, 
stream  steamers  pass 
\aurrence  CaiuUs,  afford- 
an;  total  length  about 
graving. 


LAKE  ONTABIO. 


This  Lake,  the  most  eastern  of  the  great 
diain  of  Lakes  of  North  America,  receives 
the  surplus  waters  of  Niagara  River;  it  is 
180  miles  in  length,  and  60  miles  in  ex- 
treme breadth;  being  about  480  miles  in 
circumference.  The  boundary  line  between 
the  British  Possessions  and  the  United 
States  rims  through  the  middle  of  the 
luke,  and  so  continues  down  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  the  45th  degree  of  north  latitude, 
where  the  river  eniors  Canada. 

The  lake  ia  navigable  throughout  its 
yrhole  extent  for  vessels  of  the  largest 
size;  and  it  is  said  to  bo  in  some  places 
upward  of  600  ^-^t  in  depth.  Its  surfitoe 
is  elevated  234  feet  above  the  Atlantic, 
and  lies  330  feet  lower  than  Lake  Erie, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  the  Niagara 
River  and  by  the  Welland  Canal  in  Canada. 
It  has  also  been  proposed  to  construct  a 
ship  canal  on  the  American  side.  The 
trade  of  Lake  Ontario,  from  the  great  ex- 
tent of  inhabited  country  surrounding  it, 
is  very  considerable,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
crsasing.  Many  sail  vessels  and  splendid 
steamers  are  employed  in  navigating  its 
waters,  which,  owing  to  its  great  depth, 
never  fireeze,  except  at  the  sides,  where 
the  water  is  shallow;  so  that  its  naviga- 
tion is  not  so  effectually  interrupted  by  ice 
aa  some  of  the  other  large  lakes.  The 
most  important  places  on  &e  Can:>dian  or 
British  aide  of  Lake  Ontario  are  Kingston, 
Coburg,  Port  Hope,  Toronto,  Hamilton, 
and  Niagara;  on  the  American  short, 
(}tsgB  Vincent,  Saoket's  Harbor,  Oswego, 
Charlotte  or  Port  Glenesee,  and  Lewiston, 
OB  Niagara  Biver.  This  Lake  is  connected 


4i-,«i-«» 


with  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Hudson 
River  by  means  of  the  Oswego  and  Erie 
canals.  It  receivw  numerous  strexms,  1)oth 
from  the  Canadian  and  the  American  sides, 
and  abounds  with  a  great  variety  of  fl^h 
of  an  excellent  flavor.  The  base  and  sal^ 
mon,  in  particular,  have  a  high  reputaiion, 
and  are  taken  in  larg^  quantities.  The 
principal  Bays  are  Burlington,  Ironde- 
quoit,  Great  and  Little  Sodus,  Mexico, 
Black  River,  Chaumont,  and  the  pictu- 
resque waters  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte. 

The  passage  across  Lake  Ontario  in 
calm  weather  ia  most  agreeable.  At  ti'nes 
both  shores  are  hidden  fnmi  view,  wJien 
nothing  can  be  so:jn  from  the  deok  of  the 
vessel  but  an  abyss  of  waters.  The  re- 
fractions which  sometimes  take  place  in 
summer,  are  exceedingly  beautifkiL  Islands 
and  trees  appear  turned  upside  down ;  and 
the  white  surf  of  the  beach,  translated 
aloft,  seems  like  the  smoke  of  artillery 
blazing  away  if  om  a  fort* 


•  BiAirmri,HniA<ii.— TbatmndphenomenoB 
ooeulonsUjr  witnessed  on  the  lM*!^—ai{nf:e — wM 
seen  from  the  steanier  Bxy  State,  op  s  recent  trip 
from  Niapira  to  Oenesee  River  (Anf^nst,  1858), 
^th  mure  than  ordinary  splendor.  The  Lock- 
port  Journal  says  It  oecnrred  Just  as  the  san 
was  setting,  at  whiuh  time  some  twelve  vesasll 
were  seen  reflected  on  the  horiioii,  In  an  Inverted 
position,  with  a  distinctness  and  vividness  tmlv 
surprising.  The  atmosphere  was  overcast  with 
a  thick  haie  snch  as  precedes  a  storm,  and  of  a 
color  fttvorabla  to  represent  upon  the  darkened 
background,  vividly,  the  tall  outlines  of  the  rlg-|| 
ging,  sails,  etc,  as  perfeot  as  If  tho  sbliM  them- 
selves ware  aotnally  tTMMformed  to  the  aerial 
canvaa.  The  nnnsual  phanomenon  lattad  until 
darkneis  put  an  and  to  the  leana. 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKES,- 

Giving  a  Description  of  Cities,  Towns,  4ce. 


ing  West.  The  harbor  of  Buffalo 
is  the  most  capacious,  and  really 
the  easiest  and  safest  of  access 
on  our  inland  waters.  Improve- 
ments are  annually  .made  by 
dredginfr  by  the  construction  of 
new  piers,  wharves,  warehouses, 
and  elevators,  which  extend  its 
facilities,  and  render  the  discharge 
and  trans-shipment  of  cargoes 
more  rapid  and  convenient ;  and 
■■^S=^^~  in  this  latter  respect  it  is  without 
an  equaL 

Buffalo  was  first  settled  by  the  whites 
in  1801.  In  1832  it  was  chartered  as  a 
city,  being  now  governed  by  a  mayor,  re- 
corder, and  board  of  twenty-six  aldermen. 
Its  population  in  1830,  according  to  the 
United  States  Census,  was  8,668 ;  in  1840, 
18,213;  and  in  1850,  42,261.  Since  the 
latter  period  the  limih  of  the  city  have 
been  enlarged  by  taking  in  the  town  of 
Black  Rook ;  it  is  now  divided  into  thir- 
teen wards,  and,  according  to  the  Census  of 
1860,  contained  8 1,1:^0  inhabitnnts,  in  I86ft, 
91,210,  being  novr  the  tliird  city  In  pOiiit 
of  sice  in  the  State.  The  public  btalld- 
ings  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them  flne 
specimens  of  architecture ;  while  the  pri- 
vate buildings,  particularly  thosf  for  busi- 
ness purposes,  are  of  the  most  durable 
(■'  nstruction  and  modern  style.  The  man- 
ulactiiring  establishments,  including  sev- 
eral extensive  Mhipyards  for  the  building 
and  repairing  of  lake  craft,  are  also  numer- 
ous, and  conducted  on  a  large  scale,  pro- 
ducing manufactured  articles  for  the 
American  and  Canadian  markets. 
The  principal  public  buildings  are  an 


Bnflfkilo,  "QurairCiTTof  thelAKn," 
possessing  commanding  advantages,  being 
?2  miles  above  Niagara  Falls,  is  distant 
from  Albany  298  miles  by  railroad,  and 
about  350  miles  by  the  line  of  the  Erie 
Canal:  in  N.  lat.  42'»  53',  W.  long.  78"  56' 
from  Greenwich.  It  is  favorably  situated 
for  commerce  at  the  head  of  Niagara  River, 
the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  and  at  the  foot 
of  the  great  chaiu  of  Upper  Lakes,  and  is 
the  point  where  th  vast  trade  of  these 
inland  seas  is  concentrated.  The  harbor, 
formed  of  BuffUo  Creek,  lies  nearly  east 
and  west  across  the  southern  part  of  the 
city,  and  is  separated  from  the  waters  of 
Lake  Erie  by  a  peninsula  between  the 
creek  and  lidce.  This  harbor  is  a  very 
secure  one,  and  ia  of  such  capacity,  that 
although  steamboats,  ships,  and  other 
luke  craft,  and  canal-boats,  to  the  number, 
in  all,  of  from  three  to  four  hundred,  have 
Eometimes  been  assembled  there  for  the 
transaction  of  the  business  of  the  lakes, 
yet  not  one-half  part  of  the  water  accom- 
modations has  ever  yet  been  occupied  by 
the  vast  business  of  the  great  and  grow- 


n.i 

City 
tres 
inat 

4  a 

Mar 
T 
dive 
of  tl 
ion. 
land 
Baut 
Chic 

R 

1. 

Troj 

2. 
28  n 

3. 
city 

4. 
Ohio 

6. 
161 1 

6. 
(Sua. 

Tl 
roadi 
thel 

Th 
and  i 
ney'a 
jBvwt 
thel 

Til 


On 
Stear 
Poiul 
Lake 
distal 
of  Di 

Lo 


.^Mm 


ES,- 

urns,  &c. 

.  The  harbor  of  BufTnlo 
>st  capacious,  and  really 
8t  and  safest  of  access 
land  waters.  Improve- 
re  annually  made  by 
by  the  construction  of 
3,  wharves,  warehouses, 
ators,  which  extend  its 
and  render  the  discharge 
8-8hipment  of  cargoes 
id  and  convenient ;  and 
ttter  respect  it  is  without 

t  settled  by  the  whites 
!  it  was  chartered  as  a 
ovemed  by  a  mayor,  re- 
of  twenty -six  aldermen. 
1830,  according  to  the 
BUS,  was  8,668 ;  in  1840, 
860,42, 261.  Since  the 
limits  of  the  city  hare 
taking  in  the  town  of 
now  divided  into  thir- 
MX)rding  to  the  Census  of 
180  inhabitnnts,  in  1865, 
-  the  tliird  city  in  point 
kte.  The  public  btaild- 
;,  and  many  of  them  fine 
litectnre ;  while  the  pri- 
rticularly  thosf  for  busi- 
re  of  the  most  durable 
nndern  style.  The  man- 
ahments,  including  sev- 
p-yards  for  the  building 
ike  craft,  are  also  nomer- 
d  on  a  large  scale,  pro- 
ured  articles  for  the 
ladian  markets, 
public  buildings  are  an 


il^TJ" 


BUFFALO  TO  DETROIT — FORTH  SHORE  KOUTI. 


47 


U.  States  Custom- House  and  Post-OlHee; 
City  Hall;  Oourt-^ouse  and  Jail;  2  Thea- 
tres, and  60  Churches  of  different  denom- 
inations. Here  are  also  8  banking  houses, 
4  Savings  Banks,  and  several  Pira  and 
Marine  Insurance  Companies. 

The  Lines  of  Steamers  and  Railroads 
diverging  from  BuflWo  tend  to  make  it  one 
of  the  greatest  thoroughfares  in  the  Un- 
ion, Steamers  and  propellers  run  to  Cleve- 
land, Sandusky,  Toledo,  Detroit,  Mackinac, 
Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee, 
Chicago,  to. 

Bailboabs  bunninq  feom  Buffalo. 

1.  New  York  Centred,  to  Albany  and 
Troy,  298  miles. 

2.  Buffiiia,  Niagara  Fblls,  and  Lewiston, 
28  mUes. 

3.  Buffalo,  New  York,  and  Erie,  to  the 
city  of  New  York,  434  miles. 

4.  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  to  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  183  miles. 

5.  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway, 
161  miles. 

6.  Great  Western  (Canada)  Railway 
(Sus.  Bridge  to  Detroit,  Mich.),  230  miles. 

There  are  also  four  lines  of  City  Rail- 
roads running  to  different  points  within 
the  limits  of  Buffalo. 

The  principal  Hotels  are  the  }\|f}  House, 
and  Manmon  Eiuae,  on  Main  street ;  Bon- 
ney'a  Hotel,  On  Washington  street;  the 
JBveretl  House,  and  Westeni  Hold,  facing 
the  Terrace. 

There  are  now  running  from  Buffalo  to 


different  ports  on  Lake  Erie  and  the  Up- 
per  Lakes  "seven  different  Lines  of  Pro- 
pellers, annually  tran-^porting  an  immense 
amount  of  merchandise  and  produce, 
which  finds  its  exit  eastward  by  means  of 
the  Erie  Canal,  and  the  several  Railroad 
Lines, 

^"The  climate  of  Bufblo  is,  without 
doubt,  of  a  more  even  temperature  than 
any  other  city  in  the  same  parallel  of  lati- 
tude from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Atlantic 
coast.  Observations  have  shown  that  the 
thermometer  never  ranges  as  low  in  win- 
ter, nor  as  high  in  summer,  as  at  points  in 
Massachusetts,  the  eastern  and  central 
portions  of  this  State,  the  northern  and 
southern  shores  of  Lake  Brie  in  Micbi^n, 
Northern  Illinois,  and  Wisconsin.  The 
winters  are  not  as  keen,  nor  the  summers, 
cooled  by  the  breezes  from  the  lake,  as 
sultry ;  and  in  a  sanitary  point  of  view, 
it  is  probably  one  of  the  healthiest  cities 
in  the  world. 

"  London,  usually  considered  the  health- 
iest of  cities,  has  a  ratio  of  one  death  in 
forty  inhabitants.  The  ratio  of  Buffalo  is 
one  in  flfty-six.  The  favorable  situation 
of  the  city  for  drainage,  and  for  a  supply 
of  pure  water;  its  broad,  well-paved 
streets,  lined  with  shrubbery  and  shade- 
trees  ;  its  comparatively  raild  winters ;  its 
cool  summers;  its  pleasant  drives  and 
picturesque  suburbs,  and  its  proximity  to 
the  'FcUb,'  combine  to  render  it  one  of 
the  most  desirable  residences  on  the  con- 
tinent." 


BITFFAIO  TO  DETROIT-NOETIi  DFOEE  BOUTS. 


Oa  leaving  the  wharf  at  Buffalo,  the 
Steamers  uatially  run  direct  for  Long 
Point  on  the  Canada,  or  North  Shore  of 
Lake  Erie,  proceeding  for  most  of  the 
distance  in  British  waters,  to  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  River. 

LONO  Point,   65  miles  from  Buffalo, 


is  a  long  strip  oi  land,  nearly  20  miles 
long,  and  from  one  tv>  three  miles  in  width, 
covered  for  the  most  'jart  with  a  stunted 
growth  of  forest  trees.  It  was  formerly 
a  peninsula,  running  out  from  the  land 
in  an  easterly  direction,  nearly  half  way 
across  the  lake;  but  the  waters  havug 


I 


48 


TKIP  THBOCGH  TBB  LAKES. 


made  a  wide  breach  across  its  yostem 
extremity,  has  converted  it  into  an  island. 
There  is  an  important  light-house  on  the 
east  end  to  guide  the  mariner  on  his  pas- 
sage through  Lake  Erie,  here  about  40 
miles  wide,  and  where  is  found  the  great- 
est depth  of  water.  To  this' Point  both 
shores  of  the  lake  can  be  seen  in  a  dear 
morning  from  the  deck  of  the  steamer, 
affording  a  most  grand  sight  when  the 
fiun  rises  on  a  douoless  day.  Then  may 
usually  be  seen  a  Heet  of  vessels  wending 
their  way  toward  Buffalo  or  the  mouth  of 
the  Welland  Canal,  through  which  chau- 
nel  annually  passes  a  great  number  of 
Bteam  propellers  and  sail  vessels  on  their 
way  to  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St  Lawrence 
Biver 

Port  Colbokke,  C.  "W.,  situated  about 
20  miles  west  of  Buffalo,  lies  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Welland  Canal,  while 

Port  Maitland,  some  20  miles  far- 
ther, is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Grand 
River,  where  is  a  navigable  feeder  com- 
municating with  the  canal,  thus  affording 
two  entrances  to  the  above  canaL 

Port  Dover,  about  70  miles  west  of 
Buffalo,  and  40  mUes  distant  fh>m  Ham- 
ilton by  proposed  railroad  route,  is  situated 
on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Lynn.  Here  is  a  good 
harbor,  and  the  village  is  a  place  of  grow- 
ing importance,  containing  about  1,000 
'nhabitants. 

Port  RTERas  and  Port  Rowan  are 
small  villages  on  the  Canada  shore,  situ- 
ated on  the  bay  formed  by  Long  Point. 
Inland  there  is  to  be  found  a  rich  and 
fine  farming  district,  consisting  of  some 
of  the  best  lands  in  Canada  West 

The  Sand  Hills,  immediately  west  of 
Long  Point,  are  seen  for  some  distance 
as  the  steamer  pursues  her  onward  course 
toward  Point  aitx  Pins,  passing  through 
the  widest  part  of  the  lake,  where  both 
shores  are  lost  sight  of  for  a  number  of 
miles.  The  water  usually  presents  a  clear 
j(reeu  color  in  the  middle,  but  near  the 


shore  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  muddy 
water,  proceeding  from  the  streaias'euipty- 
ing  into  the  lake. 

Port  Burwell,  C.  W.,  ebout  35  miles 
west  of  Long  Point,  is  handsomely  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  Otter  Creek.  Hero 
is  a  light-house  and  good  harbor.  A 
large  amount  of  lumber  and  other  pro- 
ducts are  annually  exported  ttom.  this 
place  to  Eastern  markets. 

Port  Stanley,  about  25  miles  far- 
ther west,  is  handsomely  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  Kettle  Creek,  being  in  part  sur- 
rounded by  high  and  picturesque  hills  in 
the  immediate  vicinity.  The  harbor  is 
well  protected,  and  much  frequented  by 
British  and  American  vesselc  running  on 
Lake  Erie.  It  is  nine  miles  south  of  St 
Thomas,  and  twenty-four  from  London, 
the  chief  town  of  the  county  of  Middle- 
sex, for  which  place  it  may  be  considered 
the  out-port.  A  plank-road  runs  between 
the  two  places;  also,  the  London  ana 
Port  Stanley  Railroad,  connecting  with 
the  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada. 
Steamers  run  from  F  -t  Stanley  to  Buf- 
falo, Cleveland,  and  other  porta  on  Lake 
Erie. 

Point  aui  Pnta,  or  Rond'  Bah  (usually 
called  by  the  American  navigators  Bound 
Oy,  about  100  miles  west  of  Long  Point, 
is  a  cape  which  projects  from  the  Ganad* 
shore,  enclosing  a  natural  basin  of  about 
6,000  acres  in  extent,  with  a  depth  of 
from  ten  to  twelve  feet,  thus  forming  an 
excellent  and  secure  harbor,  the  entrance 
to  which  has  been  improved  by  the  Cana- 
dian government  by  running  out  piers, 
etc.  It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  ship 
canal  from  this  port  to  the  St  Clair  River, 
a  distance  of  about  35  miles,  thus  avoid- 
ing the  St.  Clair  Flats.  Another  Canadian 
project  is  to  construct  a  canal  fVom  Gode- 
rich  to  Hamilton,  C.  W.,  about  120  miks 
in  length. 

Point  Pelek,  lying  about  40  milea 
east  of  the  mouth  of  Detroit  River,  pro- 
jects a  number  of  miles  into  Lake  Erie, 


tinged  with  muddy 
m  the  Btreaos'euiptjr- 

!.  W.,  6  bout  35  miles 
is  handsomely  Ritu- 
Otter  Creek.  Hero 
i  good  harbor.  A 
iber  and  other  pro- 
exported  trom  this 
kets. 

bout  25  miles  far- 
mely  situated  at  the 
!k,  being  in  part  sur- 
1  picturesque  hills  in 
ity.  The  harbor  is 
much  frequented  by 
1  vesseh  running  on 
le  miles  south  of  St. 
r-four  from  London, 
le  county  of  Middle- 
it  may  be  considered 
ik-road  runs  between 
so,  the  London  ana 
ad,  connecting  with 
Railway  of  Canada, 
r  -t  Stanley  to  Buf- 
other  ports  on  Lake 

r  Bond'  Eau  (usually 
•AQ  navigators  Bound 
west  of  Long  Point, 
icts  from  the  Canada 
atural  basin  of  about 
at,  with  a  depth  of 
feet,  thus  forming  an 
harbor,  the  entrince 
nproved  by  the  Cana* 
'  running  out  piers, 
to  construct  a  ship 
to  the  St.  Clair  River, 
35  miles,  thus  avoid- 
t.  Another  Canadian 
St  a  canal  iVom  Gode- 
Yf.,  about  120  miks 

ing  about  40  milee 
if  Detroit  River,  pro- 
miles  into  Lake  Erie, 


DETROIT    RIVKR — BUFFALO   TO    DETROIT NOPTH   BHORI   ROim.        49 


and  forms,  in  connection  with  the  island 
of  Point  Pelee  and  other  islands  in  the 
viciaity,  the  most  picturesque  portion  of 
lake  scenery  to  be  met  with  on  this  in- 
land sea. 

PoivT  Pbl6b  Island,  belonging  to 
Canada,  is  about  seven  miles  long,  and 
two  or  three  miles  in  width.  It  is  in- 
habited by  a  few  settlers.  The  island  is 
said  to  abound  with  rod  cedar,  and  pos- 
sesses a  fine  lime-stone  quarry.  A  light- 
house is  situated  on  the  east  side. 

The  steamers  bound  for  Detroit  River 
usually  pass  to  the  north  side  of  Point 
Pelee  Island,  and  run  across  Pigeon  Bay 
toward  Bar  Point,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  River.  Sevetal  small  islands 
are  passed  on  the  south,  called  East  Sister, 
Middle  Sister,  and  West  Sister;  also,  in 
the  distauce,  may  be  seen  the  Bass 
Islands,  known  as  the  "North  Bass," 
"Middle  Bass,"  and  "South  Bass."  On 
the  west  side  of  the  latter  lies  the  secure 
harbor  of  Pdt-in-Bay,  celebrated  as  the 
rendezvous  ef  Com.  Perry's  fleet,  before 
and  after  the  glorious  naval  victory  which 
he  achieved  over  the  British  fleet,  Sep- 
tember 10th,  1813. 

I)iSTROiT  RiVEB,  forming  one  of  the 
links  between  tha  Upper  and  Lower  Lakes, 
is  next  approached,  near  the  mouth  of 
which  may  be  seen  a  light  oa  the  Michi- 
gan shore  called  OibraUar  Light,  and  an- 
other light  on  an  island  attached  to  Can- 
ada, the  steamers  usually  entering  the 
river  through  the  east  or  Br..^h  Channel 
of  the  river,  although  vessels  often  pass 
through  the  west  or  Am'trican  Channel. 

Amuebstduroh,  C.  \f ,  18  miles 
below  Detroit,  is  an  old  and  important 
town.  The  situation  is  good;  the  banks 
of  the  river,  both  above  and  below  th'; 
viOage,  but  particularly  the  latter,  where 
the  river  emerges  into  Lake  Erie,  are  very 
beautiful;   several  handsome  rodideucea 


may  here  be  seen,  surrounded  by  highly 
cultivated  grounds.  About  a  mile  below 
the  to-,7n  is  a  chalybeate  spring,  which  i^ 
said  to  resemble  the  waters  of  Chelten- 
ham, in  England.  Bniish  and  American 
vessels  frequently  land  at  Amherstburg, 
on  their  trips  to  and  from  the  Upper 
Lakes. 

Fort  Maldbn,  capable  of  accommo- 
dating a  regiment  of  troops,  is  situated 
about  half  a  mile  above  Amherstburg, 
on  the  east  bank  of  the  river,  the  channel 
of  which  it  here  commands. 

At  Brownstown,  situated  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  in  Michigan,  is 
the  battle-ground  where  the  Americans, 
under  disadvantageous  circumstances,  and 
with  a  slight  loss,  routed  the  British 
forces,  which  lay  in  ambush,  as  the  former 
were  on  their  wi»y  to  relieve  the  fort  at 
Frenohtown,  which  event  occurred  August 
5,  1812. 

Sandwich,  C.  "W.,  is  beautifull-  sit- 
uated on  the  river,  two  miles  below 
Detroit,  and  nine  miles  below  Lake  St. 
Clair.  It  stands  on  a  gently  sloping  bank 
a  short  distance  from  the  river,  which  is 
here  about  a  mile  wide.  This  is  one  of 
the  oldest  settlements  in  Canada  West. 
The  town  contains  3,133  inhabitants. 

Windsor,  C.  W.,  situated  in  the 
township  of  Sandwich,  is  a  village  direct- 
ly opposite  Detroit,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  three  steam  ferries.  It  was 
laid  out  in  1834,  and  is  now  a  place  of 
considerable  business,  having  a  population 
of  about  2,500  inhabitants.  Here  ter- 
minates the  Great  Western  Jiaihoay  of 
Canada,  which  extends  from  Niagara  Falls 
or  Suspension  Bridge,  via  Hamilton  and 
London,  to  opposite  Detroit — thus  forming 
an  important  link  in  the  great  line  of 
railroads,  now  finished,  running  from  the 
seaboard  at  different  points  to  the  Missis- 
sippi and  Missouri  Rivers. 


1 


RAILROAD  ROVTE  from  Wlagara  Fallt  to  Hamilton  and 
Detroit,  via  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada. 


This  great  International  Line,  extend- 
ing from  Niagara  River  to  Detroit  River, 
opposite  the  city  of  Detroit,  a  distance  of 
229  miles,  passes  through  a  fine  and  in- 
teresting section  of  country,  equal  in 
many  respects  to  Western  New  York. 
It  connects  with  the  New  York  Central 
and  BuOalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Railroad, 
forming  a  great  through  route  of  travel. 

Starting  from  the  Suspension  Bridge  at 
Qifion,  two  miles  below  the  Falls  of  Ni- 
agara, the  passenger  train  soon  reaches 
the  verge  of  the  mountain  ridg^  over- 
looking the  plain  below,  while  in  the  dis- 
tance may  bo  seen  the  broad  waters  of 
Lake  Ontario,  usually  studded  with  sail 
vessels  and  propellers  on  their  way  to  or 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Welland  CanaL 

"  Traced  like  a  map,  the  landscape  lies 
In  cultured  beauty  atretcblng  wide." 

TaonoLD,  nine  miles,  is  situated  on 
the  line  of  the  Welland  Canal,  where  is 
abundant  water-power  propelling  five 
or  six  flouring  mills.  A  railroad  ex- 
tends to  Port  Dalhousie,  some  five  or  six 
miles  distant,  connecting  with  a  steamer 
running  to  Toronto.  This  road  will  be 
extended  to  Port  Colboume,  on  Lake 
"Brie,  about  twenty  miles  distant. 

Sr.  Catheuines,  12  miles  from  the 
Suspension  Bridge,  is  a  flourishing  town, 
also  situated  on  the  line  of  the  Welland 
Canal,  which  connects  Erie  and  Ontario. 
This  has  become  of  late  a  fashionable 
place  of  resort  during  the  summer  months, 
caused  by  the  minera'  waters  of  the  "  Ar- 
tesian Wells"  obtaining  great  celebrity, 
ovving  to  their  curative  properties.  Here 
are  several  well-kept  hotels  for  the  accom- 
modation of  visitors.  St.  Catherines  is 
justly  termed  "Wie  Saratoga  of  Canada," 
being  annually  visited  by  thousands  of 
invalids  and  pleasure-seekers. 

Bkamsviu-e,    22     miles     from     the 


Suspension  Bridi^e,  is  a  thriving  village 
about  one  mile  from  the  station. 

Orimsbt,  5  miles  farther,  is  situated 
on  Forty-mile  Creek,  the  scene  of  some 
hard  fighting  during  the  war  of  1812.  It 
is  a  snutU  village  of  350  inhabitants;  there 
are  two  churches,  a  hotel,  and  several 
stores ;  also,  a  grist  and  saw  mills  pro- 
pelled by  water-power. 

Hamilton,  43  miles  from  Suspejir 
sion  Bridge  is  the  principal  station  on  the 
line  of  the  Great  Western  Railway,  where 
are  located  the  principal  offices  and  work- 
shops connected  with  the  company.  Here 
is  a  commodioi's  dep6t  and  steamboat  land- 
ing. Carriages  and  omnibuses  are  always 
in  readiness  to  convey  passengers  to  the 
hotels  in  the  dty,  and  steamboat  landings. 

The  Ihronto  .» -aneh  of  the  Great  West- 
ern Railway  cob  nenoes  at  Hamilton,  and 
extends  a  disteno*  of  thirty  eight  miles  to 
the  city  of  Toronto,  running  near  the  shore 
of  Lake  Ontario. 

On  leaving  Hati'Uon  for  Windsor  or 
Detroit,  the  road  passes  near  the  roansfoa 
of  the  late  Sir  Allan  M'NaD,  and  over  the 
Des  Jardinea  Canal,  en^rring  the  head  of 
Burlington  Bay.  Here  ii  also  a  Suspen- 
sion Bridge  in  sight,  th-own  over  the 
stream  as  iv,  cuts  its  way  tK-ough  the  high 
bank  which  encircles  the  bay  or  lake. 
This  point  presents  a  beautiful  view,  both 
on  leaving  or  arriving  at  the  head-water* 
of  Lake  Ontario.  n 

Ddndas,  five  miles  from  Hamilton, 
is  situated  on  rising  ground  on  the  sidf 
of  the  mountain,  and  is  a  thriving  marnv 
facturing  place,  having  the  advantage  of 
a  stream  which  flours,  or  ratlior  rushes^ 
with  great  impetuosity  through  its  centre, 
working  on  its  way  numerous  mills.  The 
Des  Jardines  Canal  runs  from  heuw  to 
Burlington  Bay,  enabling  tlie  manufao- 
turers  to  ship  their  goods  at  their  own  doors. 


ntoa 

tho  ( 

Pa 

Towi 

so  Ci 

a  CO 

whio! 
two 
distil 
Lake 
West 
rich, 
W( 
ilton, 
count 
groui 

itUDtf 

niflco 

stock 

in  len 

are  fi 

flees, 

oome 

fares 

for    ii 

indeei 

land, 

for  tl] 

count 

trees 

appea 

any  o 

INQ 

merly 
about 
of  th( 
ni^he! 
eral  n 
of  the 
mann( 
then 
house 
is  noi 
Btreeti 
torprii 
has 


■amllton  and 
Canada. 

I  a  thrivlDg  Tillage 
bt'  Btation. 
farther,  is  situated 

tho  scene  of  some 
he  war  of  1813.  It 
0  inhabitants;  there 

hotel,  and  several 

and  saw  mills  pro- 
r. 

miles  from  Suspeor 
ncipal  station  on  the 
tern  Railway,  where 
)al  offices  and  work- 
the  company.  Here 
,  and  steamboat  land- 
nnibuses  are  always 
y  passengers  to  the 

steamboat  landings. 
,  of  the  Great  West- 
;es  at  Hamilton,  and 
thirty  eight  miles  to 
nning  near  the  shore 

ton  for  Windsor  or 
rr  near  tlie  manstoa 
M'Nab,  and  over  the 
n^rring  the  head  of 
re  i^  also  a  Suspeiv- 

th-own  over  the 
ray  th'ough  the  high 

the  bay  or  lake, 
beautiful  risw,  both 
f  at  the  head-waten 

es  from  Hamilton, 
ground  on  the  sidf 
is  a  thriving  roamt> , 
ig  the  advantage  of 
8,  or  rather  rushesi 
y  through  its  centre, 
umerous  mills.  The 
runs  from  heuw  to 
ibliug  the  maniitao- 
ids  at  their  own  doors. 


BUFFALO    AND    NIAGARA   FALLS   TO   DETROIT. 


61 


Habrisbuboh.  19  m'Jes  from  Ham- 
ntoa,  is  <;he  station  of  the  CfcUt  Branch  of 
the  Great  Western  Railway. 

Paris,  with  tho  Upper  and  Lower 
Town,  contains  about  3,500  inhabitants; 
so  called  from  its  contiguity  to  beds  of 
gypsum  or  plaster  of  Paris.  It  possesses 
a  considerable  amount  of  water-power, 
which  works  numerous  mills.  There  are 
two  foundries,  a  tannery,  machine-shop, 
distillery,  saw-mill,  etc.  The  Bafftdo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railway  intersects  tlie  Great 
Western  at  this  point,  running  to  Grode- 
rich,  on  Lake  Huron. 

WooDSTOOK,  48  miles  from  Ham- 
ilton, and  138  miles  from  Windsor,  is  a 
coimty  town,  well  situated  on  rolling 
grouud,  and  contains  about  4,500  inhab- 
itants. It  may  be  called  a  town  of  mag- 
nitlcent  distances ;  East  and  West  Wood- 
stock forming  a  street  upward  of  a  mile 
in  length.  The  vacant  spaces,  however, 
are  fast  being  flUed  up  with  stately  edi- 
fices, and  ii,  will  thus  in  a  short  time  be- 
come one  of  the  handsomest  thorough- 
fares in  Canada.  In  this  locality,  noted 
for  its  handsome  country  seats — and 
indeed  all  the  way  from  Hamilton — the 
land,  as  seen  from  tlie  road  (the  railroad 
for  the  most  part  passes  through  a  new 
country),  is  rolling  and  well  cleared  of 
trees  and  stumps,  presenting  more  the 
appearance  of  "merrie  England"  than 
any  other  section  of  the  Province. 

iKaBRSOLL,  nine  miles  farther,  for- 
merly an  Indian  village,  now  contains 
about  2,000  inhabitants.  A  small  arm 
of  the  Thames  runs  through  it,  and  fur- 
nishes some  water-power,  by  which  sev- 
eral mills  are  worked.  Since  the  opening 
of  the  railway  it  has  risen  in  a  surprising 
manner;  and  the  town,  which  before 
then  had  a  very  dingy  appearance,  the 
houses  being  of  wood  and  wanting  paint, 
is  now  gay  with  white  brick,  and  the 
streets  resound  with  the  hum  of  an  en- 
terprising population. 

London,  119   miles  froa   Suspension 


Bridge,  and  110  miles  from  Windsor,  if 
not,  like  her  English  namesake^ 

Tho  p-ont  resort 
Of  all  the  earth— checkered  Tlth  sU 
Cumiilexlons  of  mankind — 

is  nevertheless  a  very  stirring  businen 
place,  and  presents  another  instance  of  the 
energy  and  enterprise  of  the  Canadians. 
Ten  years  ago,  this  then  very  small  vil> 
lage  of  wooden  houses  was  entirely 
burned  down,  and  now  on  its  ashes  is 
raised  a  most  flourishing  city,  containing 
four  banks,  several  wholesale  houses,  flf^ 
teen  churches,  many  of  them  handsome 
structures,  and  the  English  Church  hav- 
ing a  fine  peal  of  bells ;  life  and  fire  in- 
surances offices,  breweries  and  distilleries. 
It  has  three  newspapers  and  several  good 
hotels.  Population  nearly  18,000.  It  ia 
well  watered  by  the  river  T'lames,  which, 
however,  is  only  navigable  up  to  Chatham, 
sixty  miles  distant. 

The  London  and  Port  Stanley  R.  R.  here 
joins  the  Great  Western  Railway;  length 
24  miles,  running  south  to  Lake  Erie. 

ChATHiiif,  46  miles  from  Windsor, 
situated  on  the  river  Thames,  possesses 
tho  great  advantage  of  a  navigation,  and 
is  therefore  a  place  of  considerable  busi- 
ness. It  contains  eight  churches;  and 
being  the  county  town  of  Kent,  it  has  a 
court-house,  a  very  handsome  building, 
several  grist  and  sawmills,  woollen  factory, 
two  foundries,  machine-stop,  etc.  Steam- 
ers ply  between  Cbatha.n,  Detroit,  and 
Amherstburg.     Population  about  5,000. 

Windsor,  229  miles  from  Suspension 
Bridge,  opposite  Detroit,  prettily  situated 
on  the  banks  of  the  river,  is  a  place  of 
considerable  business,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  weallh  and  population,  owing 
to  the  advantage  it  has  of  being  the 
western  terminus  of  the  Great  Western 
Railway. 

Three  steam-ferries  ply  between  Wind- 
sor and  Detroit,  making  close  conneotiuna 
for  the  benefit  of  railroad  passengers. 


■^ 


BUTFAIO  TO  OODERICH,  0.  W.,  via  BTJPFAIO  AHD  LAKE 
HURON  RAILWAY. 


This  important  lino  of  travel  extends 
from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  crossing  Niagara 
Biver  by  means  of  a  steam  f>.fry  at  Black 
Rock  to  Fort  Brio,  on  the  Canada  side. 
It  is  proposed  to  construct  a  permanei. 
railroad  bridge  of  a'>u..t  c^e  mile  in 
lenjf th,  a  short  distance  above  the  present 
'  ,ry.  r''rom  Fort  Erie  the  lino  of  the 
railway  extends  -.irestward  within  a  short 
distance  of  Lake  Erie  for  forty  miles,  to 
Duuville,  situated  at  the  moutli  of  Grand 
River,  crossing  the  Welland  CanaL 

From  Dunville  the  roau  runs  along  the 
valley  of  the  river  on  the  north  side  to 
Brantford,  38  miles  farther,  and  from 
thence  extends  westward  to  Paris,  where 
it  connects  with  the  Great  Western  Rail- 
way of  Canada.  The  line  thence  runs  to 
Stratford,  C.  W.,  where  it  connects  with 
the  Grand  Trunk  Railway,  a  total  distance 
from  Buffalo  of  116  mUes.  From  this 
point  the  road  is  now  completed  and  in 
running  order  to  Goderich,  situated  on 
Lake  Huron,  a  t"tal  disiance  of  163  miles. 
DuNViLiiB  is  advantageously  situated 
on  the  Grand  River,  at  a  point  where  it 
ia  intersected  by  tne  feeder  of  the  Wel- 
land CanaL  It  is  a  place  of  considerable 
business,  and  contains  several  grist,  saw, 
and  plaster  mills,  and  a  tannery.  Popu- 
lation about  1,600. 

The  WeUand  Canal  is  one  of  the  many 
works  of  tiie  same  kind  of  which  Cana- 
dians may  be  proud.  This  Canal  aflbrds 
a  passage  for  propellers,  sloops,  and 
schooners  of  125  tons  burden,  around  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  and  connects  Lake  Erie 
with  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  42  miles  long, 
including  feeder,  66  feet  wide,  and  from 
8}  to  16  feet  deep.  The  whole  descent 
ftom  one  lake  to  the  other  is  334  feet, 
which  is  accomplished  by  37  locks. 

Braktford,  78  miles  from  Buffalo, 
and  ^2  milea  from  Goderieh,  is  beautifully 


situated  on  Grand  River,  and  named  after 
Brant,  the  renowned  chief  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions Indians,  who,  with  his  tribe,  steadUy 
supported  the  British  Crown  during  the 
American  War.  "In  'Gertrude  of  Wyo- 
\,.ing'  he  is  alluded  to  in  disparaging 
terms : 
•The  mammoth  comes— the  flebd,  the  moniUr 

Brant.' 
But  some  years  afterward  Campbell  was 
obliged  to  apologize  to  Brant' a  son,  who 
happened  to  visit  London;  as  it  appeared, 
on  satisfactory  evidence,  his  father  was 
not  even  present  at  the  horrible  desolation 
of  Wyoming.  This  much  is  due  to  tha 
memory  of  Brant,  who  was  a  brave  war- 
rior and  a  steadfast  ally  of  the  British, 
and  always  exerted  himself  to  mitigato 
the  horrors  of  war."  _ 

Brantford,  until  the  opening  of  the 
Great  Western  Rail'^ay,  was  a  great  wheat 
market,  the  streets  being  crowded  with 
hundreds  of  wagons  daily;  but  that  road 
created  other  markets,  and  to  this  extent 
the  town  has  suffered.  If  has,  however, 
other  sources  of  prosperity.  There  is  no 
place  in  the  Province  which  commands 
such  extensive  water-power,  and  which 
is  made  available  for  the  working  of  nu- 
merous mills.  The  iron  foundries,  ma- 
chine shops,  and  potteries  are  on  a  largo 
scale,  and  have  caused  the  place  to  be  Re- 
garded as  the  Birmingham  of  Canada.  It 
has  a  goodly  number  of  churches  of  vari- 
ous denominations,  and  one  of  the  largest 
and  handsomest  hotels  in  the  Province— 
"The  Kirby  House."    Population  about 

6,000-  ^    .V  •  • 

Stratford   is  a   new    and   thriving 

</iwn,  favorably  situated  on  the  hne  of  the 

Grand  Trunk  liaiiuiay  of  Canada.    This 

section  of  Canada  enjoys  a  good  climate 

and  fertile  soj^  producing  cereal  grama  in 

I  g>-eat  abundance. 


O 

tant 

vant 

of  L 

delig 

secui 

the  I 

ig^tii 

an  e 

grait 

the 

conij 

ated 

feet 

here 

ulati( 


Por 

Buffe 
Silve 
Dunl 
Port! 
Erie, 
Conn 
Asht 
Fain( 
Clev< 
Kelk 
Band 
Soutl 
West 
Turti 
Maui 
Tolec 

Nc 
•boui 


-ik 


TABLE   or   DISTANCES — SOUTH  SnORK  ROUTS. 


63 


AHD  LABS 


er,  and  named  after 
hief  of  the  Six  Na- 
ji  his  tribe,  steadily 
Grown  during  the 
'Gertrude  of  Wyo- 
to  in  disparaging 

:he  fleiid,  the  moniter 
V 

ward  Campbell  was 
J  Brant' fi  son,  who 
ion;  aa  it  appeared, 
ice,  his  father  was 
)  horrible  desolation 
nuch  is  due  to  the 
0  was  a  brave  war- 
ally  of  the  British, 
liimself  to  mitigate 

le  opening  of  the 
y,  was  a  great  wheat 
eing  crowded  with 
laily;  but  that  road 
,  and  to  this  extent 
.  If  has,  however, 
jerity.  There  is  no 
B  which  commands 
•-power,  and  which 
the  working  of  nu- 
iron  foundrifis,  ma- 
Bries  are  on  a  largo 
i  the  place  to  be  fe- 
fham  of  Canada.  It 
of  churches  of  rari- 
id  one  of  the  largest 
sin  the  Province— 
'    Population  about 

new  and  thriving 
ed  on  the  line  of  the 
y  of  Canada.  This 
joys  a  good  climate 
cing  cereal  grains  in 


Godertch,  C.  1¥.,  163  miles  dis- 
tant firom  Bufblo,  by  railroad  route,  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  Lake  Huron,  enjoying  a  healthy  and 
delightful  climate.  Uere  is  a  good  and 
secure  harbor,  being  easily  accessible  to 
the  largest  steamers  and  sail  vessels  nav- 
igating the  Upper  Lakes.  Here  is  erected 
an  extensive  railroad  depot,  warehouses, 
grain  elevator,  and  wharves,  owned  by 
the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  Railway 
coxt>itny.  The  town  is  beautifully  situ- 
ated on  elevated  ground,  rising  about  150 
feet  above  the  waters  of  Lake  Huron, 
here  celebrated  for  their  purity.  The  pop- 
ulation amounta  to  about  5,000,  and  is 


rapidly  increasing  in  numbers  and  wealth. 
Steamers  run  daily  from  this  port  to  Sar- 
nia,  Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  otiier  ports  on 
Lake  Huron.  A  line  of  propellers,  car- 
rying passengers  and  freight,  also  run 
from  Goderich  to  Mackinac,  Milwaukee, 
Chicago,  eta — connecting  with  the  Buf- 
falo and  Lake  Huron  Railway — thuF 
forming  a  through  line  of  travel  {ton. 
BuQulo  to  the  above  ports. 

There  are  several  other  ports  of  im- 
portance lying  north  of  Goderich,  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  lake,  from  whenc« 
steamers  run  to  and  f^o  almost  daily, 
during  the  season  of  navj(ation. 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES. 

fROH  BUrr ALO  TO  TOLEDO— SOUTH  8H0BK  ROUTI. 


Forts,  ti'S.  Miles. 

Buffalo,N.Y 0 

Silver  Creek,  N.  Y 34 

Dunkirk,            " 42 

Portland,            "    63 

Erie,  Pa 90 

Conneaut,  Ohio IIT 

Ashtabula,  "     131 

Fainesville,  "    156 

Cleveland,    "    185 

Kelley's  Island 240 

Sandusky,  Ohio 245 

South  Bass  Island 245 

West  Sister  Island 263 

Turtle  Island 275 

Maumee  Bay 278 

Toledo,  Ohio 285 


Ports,  ato.  lOtaa 

Toledo,  Ohio 0 

Maumee  Bay 7 

Turtle  Island 10 

^/est  Sister  Island. 22 

South  Bass  Island 40 

Sandusky,  Ohio 40 

Kelley's  Island 45 

Cleveland,  Ohio 100 

Painesville,  " 129 

Ashtabula,    "    164 

Conneaut,      "   160 

Erie,  Pa 195 

Portland,  N.  Y 233 

Dunkirk,      "     243 

Silver  Creek,  N.  Y 261 

Buffklo,  N.  Y 285 


Note. — The  direct  through  route  as  run  by  the  steamers  from  Buffalo  to  Toledo  is 
•bout  250  miles;  the  circuit  of  Lake  Erie  being  about  560  miles. 


--^ 


BUFFALO  TO  CLEVElAin),  TOLEDO,  BTC.-SOUTH  SHORE 

ROUTE. 


Stoar  p"?  and  Propellers  of  a  largo 
c\^p.i  leave  Buffalo  daily,  during  the 
Ber.son  of  navigation,  loi  tLo  different 
ports  on  the  American  or  South  Shore  of 
Lake  Erie,  connecting  with  railroad  cars 
at  Cleveland,  Sandusky,  Toledo,  and  De- 
troit. 

On  leaving  Buffalo  harbor,  which  is 
formed  by  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  Creek, 
where  is  erected  a  breakwater  by  the 
United  States  "overnment,  a  One  view  ia 
afforded  of  the  city  of  Buffalo,  the  Canada 
Bhorii,  and  Lake  Erie  atretching  off  in  the 
distance,  with  here  and  Ihero  a  steamer 
or  sail  vessel  in  sight.  As  the  steamer 
proceeds  westward  through  th*}  middle  of 
the  lake,  the  landscipe  fades  in  the  dis- 
tance, until  nothing  is  visible  but  a  broad 
expanse  of  g^een  waters. 

Sttroeok  PoiJJT,  20  miles  frci" 
Buffalo,  is  naasod  on  the  south  shore, 
when  the  lake  immcdi  >ely  widens  l)y 
tJie  land  receding  on  boih  .-iiiores.  During 
the  prevalence  of  slormr,  w'-.en  the  full 
blast  of  the  wind  sweeps  through  this 
lake.  ii,8  force  is  now  felt  in  its  full  powor, 
(I'lvn?  the  angry  waves  forwrrd  with  the 
veloc  ;y  c:'  the  race-horse,  often  causing 
the  waters  to  rise  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
lake  to  a  grer*,  height,  so  as  to  oversow  its 
banks,  and  forcing  its  surplus  waters  into 
the  lii  lagara  River,  which  causes  the  ohly 
perceptible  rise  and  increase  of  the  rush 
uf  waters  ut  the  Falls. 

DuNKiaE,  N.  Y.,  42  miles  froia 
Buffalo,  is  advantageously  situated  on  the 
shore  of  Lake  Erie  where  terminates  tlie 
Ifew  York  and  Brie  Railroad,  460  miles 
in  length.  Here  is  a  good  and  secure 
harbor,  affording  about  twelve  fe'jt  of 
water  over  the  bar.  A  light-hous<»,  a 
bciicoi  1-1  gilt,  and  breakwater,  the  latter  in 
u  >l.l.ii^..iluted  state,  have  here  been  erected 
bj  iLo  United  States  government.    As  au 


anchorage  and  port  of  refuge  this  liarbor 
is  extremely  valuable,  and  is  much  resort- 
ed to  for  that  purpose  by  steamers  and 
sail  vessels  during  the  prevalence  of 
storms. 

The  village  was  incorporated  in  183T, 
and  now  contains  about  4,000  inhabitants, 
500  Jwelling-ho'ises,  five  ciiurches,  a 
bank,  three  hotels,  and  20  stores  of  differ- 
ent kinds,  besides  several  extensive  store- 
houses apd  manufacturing  estiibhshments. 
The  Buffalo  and  State  Line  Railroad,  ex- 
tending to  Erie,  Pa.,  runs  through  Dun- 
kirk, forming  in  part  the  Lake  Shore  line 
of  railroad,  which,  in  connection  with  the 
railroad  leading  direct  to  the  city  of  New 
York,  affords  great  advantages  to  this 
!jcal  i.y,  which  is  no  doubt  destined  to  in- 
crease with  the  growing  trade  of  the  lake 
cc'.'Utry. 

Fbedonia,  three  miles  from  Dun- 
kirk, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a, 
plank-road,  is  handsomely  situated,  being 
elevated  about  100  feet  above  Lake  Erie. 
It  contains  about  2,300  inhabitants,  300 
dwelling-houses,  five  church  as,  one  bank, 
an  incorporated  academy,  four  taverns, 
twenty  stores,  besides  some  mills  and 
manufacturing  establishments  situated  on 
Canadoway  Creek,  which  here  affords 
good  water-power.  In  the  village,  near 
the  bed  of  the  creek,  is  an  inflammable 
spring,  from  which  escapes  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  gas  to  light  the  village.  A 
gasometer  is  constructed  which  forces  the 
gas  through  tubes  to  different  parts  of  the 
village,  the  consumer  paying  $4  per  year 
for  each  burner  used.  It  is  also  used  for 
lighting  the  streets  of  the  village.  The 
flame  is  large,  but  not  so  «*  jng  or  bril- 
liant rs  that  obtained  frr  .  "^as  in  our 
cities ;  it  is,  however,  in  hiti.  '^or  witt 
the  inhabitants. 

Barcelona,    N.  T.,  68    r-    a    from 


Buffal 
State, 
resort 
navig 
good 
house 
g"w; 
about 
pipes 
Er 

NIA," 

miles' 
on  ab 
IsleB 
of  the 
Erie, 
durinf 
vessel 
seven 
feUed 
turne( 
Lake 
10th, 
the  J 
which 
relics, 
trom 
Prenc 
tains  < 
three 
aive  I 
about 
the  L 
and  El 
afford! 
New  1 
Prei 
water, 
intoL 
the  w< 
iu  lat, 
eievati 

•Th! 
of  Erie 
usiiloe 


IH  SHORE 


•efiige  this  liarbor 
nd  is  ranch  resort- 
I  by  Btcamers  and 
le    prevalence   of 

jrporated  in  18ST, 
4,000  inhabitants, 
five  churches,  a 
20  stores  of  differ- 
al  extensive  store- 
ng  establishments. 
Line  Railroad,  ex- 
jns  through  Dun- 
le  Lake  Shore  line 
}nnection  with  the 

0  the  city  of  New 
Ivantages  to  this 
ubt  destined  to  in- 

1  trade  of  the  lake 

niles  from  Dun- 
is  connected  by  a 
ely  situated,  being 
t  above  Lake  Erie. 

0  inhabitants,  300 
lurch  jn,  one  bank, 
my,  four  taverns, 
9  some  mills  ant^ 
iments  situated  on 
lich    here    affords 

the  village,  near 
is  an  inflammabte 
•capes  a  sufiBcient 
ht  the  village.  A 
id  which  forces  the 
ifferent  parts  of  the 
laying  $4  per  year 

It  is  also  used  (br 
f  the  village.  The 
)t  80  «*  jng  or  brU- 

1  frp  .  "^as  in  our 
in  hit^      ^or  witE' 


68    r- 


firom 


BUFFALO  TO  CLEVKLAND,  TOL»DO,  «T0 — SOCTH  8H0RB  BOm.    60 


Buffalo,  ia  the  westernmost  village  in  the 
State.  It  ia  a  port  of  entry,  and  ia  much 
resorted  to  by  stcamorH  and  largo  vessels 
navigating  the  lake,  aff}rding  a  tolerably 
good  harbor,  wlioro  ia  situated  a  light- 
house which  ia  lighted  by  inflammable 
gaa ;  it  escapes  from  the  bod  of  a  creek 
•bout  half  a  mile  distant,  and  ia  carried  in 
pipes  to  the  light-house. 

Erie,  "  tub  Laks  City  or  Pknnstlva- 
NIA,"  distant  90  miles  from  Buffalo  and  95 
miles  'rom  Cleveland,  is  beautifully  situated 
on  a  bluff,  affording  a  prospect  of  Presque 
lale  Bay  and  the  Lake  beyond.  It  has  one 
of  the  largest  and  best  harbors  on  Lake 
Erie,  from  whence  sailed  Perry's  fleet 
during  the  war  of  1812.  The  moNt  of  the 
vessels  were  here  built,  being  finished  in 
seventy  days  from  the  time  the  trees  were 
felled;  and  here  the  gallant  victor  re- 
turned with  hia  prizes  after  the  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  which  took  place  Soptembef 
10th,  1813.  The  remains  of  hia  flag-ahip, 
the  Lawrence,  lie  in  the  harbor,  from 
which  visitors  are  allowed  to  cut  pieces  as 
reUcs.  On  the  high  bank,  a  little  distance 
trom  the  town,  are  the  ruina  of  the  old 
French  fort,  Presque  Ide.  The  city  con- 
tains a  court-house,  nine  churcben,  a  liank, 
three  hotels,  a  ship-yard,  several  exten- 
sive manufacturing  establishments,  and 
about  10,000  inhabitants.  In  addition  to 
the  Lake  Shore  Railroad,  the  Philadelphia 
and  Erie  Railroad*  terminates  at  this  place, 
affording  a  direct  communication  with 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  and  Baltimore. 

Fresqw  Isle  Bay  ia  a  lovely  sheet  of 
water,  protected  by  an  island  projecting 
into  Lake  Erie.  There  is  a  light-hcuse  on 
the  west  side  of  the  entrance  to  the  bay, 
in  lat,  42  »  8'  N. ;  it  shows  a  fixed  light, 
elevated  93  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 


lake,  and  visible  for  %  distance  of  16 
miles.  The  beacon  allows  a  fixed  llglii, 
elevated  28  feet,  and  ia  visible  for  nine 
mites. 

CoNVEAUT,  Ohio,  117  miles  from  Biif 
falo  and  08  from  Clevciand,  situatod  in 
the  nortlieast  corner  of  the  State,  stands 
on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  near  its  en- 
trance into  Lake  Erie.  It  exports  largo 
quantitiea  of  lumber,  grain,  pork,  beef, 
butter,  cheese,  etc.,  being  surrounded  by 
a  ricli  agricultural  section  of  country. 
The  village  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants. The  harbor  of  Conneaut  lies  two 
miles  from  the  vilhge,  where  is  a  light- 
bouse,  a  pier,  ijiA  several  warehouses. 

Ashtabula,  Ohio,  14  miles  farther 
west,  stanila  on  a  stream  of  the  aame 
name,  near  its  entrance  into  the  lake.  This 
ia  a  thriving  place,  iuhabited  by  an  intel- 
ligent population  estimated  at  3,600.  The 
harbor  of  Ashtabula  ia  two  and  a  half 
milea  from  the  village,  at  the  moutl*  of 
ihe  river,  where  h  a  light-house. 

FAiRrosT  standa  on  the  east  aide  of 
Grand  River,  155  milea  from  Buffalo.  It 
haa  a  good  harbor  for  lake  veaaela,  and  ia 
a  port  of  considerable  trade.  Thia  harbor 
is  so  well  defended  from  winds,  and  easy 
of  access,  that  vessels  run  in  when  they 
cannot  easily  make  other  ports.  Here  is 
a  light-house  and  a  beacon  to  guide  the 
mariner. 

Painbsvillb,  Ohio,  three  miles  from 
Fairport  and  30  miles  from  Cleveland,  is  a 
beautiful  and  flourishing  town,  being  sur- 
rounded by  a  flne  section  of  country. 
It  is  the  county  seat  for  Lake  County, 
and  contains  a  court-house,  five  churches, 
a  bank,  20  stores,  a  number  of  beautiful 
residences,  and  about  3,000  inhabitants. 


•Jhl»  great  line  trurersos  the  Northern  »nd  Korthwest  counties  of  Pennayivania  to  the  city 
of  trie  00  Ijiko  Erie.  It  has  been  leased  by  the  Pennsylvania  Ballroad  Company,  and  nnd.^r  tlielr 
uaiiioei  li  being  managed  throughout  Its  entire  length,  4S1  miles. 


M 


•nap  Tintouon  thk  larks. 


>r 


Peny  Monument,  Erected  Sept  10, 18W. 

Cleveland, '  "the  Forest  Citt,  "  Cuy- 
•hoga  County,  Ohio,  is  situated  on  a  plain, 
elevated  80  feet  above  the  waters  <  f  Lake 
Erie,  at  the  ii<outh  of  the  Cuyahog  river, 
which  fonne  a  secure  harbor  for  '  easels 
of  a  large  class;  being  in  N.  |at.  41^  30', 
W.  long.  81°  4g'.    (f  be  bluff  on  wWcJi  ijS 


is  built  rises  abruptly  trom  the  lake  loTel, 
where  stands  a  lifjht-house,  near  the  en- 
trance into  the  harbor,  from  which  an 
extensive  and  magnillecnt  view  is  obtained, 
overlooking  the  city,  the  meandering  of  the 
Cuyahoga,  the  line  of  railroads,  the  ship- 
ping in  the  harbor,  and  the  vessels  pass- 
ing on  the  Lake. 

The  city  is  regularly  and  bcautiftilly 
laid  out,  ornamented  with  numerous  shade- 
trees,  from  which  it  takes  the  name  of 
"  Forest  City."  Near  its  centre  is  a  large 
public  square,  in  which  stands  a  beautiful 
marble  statue  of  Commodore  Olivek  II. 
Perry,  which  was  inaugurated  Sept.  10, 
1860,  in  the  presence  of  more  than  100,000 
people.  It  crimmemoratep  the  glorious 
achievement  of  the  capture  of  the  British 
fleet  on  I>ake  Erie,  September  10th,  1813. 
Cleveland  is  the  mart  of  one  of  the  great- 
est grain-growing  Hi.tes  in  the  Union,  and 
has  a  ready  commuaication  by  railroad 
with  New  York,  Bojton,  and  Philadelphia 
on  the  east,  while  continuous  lines  of 
railroads  run  soiiih,  mid  west  to  the  con- 
fines of  settlement  in  Konfas  and  Nebras- 
ka. It  is  distant  185  miles  from  Buffalo, 
135  miles  from  Coliimhiis,  107  miles  from 
Toledo,  and  144  milns  from  Pittsburgh  by 
railroad  route;  120  miles  from  Detroit  by 
steamboat  route. 

It  contains  a  County  Court-House  and 
Jail,  City  Hall  U.  S.  Custom-House  and 
Post  Office  building ;  1  Theatre;  a  Library 
Association  with  a  public  reading-room; 
2  Medical  Colleges,  2  Orphan  Asylums, 
35  Churches  of  different  denominations; 
4  Banks,  a  Savings  Bank,  and  2  Insurance 
Companies;  also,  numerous  large  mauu- 
featuring  companies,  embracing  iron  and 
copper  works,  ship-building,  Ac;  Gas- 
works, "Water-works,  and  two  City  Rafl- 
road  Companies.  The  stores  and  ware- 
houses are  numerous,  and  many  of  them 
well  built.  It  now  boasts  of  56,000  in- 
habitants, and  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
numbers  and  wealth.  The  Lake  Superior 
trade  is  a  source  of  great  advantage  and 


/ 


profit, 
er  will 
and  ca 
favorec 
Seas  ol 
Tlie 
netd,i 
Johnmj 
ing  lar 

Railk 

1.  C 

2.  6 
135  mi 

3.  C 
■ion,  1 

4.  C 
flnishe 

5.  6 
With  V 

6.  C 
87  mill 
Pittsbi 

7.  A 
cuuuec 
road,  f 

STEi 

class 

naviga 

Mackix 


Totii 

CLITILi 

Point  P( 
Bar  Pol 
Bolt  Bl 

Detroit 
JfalJfn 
Olbritltn 
Orusse  I 
MuHia  .1 
Wijanih 
?M\  U\ 

nvuiiio 
Okibuii 


CLRVKLAND,    "  TUB    F0RB8T    CITY." 


fW)iii  the  kke  lerel, 
house,  near  the  en- 
nr,  from  which  an 
cut  view  is  obtained, 
le  meandering  of  the 
'  railroads,  the  ship- 
id  the  vesBels  pasi- 

•\y  and  bcaiitiAilly 
ith  numerous  shade- 
takea  the  name  of 
its  centre  is  a  large 
h  stands  a  beautiful 
imodore  Olivek  II. 
augurated  Sept.  10, 
f  more  than  100,000 
:>ratep  the  glorious 
pture  of  the  British 
ptember  10th,  1813. 
of  one  of  the  g^eat- 
es  in  the  Union,  and 
ication  by  railroad 
)n,  and  Philadelphia 
■ontinuous  lines  of 
iid  west  to  the  con- 
Kansas  and  Nebras- 
miles  from  Buffalo, 
huH,  107  miles  from 
from  Pittsburgh  by 
iles  from  Detroit  by 

y  Court-House  and 
Custom-House  and 

Theatre;  a  Library 
jblic  reading-room; 
I  Orphan  Asylums, 
ent  denominations; 
nk,  and  2  Insurancs 
lerouB  large  manu- 
embracing  iron  and 
)uilding,  &c.;  Gas- 
and  two  City  Bail- 
9  Stores  and  ware* 
and  many  of  them 
leasts  of  56,000  in- 
!)iUly   increasing  in 

The  Lake  Superior 
reat  advantage  and 


ptx>at,  while  the  other  lake  traffio,  togeth- 
er with  the  faoilitien  afforded  by  railroads 
/'  and  canals,  makes  Cleveland  one  of  the 
favored  cities  bordoring  on  the  Inland 
Seas  of  America. 

Tlie  principal  Hotels  are  the  Amerkan 
Hotel,  Kenmrd  House,  Forest  City  Jlotue, 
Johiuun  House,  and  WediieU  Hoitae ;  all  be- 
ing large  and  well-kept  public  houses. 


Railxoads  DmtRGiNo  ntou  Glitilaiid. 

1.  Cleveland  and  Krie,  95  miles  in  length. 

2.  Cleveland,  Columbus,  atid  CiiioinnaM, 
130  miles. 

3.  Cleveland  and  Ihledo,  Northern  Divi- 
■ion,  107  miles. 

4.  Cleveland  and  Mahoning,  67  miles 
finished. 

5.  Cleveland  and  Pittsburgh,  connecting 
ifith  Wheeling,  Va.,  200  miles. 

6.  Cleveland,  ZanesviUe,  and  Cincinnati, 
87  miles;  diverging  from  Cleveland  and 
Pittsburgh  R.  K.  at  Hudson. 

7.  Atlantic  and  Great  Western  Railway, 
connects  with  New  York  and  Erie  Rail- 
road, forming  a  through  line  of  travel 

Stkauebs  and  Propkllbrs  of  a  large 
class  leave  daily,  during  the  season  of 
navigation,  for  Buffalo,  Toledo,  Detroit, 
Mackinac,  Qreen  Bay,  Milwaukee,  Chicago, 


the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  the  diffbrent  ports 
on  Ijike  Superior,  altogether  transporting 
an  immense  amount  of  merchandise,  grain, 
lumber,  iron,  and  copper  ore.  The  regis- 
tered Tonnage  of  this  port,  in  1861,  was 
82,518  tons. 

The  Northern  Transportation  Company 
of  Ohio  has  its  principal  ofBce  in  Cleve- 
land. The  Company  owns  15  propellers 
of  about  350  tons  burden,  running  from 
Ogdensburgh  and  Oswego  to  Cleveland, 
Toledo,  Detroit,  Milwaukee,  and  Chicago. 
This  line  affords  a  cheap  and  speedy  route 
for  travellers  and  emigrants,  as  well  as  for 
thd  transportation  of  merchandise  and 
produce. 

The  Cleveland  Iron  Mining  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $600,000,  has  its 
principal  office  in  this  city.  The  mine  is 
situated  near  Marquette,  Lake  Superior, 
being  distant  about  14  miles  from  the 
steamboat  landing.  A  railroad  extends  to 
the  Iron  Mountain,  affording  facilities  for 
the  transportation  of  2,000  tons  of  iron 
ore  per  day.  This  ore  yields  on  an  aver- 
age 665  per  cent,  of  iron.  The  greater 
proportion  of  this  ore  finds  a  ready  market 
in  Cleveland,  ttom.  whence  the  most  of  it 
is  transported  to  the  Mahoning  Valley, 
where  it  meets  the  coal  of  that  region 
and  is  smelted  and  manufactured  into 
merchantable  iron. 


Ports,  etc. 


§teamboat  Route  from  Cleveland  to  Detroit. 


Hllei. 


Clktilakd,  Ohio 0 

Point  PelAc  U,  and  Light '.'..'.'.'".  60 

BorPolnt,C.W 97 

Boii  Blanc  la.  Light,  I  ,^ 

Detroit  River.  \ 100 

Jf<iW«n,  C.W 101 

Gibraltar,  Mioh 

Oruiae  isle,  "    ..!!..!!!!.!!  !l02 

Uaiiia.luba  Is.  and  Light. ..."...".'.!!"'!"i'l08 

Wymulotte,  mcit um 

Fish  Island  Uiht ■■..'ill 

Klvhtlng  Island na 

wituiMr,  aw ;;;."!  119 

OXTBOIT IJio 


„  Po''*.  ^.t-t  van. 

Drraorr,  Mich 0 

Windtor,  C.  W 1 

FlgbtinR  Island ].'..   '".'.'    s 

Fish  Island. 9 

Ifyanrfott*,  Mich '.  n 

Mama  Jubo  Is.  and  Light Vi 

Qrosee  Isle jg 

Olbraltor,  Mich '. 

Maiden,  C.  W '  '  "    19 

Bois  Blanc  Is.  Light,  1     „„ 

UkeErle,  f *0 

Bor  Point,  C.  W 28 

Point  Pclce  Island 60 

Clicvulano .       .120 

Fabk,  $3  00.  Usual  Timk,  T  boon. 


vt 


TRIP   THROUail   TBB   LAKK8. 


Black  Rivek,  28  miles  from  Cleve- 
land, is  a  smiill  village  with  a  good  har- 
bor, where  is  a  ship-yard  and  other 
manufacturing  establishments. 

Vermilion,  10  miles  farther  on  the 
line  of  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad, 
is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name. 

Huron,  Ohio,  50  miles  from  Cleve- 
land and  10  miles  from  Sandusky,  is 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  Huron  Kiver, 
which  eSfords  a  good  harbor.  It  contains 
several  churches,  16  or  20  stores,  several 
warehouses,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants. 

The  islands  lying  near  the  head  of  Lake 
Erie,  oiT  Sandusky,  are  Kelley's  Island, 
North  Bass,  Middle  Bass,  and  South 
Bass  islands,  besides  several  smaller 
islands,  forming  altogether  a  handsome 
group.  Kelley's  Island,  the  largest  and 
most  important,  is  famous  for  its  grape 
culture,  and  has  become  a  place  of  sum- 
mer resort  by  the  citizens  of  Ohio  and 
other  States.  On  the  north  side  of 
South  Bass  Island,  lies  the  secure  harbor 
of  Put-in-Bay,  made  celebrated  by  being 
the  rendezvous  of  Com.  Perry's  flotilla 
before  and  after  the  decisive  battle  of 
Lake  Erie,  whicli  resulted  in  the  capture 
of  the  entire  British  fleet. 

NAVAL  BATTLE  ON  LAKE  ERIE. 

September  10th,  1813,  the  hostile  fleets 
of  England  and  the  United  States  on  Lake 
Erie  met  near  the  head  of  the  Lake,  and 
a  sanguinary  battle  ensued.  The  heet 
bearing  the  "red  cross"  of  England  con- 
sisted of  six  vessels,  carrying  64  guns, 
under  command  of  the  veteran  Com. 
Barclay;  and  the  fleet  bearing  the 
"  broad  stripes  and  bright  stars"  of  the 
IJ-nitod  States,  consisted  of  nine  vessels 
carrying  54  guus,  under  command  of  the 
young  and  inexperienced,  but  brave,  Com. 
Oliver  H.  Perry.  The  result  of  this  im- 
portant couUict  was  made  known  to  the 
world  in  the  following  laconic  dispatch, 
written  at  4  p.  u.  of  that  day : 


"Bear    General:    We   have  met  thr 
enemy,  and  they  are  ours :    Two  ships 
two  brigs,  one  schooner,  anj  one  sloop. 
Witli  esteem,  etc.,  O.  H.  Perrt 

"  Gen.  William  U.  Harrison." 

Sandusky,  "The  Bat  City"  capita 
of  Erie  Co.,  Ohio,  is  a  port  of  entry  and 
a  place  of  considerable  trade.  It  is  ad 
vantageously  situated  on  Sandusky  Bajr^ 
three  miles  from  Lake  Erie,  in  N.  lat.  41* 
27',  W.  long.  82»  45'.  The  bay  is  abou* 
20  miles  long,  and  five  or  six  miles  in 
width,  forming  a  capacious  and  excellen* 
harbor,  into  which  steamers  and  ve3self> 
of  all  sizes  can  enter  with  safety.  The 
average  depth  of  water  is  from  ten  to 
twelve  feet.  The  city  is  built  on  a  bed  of 
limestone,  producing  a  good  building 
material.  It  contains  about  10,000  in 
habitants,  a  court-house  and  jail,  eight 
churches,  two  banks,  several  well-kept 
hotels,  and  a  number  of  large  stores  and 
manufacturing  establishments  of  differ- 
ent kinds.  This  is  the  terminus  of  the 
Sanduaky,  Dayton,  and  Cincinnati  Railroad, 
153  miles  to  Dayton,  and  the  Sandtaky, 
Mansfield,  and  Newark  Railroad,  116  milea 
in  length.  The  Cleveland  Aul  Toledo  Rail- 
road, northern  division,  also  terminates 
at  Sandusky. 

Toledo,  one  of  the  most  favored 
Cities  of  the  Lakes,  is  situated  on  the 
Maumee  river,  four  miles  from  its  mouth, 
and  ten  miles  from  the  Turtle  Island  Light, 
at  the  outlet  of  the  Maumee  Bay  mto 
Lake  Erie.  The  harbor  is  good,  and  the 
navigable  channel  from  Toledo  of  sufficient 
depth  for  all  steamers  or  sail  vessels  navi- 
gating ^he  lakes.  Toleco  is  the  easteth 
terminus  of  the  Waba.-:h  and  Erie  CantU, 
running  through  the  Maumee  and  Wabash 
valleys,  and  communicating  with  the 
Ohio  River  at  Evansville,  a  distance  of 
474  miles ;  also  of  the  Miami  and 
Erie  Canal,  which  branches  from  the 
above  canal  68  miles  west  of  Toledo,  and 
runs    southwardly  through    the   Mletnt 


Valley 
jatos  w 
forming 
aavigati 

Thor 
the  Mic 
diaiux 
Mutheri 
norther; 
its  west 
»t  a  disi 
Railroat 
through 
norther 
a  distan 
with  th( 
ning  to 
and  TaU 
tirn  ten 
Western 
wester! 
and  W< 
ern  line 
miles  81 
in  a  so 
ville,  S 
etc.,  in 
Biver,  t 
and  St. 
nearly 
Missoui 
River. 
road,  w 
nati,  is 
connect 
Besides 
Clevelan 
here. 

Toled 
nynse  < 
aad  rail 
made  of 
portatio 
the  Eric 
Canal,  t 
the  coui 
railroadi 
ceivo  th 


BUFFALO  TO  CLEVKLAND,  TOLKDO,  KTC— aOUTH  BHORK  ROUTE. 


S9 


W^e   have  met  th» 
ours:    Two  ships 
sr,  anj  one  sloop. 
O.  H.  Peebt 

larrison." 

E  Bat  City"  capita 
a  port  of  entry  and 
lie  trade.    It  is  ad 

on  Sandusky  Bay, 
Erie,  in  N.  lat.  41*^ 
The  bay  is  abou* 
five  or  six  miles  in 
icioua  and  exccllen* 
earners  and  vesselp 
p  with  safety.  The 
ter  is  from  ten  to 
'  is  built  on  a  bed  of 

a  good  building 
I  about  10,000  in 
use  and  jail,  eight 
,  several  well-kept 
of  large  stores  and 
shments  of  di£fer- 
the  terminus  of  the 
Cincinnati  Railroad, 
and  the  Sandtuky, 
Railroad,  116  milea 
and  and  Toledo  Rail- 
3n,  also  terminates 

the  most  favored 
is  situated  on  the 
lies  from  its  mouth, 
Turtle  Island  Light, 

Maumee  Bay  into 
3or  is  good,  and  the 
I  Toledo  of  sufficient 
or  mil  vessels  navi- 
ilec.o  is  the  easteth 
IV.'!  and  Erie  Canal, 
[aumee  and  Wabash 
licating  with  the 
ville,  a  distance  of 

the  Miami  and 
branches  from  the 
Hrest  of  Toledo,  and 
irough    the   Mtenit 


Valley  in  ■Western  Ohio,  and  communi- 
Jatos  with  the  Ohio  Rivor  at  Cincinnati, 
forming  together  the  longest  line  of  canal 
aavigation  in  the  United  States. 

Tlio  railroads  diverging  from  Toledo  are 
tlie  Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  In- 
diaiux  Railroad,  running  through  the 
southern  counties  of  Michigan  and  the 
northern  counties  of  Indiana,  and  making 
its  western  terminus  at  Chicago,  Illinois, 
»t  a  distance  of  243  miles;  the  Air  Line 
Railroad,  running  due  west  from  Toledo, 
through  Northwestern  Oliio  and  the 
northern  counties  of  Indiana  to  Goshen, 
a  distance  of  110  milea,  where  it  connects 
with  the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  run- 
ning to  Chicago ;  and  the  Detroit,  Monroe, 
and  Toledo  Railroad.  It  is  also  the  east- 
ern terminus  of  the  Toledo,  Wabaali,  and 
Western  Railroad,  running  in  a  south- 
westerly direction  through  the  Maumee 
and  Wabash  valleys,  crossing  tlie  east- 
ern hne  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  about  125 
miles  south  of  Chicago,  and  continuing 
in  a  southwesterly  course  througli  Dan- 
ville, Springtield,  Jacksonville,  Naples, 
etc.,  in  Central  Illinois,  to  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  connecting  with  the  Hannibal 
and  St.  Joseph  Road,  which  stretches 
nearly  due  west  through  the  State  of 
Missouri  to  St.  Joseph,  on  tlie  Missouri 
River.  The  Dayton  and  Michigan  Rail- 
road, whicli  connects  Toledo  with  Cincin- 
nati, is  much  tlie  shortest  railroad  line 
connecting  Lake  Erie  with  the  Ohio  Rivar. 
Besides  the  above  important  roads,  the 
Cleveland  and  Toledo  Railroad  terminates 
here. 

Toledo  is  the  nearest  point  for  the  im- 
n^ose  country  traversed  by  these  canals 
and  railroads,  whore  a  transfer  can  be 
made  of  freight  to  the  more  cheap  trans- 
portation by  the  lakes,  and  thence  through 
the  Brio  Canal,  Welland  Canal,  or  Oswego 
Canal,  to  the  seaboard.  It  is  not  merely 
the  country  traversed  by  these  canals  and 
railroads  that  send  their  products,  and  re- 
oeivo  their  merchandibd,  through  Toledo,  j 


but  many  portions  of  the  States  of  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  and  Missouri,  find  To- 
ledo tlie  cheapest  and  most  expeditious 
lake -port  for  the  interchange  and  transfer 
of  their  products  and  merchandise. 

This  cily  is  the  capital  of  Lucas  County, 
'Oiiio,  where  is  situated  a  court-liouso  aiid 
jail,  several  (ine  churclies,  a  magnificent 
High  School  edifice,  and  five  large  brick 
ward  school  houses;  a  young  men's 
association  that  sustains  a  eoursf.  of  lec- 
tures during  the  winter;  two  banks,  two 
insurance  companies,  six  hotels,  and  a 
great  number  of  stores  and  storehouses ; 
also  several  extensive  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments. Tlie  principal  hotels  are 
tlie  Island  House  and  Oliver  House. 

The  population  of  Toledo  in  1 850  was 
about  4,000,  and  now  it  is  supposed  to 
contain  30,000  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing  in  wealth  and  numbers.  Tlie 
shipping  interest  is  increasing,  here  being 
trans-shipped  annually  an  amount  of  grain 
exceeded  only  by  Chicago,  and  other 
kinds  of  agricultural  products  of  the  great 
West.  This  city  is  destined,  like  Chicago, 
to  e-vport  direct  to  European  ports. 

At  this  time  there  are  in  process  of 
e.-eotion  in  Toledo  many  handsome  dwel- 
lings, numerous  handsome  blocks  of 
stores,  a  post-office  and  custom-house  by 
the  general  government,  and  a  first-class 
hotel;  these  two  latter  buildings,  from 
the  plans  we  have  seen,  would  do  credit 
to  any  city,  and  when  completed  con  bo 
classed  among  the  d  >st  elegant  struc- 
tures. No  city  in  the  State  can  boast  of 
finer  private  residences  than  Toledo ;  and 
the  general  character  of  the  buildings 
erected  in  the  past  four  years  is  substan- 
tial and  elegant. 

Peertsburoh,  the  capital  of  Wood  Co., 
Oliio,  is  situated  on  the  riglit  bank 
of  the  Maumee  River,  18  miles  above  its 
entrance  into  Maumee  Bay,  the  southern 
termination  of  I^ake  Erie.  It  contains  a 
court-house  and  jail,  four  churches,  20 
stores  of  different  kinds,  three  steam  saw- 


00 


TRIP   THROUGH  THE   LAKES. 


mills,  a  tannery,  and  sereru'  .'her  manu- 
facturing establishments.  "ipulation 
about  1,500.  Here  is  the  L  .:'  of  steam- 
boat navigation  on  the  Maumee  River, 
BiTording  thus  far  a  sufficient  depth  of 
water  for  steamers  of  a  large  class. 

Old  Fort  Meigs,  famous  for  having^ 
withstood  a  siege  by  the  British  and  In- 
dians in  1813,  is  one  mile  above  this  place. 

Mauueb  City,  Lucas  Co.,  Ohio,  is 
a  port  of  entry,  situated  on  the  Maumee 
River,  opposite  Perrysburgh,  at  the  foot 
of  the  rapids  and  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, nine  miles  above  Toledo.  A  side 
cut  here  connects  the  Wabash  and  EHe 
Canal  with  the  river.  The  Toledo  and 
Illinois  Railroad  also  passes  through  this 
place.  It  contains  five  churches,  ten 
stores,  four  flouring-mills,  three  saw-mills, 
one  oil-mill,  and  other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments propelled  by  water-power, 
the  supply  being  here  almost  inexhausti- 
ble. Threa  miles  above  the  city  is  the 
lite  of  the  fnuous  battle  fought  against 
the  Indians  by  Gen.  Wayne,  in  1794, 
known  aa  the  Battle  of  Miami  Rapids. 
One  mile  below  the  town  is  Old  Fort 
Miami,  one  of  the  early  British  posts. 

Maumee  River  rises  in  the  north- 
east part  of  Indiana,  and  flowing  northeast 
enters  Lake  Erie,  through  Maumee  Say. 
It  is  about  100  miles  long,  navigable  18 
miles,  and  furnishing  an  extensive  water- 
power  throughout  its  course. 

The  City  of  Monrob,  capital  of  Monroe 
Co.,  Mich.,  18  situated  on  both  sides  of 
the  River  Raisin,  three  miles  above  its 


entrance  into  Lake  Erie,  and  ab' .ut  40 
miles  from  Detroit.  It  is  connected  with 
the  lake  by  a  ship  canal,  and  is  a  termi- 
nus of  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad, 
which  extends  west,  in  connection  witli 
the  Northern  Indiana  Railroad,  to  Chica- 
go, IlL  The  town  contains  about  4,000 
inhabitants,  a  court-house  and  jail,  a 
United  States  land-office,  eight  churches, 
several  public  houses,  and  a  number  of 
large  stores  of  different  kinds.  Here  are 
two  extensive  piers,  forming  an  outport 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river;  the  railroad 
track  runring  to  the  landing.  A  plank- 
road  also  runs  from  the  outport  to  the 
city,  which  is  an  old  and  interesting  lo- 
cality, being  formerly  called  Prenchtown, 
which  was  known  as  the  scene  of  the 
battle  and  massacre  of  River  Raisin  in 
the  war  of  1 8 1 2.  The  Detroit,  Monroe,  and 
Toledo  Railroad,  just  completed,  passes 
through  this  city.  Steamers  run  from 
Detroit  to  Toledo,  stopping  at  Monroe. 

Trenton,  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
Detroit  river,  is  a  steamboat  landing  and 
a  place  of  considerable  trade.  Population, 
1,000. 

WYAMOOTTii,  ten  miles  below  Detroit,  is 
a  new  and  flourishing  .  manufacturing 
village,  where  are  located  the  most  ex- 
tensive Iron  Works  in  Michigan.  The 
iron  used  at  this  establishment  comes 
mostly  from  Lake  Superior,  and  is  con- 
sidered equal  in  quality  to  any  in  the 
world.  The  village  contains  about  1,606 
inhabitants. 


Railroad  Roate  around  I.iBke  Erie. 


This  important  body  of  water  being  en- 
compassed by  a  band  of  iron,  we  subjoin 
the  following  Table  of  Distances: 


Hlloi 


Bufftdo  to  Paris,  0.  W.,  via  Buffalo  and 
Lake  Huron  Railroad,  84 

Paris  to  Windsor  or  Detroit,  via 
Ortat  Western  Railway,  168 


unlet. 
Detroit  to  Toledo,  Ohio,  via  Detroit 

and  Toledo  R.  R., 
Toledo  to  Cleveland,  via  Cleveland  and 

ToUdo  R.  R., 
Cleveland  to  Erie,  Pa.,  via  Cleveland 

and  Erie  R.  R, 
Erie  to  Buffalo,  via  Lake  Shore  Road, 
Total  miles, 


63 

lOf 

96 

88 

6tS 


Thee: 
250  mile 
River  to 


The  ( 
makes  f 
nication 
State  of 

1.  Tl 
Beaver, 
Pittsburi 
Cross- Ci 
tension  ( 
on  the 
whore  it 
Clevelan 
from  Bei 
3.  The 
Portsmo 
SUte,  3( 
which  is 
the  Wa 
Dayton, 
mouth  0 
247  mile 
ness  of  I 
nesa  foi 
rich  port 
lad 'ana; 
free  fro 
At  no 
tionably 
ent  busi 
they  mi 
The  capi 
lud  choi 
)ped  by 
of  scien( 
cially  th 


The  T 
engaged 
meuts 


OHIO    RIVKR    AND    LAKE    BRIB    CANAL8. FORT   WATNB. 


61 


rie,  and  eb'.at  40 
i  is  connected  with 
al,  and  is  a  termi- 
Southern  Railroad. 
a  connection  witli 
Railroad,  to  Chica- 
itaina  about  4,000 
house  and  jail,  a 
oe,  eight  churches, 
and  a  number  of 
t  kinds.  Here  are 
arming  an  outport 
river;  the  railroad 
anding.  A  plank- 
he  outport  to  the 
and  interesting  lo- 
called  Prenchtown, 
the  scene  of  the 
>f  River  Raisin  in 
Detroit,  Monroe,  and 
completed,  passes 
Steamers  run  from 
>ping  at  Monroe, 
n  the  west  bank  of 
amboat  landing  and 
trade.    Population, 

les  below  Detroit,  is 
ing .  manufacturing 
;ated  the  most  ex- 
in  Michigan.  The 
itablishment  comes 
perior,  and  is  con- 
lity  to  any  in  the 
lontains  about  1,60() 


le. 

iniet. 
io,  via  Detroit 

63 
ia  Cleveland  and 

lOT 
\.,  via  Cleveland 

05 
ike  Shore  Road,    88 


The  extreme  length  of  Lake  Erie  is 
250  miles,  fVom  the  mouth  of  Niagara 
River  to  Maumee  Bay,  tlits  circuit  of  the 


lake  about  560  miles,  being  about  100 
mUes  leas  distance  than  has  been  stated 
by  some  writers  on  the  great  lakes. 


Ohio  River  and  Lake  Erie  Canals. 


The  completion  of  the  Miami  Oanal 
makes  four  distinct  channels  of  commu- 
nication from  the  Ohio  River  through  the 
State  of  Ohio  to  Lake  Erie,  namely: 

1.  The  Erie  Extension  CanaX,  from 
Beaver,  twenty  or  thirty  miles  below 
Pittsburgh,  to  Erie,  136  miles.  2.  The 
Cross- Cut  Beaver  Canal,  which  is  an  ex- 
tension or  branch  from  Newcastle,  Pa., 
on  the  Beaver  Canal,  to  Akron,  Ohio, 
whore  it  unites  with  the  Portsmouth  and 
Cleveland  Canal — making  a  canal  route 
from  Beaver  to  Cleveland  of  143  miles. 
3.  The  Ohio  Canal,  from  Cleveland  to 
Portsmouth,  through  the  centre  of  the 
State,  309  miles.  4.  The  Afiami  Extension, 
which  is  a  union  of  the  Miami  Canal  with 
the  Wabash  and  Erie  Canal,  through 
Dayton,  terminating  at  Toledo,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Maumee  River  on  Lake  Erie, 
247  miles.  The  vast  and  increasing  busi- 
ness of  the  Ohio  Valley  may  furnish  busi- 
ness for  all  these  canals.  They  embrace 
rich  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and 
lad 'ana;  but  are  not  so  located  as  to  be 
free  from  competition  with  one  another. 
At  no  distant  time,  they  would  unques- 
tionably command  a  sufficient  independ- 
ent business,  were  it  not  probable  that 
they  may  be  superseded  by  railways. 
The  capacity  of  railways — both  for  rapid 
lad  cheap  transportation — as  it  is  devel- 
oped by  circumstances  and  the  progress 
of  science,  is  destined  to  affect  very  mate- 
cially  the  value  and  importance  of  canals. 

Fort  Wnyne, 

The  United  States  Government  is  now 
engaged  in  making  extensive  improve- 
meuts   at   Fort   Wayne,    below  Detroit, 


which  will  render  it  one  of  the  strongest 
fortifications  in  the  country,  and  almost 
impregnable  against  a  land  assault.  The 
site  of  the  fort,  as  is  well  known,  is  in 
Springwells,  about  three  miles  below  the 
city  of  Detroit.  Its  location  is  admirable, 
being  on  a  slight  eminence,  completely 
commanding  the  river,  which  at  that 
point  is  narrower  than  in  any  other  place 
of  its  entire  length.  Guns  properly 
placed  there  could  effectually  blockade 
the  river  against  ordinary  vessels,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  a  few  gunboats,  could  ;re- 
pulse  any  fleet  whiah  might  present  it- 
self. 

The  present  works  were  erected  about 
the  years  1842-'43,  mainly  under  the  su- 
pervision of  General  Meigs.  The  form 
of  the  works  is  that  of  a  star,  mounting 
thirty-two  barbette  guns  at  the  angles 
which  rake  the  moat,  and  protect  it 
against  an  assault  by  land.  The  height 
from  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  is  about 
forty  feet.  The  exterior  of  the  embank- 
ments was  supported  by  timbers,  which, 
in  the  twenty  years  in  which  they  have 
stood,  have  become  unsound,  and  now 
give  unmistakable  evidence  of  decay. 
This  fact  has  rendered  necessary  the  im- 
provements which  are  now  being  made. 
They  consist  of  a  wall  around  tlie  entire 
fort,  built  against  these  timbers,  which 
will  not  be  removed,  and  which  will  not 
only  sustain  the  embankments,  but  will 
render  the  place  much  more  impregnable. 
The  wall  is  seven  feet  and  a  half  in 
thickness,  and  twenty  feet  in  height  on 
every  side.  The  outside  facing,  two  feet 
in  thickness,  is  of  brick,  the  remainder  is 
filled  in  with  pounded  stone,  water-Ume, 


M 


TRIP   TIIRODOB   THK    LAKB8. 


sand,  and  mortar,  making  a  solid  wall  of 
great,  strength.  From  tlie  nature  of  the 
surrounding  grounds,  artillery  cannot  be 
brought  to  bear  upon  the  wall,  with  the 
exception  of  about  two  feet  at  the  t«p, 
which  extends  above  the  level  of  the  ditch. 
The  wall,  therefore,  could  not  be  battered 
down,  and  the  only  possible  way  by 
which  the  place  could  be  taken  would  be 
by  a  land  assault  and  scaling  the  walls 
from  the  moat  by  means  of  ladders.  This 
is  eflfectually  provided  against  by  the 
placing  of  the  guns,  eight  of  which  rake 
the  moat  on  each  side.  The  improve- 
ments now  being  made  still  further  con- 
template placing  these  guns  in  casemates, 


which  will  render  them  atiU  more  pecnra, 
protecting  the  guns  and  gunners.  Bar' 
bette  guns  will  also  be  mountod  on  tho 
bastions  in  addition  to  the  casemate  gone, 
which  will  be  placed  in  a  manner  similar 
to  that  in  which  they  are  now  placed. 
These  improvements  will  greatly  strength-i 
en  the  works  and  render  them  more  per- 
manent. The  place  is  an  important  oo«, 
as  the  expense  the  government  is  at  ia 
rendering  it  impregnable  clearly  shows. 
In  case  of  a  war  with  Great  Britain  it 
would  become  of  the  highest  importance. 
And  acting  on  the  maxim,  "  in  time  of 
peace  prepare  for  war,"  it  is  the  best  time 
to  attend  to  these  improvements. 


TABLE  OF  DISTANCES 

Fbom  Cleveland  and  Detroit  to  Scpekior  City,  forming  k  Grand  Stbak- 
BOAT  Excursion  of  over  Two  Thousand  Miles. 


Portt,  *&  ._  . 

Clkvkland,  Ohio 0 

M»ldi-n,  O.  W 100 

Dktroit,  Mich 20 

Lake  St.  Clair 7 

Alfconao,  Mich 33 

Nemport,    "  6 

Si.  Clair," 10 

I'ORT  HUKON 


6T 


Port  Sarnia,  C.  W. 
Point  ail  Burqiic — 
Off   SRginiiw   Buy 

Thunder  liny  Islanci 75 

Point  de  Tour     I  qk 

BU  Mary's  Ulvnr  {• ■** 

VhureKt  lAinding 36 

8aut  Stb.  Makie 14 

Point  Iroquois  15 

WhlteFlsh  Point £5 

Point  au  Sable fiO 

Pictured  Kockg 20 

<irond  Island 10 

Marguttte,  Mich 40 

Portage  Entry 70 


PloM  to  Place.    MM«L 

0 

100 
120 
127 
160 
166 
176 

198 


200 

835 

420 

4G0 
470 
4S5 
610 
560 
580 
690 
630 
700 


flimdhlo'i,  Mich (on  Portage  Lake). 

Manitou  itlnnd 65  7.')5 

(>)/»/)«r  Harbor 15  770 

KagU  Harbor 16  786 

Eaglt  Hirer 10  796 

OntonagoA,   Mich 60  866 

/,(»  /Vi««^  Wis 74  830 

I}iU/lM.V/is 4  9»4 

Point  di'To'ir 10  94. 

BurBKioa,  City,  Wis 70  1,014 


Portt,  4f.  pi„,  to  Plufc 

SiiPKRioR  City,  wis 0 

Point  de  Tonr To 

Baufield,  Vi'it lo 

Aa  Pointe  " 4 

Ontonagnn,  Mich 74 

Bugle  River      "    60 

KagU  Harbor    "  10 

Copper  Harbor  " :  16 

Miinitou  Islanil ]6 

Poi-taee  Entry 66 

Houghton, .  Mich (on  Portage 

Marquette  " 70 

Grand  Island 40 

Pictured  Kocks 10 

Point  ail  Sable 20 

White  Fish  Point 60 

Point  Iroquois 26 

8aut   Ste.  Marie 16 

Church't  Li'r.ding 14 

Point  He  lour,  I  _, 

Lake  Huron,  / "'' 

Thunder  Bay  Island 85 

Off  Sairinaw  Bay  I  ,, 

Point  au  Barque  f ^° 

Port  Hi'ron,  Mich.  I  ,, 

Port3arnla,0.  W.    f "• 

St.  a  lie,  Mich IT 

Newport"' 10 

Alg-nac,  Mich , 6 

St  (uir  Flats 10 

Drtroit,  Mich 80 

Malduii.  C.  W 20 

CLE  VBLA2<1),  Ohio 100 


.Ulln. 

0 

TO 

SO 

84 

168 

2IS 

228 

244 

£69 

814 

Lake). 

884 

424 

484 

4M 

604 

e» 

AM 

ess 

ISM 

7M 

821 

888 

M8 
864 

set 

804 
»U 

i,ri4 


Deti 

a  port  o) 
mart  of  I 
N.  lat. 
river  or 
some  30 
ing  seve 
St.  Clair 
the  rivei 
It  extern 
a  mile  u] 
river,  wl 
of  a  mill 
and  priv 
are  locat 
avenues, 
angles,  t 
edge.  1 
number 
sail  vossi 
unloadin; 
Eastern 
giving  ai 
place,  wl 
tha  Strail 
being  no' 
governed 
of  aldern 
State-lioi: 
fine  view 
oinity;  th 
men's  Ha 
Hall,  the 
two  Marl 
IIotelH,  I 
United  £ 
offloe,  an 
office,  a  t 
asylums. 


atiU  more  peciira, 
d  gunners.  Bar' 
mounted  on  the 
ho  casemate  gunii, 
a  manner  similar 

are  now  placed. 
1  greatly  strength-  ■ 
r  them  more  per- 
in  important  one, 
^rnment  ia  at  in 
lie  clearly  shows. 

Great  Britain  it 
jhest  importance, 
lim,  "  in  time  of 

it  is  the  best  time 
vements. 


Grasd  Stkak- 


Tlun  to  PIm.*.    .Ulln. 

....      0  0 

....TO  TO 

....     10  80 

....       4  M 

...   74  ins 

...     60  218 

,...10  228 

....-16  244 

. ...     16  869 

....  56  814 
.(on  Portage  Lake). 

....    70  884 

....    40  424 

....    10  484 

....    20  4M 

...    60  604 

....    26  e» 

....    16  H4 

...   14  ess 

...      86  NH 

....    88  Vf 

....    78  1t» 

....    67  821 

....    IT  88» 

....    10  M8 

....      6  864 

....     10  861 

....    80  894 

...    20  »U 

....100  i,ri4 


DETROIT. 


m 


institute,  water-works,  and 
ga!>-work8,  four  grain  elev- 
ators, Ave  steam  grist-milla, 
and  several  steam  f\w- 
mills,  besides  a  g^at  num< 
ber  of  other  manufactur- 
ing establisliL^onts.  There 
are  also  several  extensive 


Detroit,  "Thk  City  OF  THBSTRArrs,"!  ship-yards  and  machine-shops,  where  are 


a  port  of  entry,  and  the  great  commercial 
mart  of  the  State,  is  favorably  situated  in 
N.  Ut.  42°  20',  W.  long.  82°  58',  on  a 
river  or  strait  of  the  same  name,  elevated 
some  30  or  40  feet  above  its  surface,  be- 
ing seven  miles  below  the  outlet  of  Lake 
St.  Clair  and  twenty  above  the  moutli  of 
the  river,  where  it  enters  into  Lake  Erie. 
It  extends  for  the  distance  of  upward  of 
a  mile  upon  the  southwest  bank  of  the 
river,  where  the  stream  is  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  in  width.  The  principal  public 
and  private  ofBces  and  wholesale  stores 
are  located  on  Jefferson  and  Woodward 
avenues,  which  cross  eacl:  other  at  right 
angles,  th'<  latter  runninpf  to  the  \^ater'8 
edge.  There  may  usually  be  seen  a  great 
number  of  steamboats^,  propellers,  and 
sail  vessels  of  a  large  claa.<<,  loading  or 
unloading  their  rich  cargoes,  destined  for 
Hastern  markets  or  for  the  C-reat  West, 
giving  an  animated  appearance  iu  this 
place,  which  is  aptly  called  the  City  of 
tht  Straits.  It  was  incorporated  in  1815, 
being  now  divided  into  ten  wards,  and 
governed  by  a  mayor,  recorder,  and  board 
of  aldermen.  Detroit  contains  the  old 
State-house,  from  the  dome  of  which  a 
fine  view  is  obtained  of  the  city  and  vi- 
cinity; the  City  Ilall,  Masonic  Hall,  Fire- 
men's Hall,  Mechanic's  Hall,  Odd  Fellows' 
Hall,  the  Young  Men's  Society  Building, 


built  and  repaired  vessels  of  almost  every 
description.  The  population  in  186U  was 
46,619.  Estimated  in  18C7,  16,000. 

The  pr°  r-ipal  Hotels  are  the  Biddl« 
House,  and  Michigan  Excluinge,  on  Jefferson 
avenue,  and  the  liusseU  Bouse,  on  Wood- 
ward avenue,  facing  Campus  Martins,  an 
open  square  near  the  centre  of  the  City. 

Detroit  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  the 
most  favored  of  all  the  Western  cities  of 
the  Union.  It  was  first  settled  by  the 
French  explorers  as  early  as  1701,  as  a 
military  and  fur  trading  post.  It  changed 
its  garrison  and  mihtary  government  in 
1760  for  a  British  military  commander 
and  troops,  enduring  under  the  latter  re- 
gime  a  series  of  Indian  sieges,  assaults, 
and  petty  but  vigilant  and  harassing  war- 
fare, conducted  against  the  English  gar- 
rison by  the  celebrated  Indian  warrior 
Pontiac.  Detroit  subsequently  pa.ssed 
into  possession  of  the  American  revolu- 
tionists ;  but  on  the  16th  August,  1812,  it 
was  surrendered  by  Gen.  Hull,  of  the 
United  States  army,  to  Gen.  Brock,  com- 
mander of  the  British  forces.  In  1813  it 
was  again  surrendered  to  the  Americans, 
under  Gen.  Harrison. 

The   following  Railroad  lines    diverge 
from  Detroit: 

1.  The  Detroit,  Monroe,  awd  Jhlo'lo  Rail- 


road, 62  miles  in  length,  connecting  with 
two  Market  Buildings,  forty  Churches,  ten  j  the  Michigan  Southern  Railroad  at  Mon- 
Ilotels,  besides  a  number  of  taverns;   a  roe,  and  with  other  roads  at  Toledo. 


United  States  Custom-house  and  Post- 
offloe,  anc*  United  States  Lake  Survey 
office,  a  theatre,  a  museum,  two  orphan 
asylums,  four  banks,  and  a  savings'  fund 


2.  The  Michigan  Central  Railroad,  282 
miles  in  length,  extend.s  to  Chicago,  111. 
This  important  road,  running  across  the 
State  from  east  to  west,    oonneota    at 


9k 


TRIP  THROOaH  TBK  LAKES. 


Michigan  Oitjr,  Ind.,  with  the  Ifew  Al- 
bany and  Salem  Railroad— thub  forming 
a  direct  line  of  travel  to  Louisville,  St. 
Louis,  etc.,  as  well  as  Chit-,ro  and  the  Far 
West. 

3.  The  Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad 
runs  through  a  rich  section  of  country  to 
Grand  Haven,  on  Lake  Michigan,  op- 
posite Milwaukee.  Win 

4.  The  Grand  JV-unfc  .Railway  runs  from 
Detroit  to  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  62  miles,  ex- 
tending from  Sarnia,  Canada,  to  Toronto, 
Montreal,  Quebec,  and  Portland,  Me. 
Length  from  Detroit  to  Portland,  861  miles. 

6.  The  Great  Western  Railway  of  Canada 
has  its  terminus  at  Windsor,  opposite  De- 
troit, the  two  places  being  connected  by 
tliree  steam  ferries — thus  affording  a 
speedy  line  of  travel  through  Canada,  and 
thence  to  iSastem  cities  of  the  U.  Sta,tos. 

Steamers  of  a  large  class  run  from  De- 
troit to  Cleveland,  Toledo,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Erie  ;  others  run  to  Port  Huron, 
Saginaw,  Goodrich,  C.  W.,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Huron. 

The  Lah'  Superior  line  of  steamers  run- 
ning from  Cleveland  and  Detroit  direct 
for  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and  all  the  prin- 
cipal ports  on  Lake  Superior,  are  of  a  large 
cla.ss,  carrying  passengers  and  freight 
This  has  become  one  of  tlie  sost  fashion- 
able and  healthy  eiuursions  on  the  con- 
tinent. 

The  Dhtboit  Rivkr,  or  Strait,  is  a  noble 
stream,  througli  which  How  the  surplus 
waters  of  the  Upper  Lakes  into  Lake  Krie. 
It  is  2  T  miles  in  length,  and  from  half  a 
mile  to  two  miles  in  widtli,  forming  the 
boundary  between  the  United  States  and 
Canada.  It  has  a  perceptible  current,  and 
i.s  navigable  for  vessels  of  the  largest  class. 
Large  quantities  of  ttsh  are  annually  taken 
in  the  river,  and  the  sportsman  usually 
finds  an  abundance  of  wild  ducks,  which 
breed  in  great  numbers  in  the  marshes 
bordering  some  of  the  islands  and  harbors 
of  the  coast. 

There  aro  altogether  seventeen  islands 


in  the  riveh  The  names  of  thesf  ara^ 
Glay,  Celeron,  Hickory,  Sugar,  Boii  Btane, 
F.lla,  Fox,  Rock,  Groiae  Isle,  Stonty,  Fight- 
ing,  Turkey,  Mammy  Judy,  Gassy,  Mud, 
BeUe  or  Hog,  and  He  la  Piehe.  The  two 
latter  are  situated  a  few  miles  above  De- 
troit, near  the  entrance  to  Lake  St.  Clair, 
where  large  quantities  of  white-fish  anii 
annually  taken. 

ILB  LA  P£cuB,  attached  to  Canada,  was 
the  home  of  tne  celebrated  Indian  chief 
Pontiac.  I'arkman,  in  his  "History  of  tho 
Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,"  says:  "Pontiac, 
the  Satan  of  this  forest-paradise,  was  ac- 
customed to  spend  the  early  part  of  the 
summer  upon  a  small  island  at  the  open- 
ing of  Lake  St.  Clair."  Anotlier  author 
says:  "The  king  and  lord  of  all  this 
country  lived  in  no  •  oyal  state.  His  cabin 
was  a  small,  oven-shaped  structure  of 
bark  and  rushes.  Here  he  dwelt  with  his 
squaws  and  children;  and  here,  doubtless, 
lie  might  often  have  been  seen  carelessly 
reclining  his  naked  form  on  a  rush-mat  or 
a  bear-skin,  like  an  orJinP'v  Indian  war- 
rior." 

The  other  fifteen  islands,  most  of  them 
small,  are  situated  below  Detroit,  witliiii 
the  first  twelve  miles  of  the  river  aftef 
entering  it  from  Lake  Krie,"  tlie  largest  of 
which  is  Gbosse  Isle,  attached  to  Michi- 
gan, on  whicli  are  a  number  of  extensive 
and  well-cultivated  farms.  This  island 
has  become  a  very  popular  retreat  for 
citizens  of  Detroit  during  the  heat  of 
summer,  there  being  here  located  good 
public  houses  for  the  accommodation  of 
visitors. 

Father  Hennepin,  who  was  a  passenger 
on  the  "  Griffin,"  the  first  vessel  that 
crossed  Lake  Erie,  in  1619,  in  his  descrip- 
tion of  tlie  scenery  along  the  route  says : 
"  The  islands  are  the  finest  in  the  world : 
the  strait  is  finer  than  Niagara;  the 
banks  aro  vast  meadows,  and  the  pros- 
pe'-'  -i  terminated  with  some  hills  covered 
with  vineyards,  trees  bearing  good  fruit, 
I  groves  and  forests  so  well  disposed  that 


DETROIT    AND   IIILWACKKK   BAILROAD   AMD   STKAUSHIP   US*.  (If 


les  of  them  ara^ 
Sttgar,  BoU  Blane, 
Isle,  St(m'.y,  Fight- 
dy,  G.aasy,  Mud, 
Piehe.  The  two 
r  miles  above  De- 
to  Lake  St.  Clair, 
of  white-fish  ai* 

ed  to  Canada,  was 
ated  Indian  chief 
is  "History  of  tho 
"  says:  "Pontiao, 
-paradise,  was  ac- 
early  part  of  the 
land  at  the  open- 
'  Another  author 
I  lord  of  all  this 
d  state.  His  cabin 
aped  structure  of 
I  lie  dwelt  with  hia 
nd  here,  doubtless, 
en  seen  carelessly 
n  on  a  rush-mat  or 
inp'v  Indian   war- 

nds,  most  of  them 
)w  Detroit,  witliiii 
)f  the  river  aftef 
5rie,"  the  largest  of 
attached  to  Michi- 
raber  of  extensive 
rms.  This  island 
spular  retreat  for 
■ring  the  heat  of 
lere  located  good 
accommodation  of 

10  was  a  passenger 
3  first  vessel  mat 
619,  in  his  descrip- 
ng  the  route  says : 
Inost  in  the  world : 
lian  Niagara ;  tho 
)W8,  and  the  pros- 
1  some  hills  covered 
bearing  good  fruit, 
well  disposed  that 


one  would  thinlr  t^uit  Nature  alone  could 
not  have  made,  wii  ^ut  the  help  of  art,  so 
charming  a  piospect. 

COUPA.HATIVB    PDRITT  OF  DETKOIT  BIVEB 
WATER. 

The  following  Table  ahows  tho  solid 
matter  in  a  gallon  of  water,  taken  from 
Lakes  and  Rivers  in  dificrcnt  cities : 

Albany,  Hu<1anii  River 8,820 

Troy,  MoliAwk  Ulver T.S>«0 

Boston.  Owhltunti'  Lake 1.860 

New  York,  Croton  River 6i,9V8 

fironklyn,  L.  I.  IVnils 2.367 

l*hiU(lilphln, Schnylklll  R 4.260 

(InelnnatI,  Ohio  River (17M 

Luke  Ontario 4.1(0 

IX'troit,  Detroit  River. 4,«4« 

Olovelund,  IjikeKrle.: SoOO 

Montreal,  St  Lawrence  R 6.000 

Of  the  Detroit  River  water,  Prof 
Douglass,  in  his  report  of  the  analysis, 
says  :  "  In  estimating  the  value  of  your 
city  watpr,  as  compared  with  other 
cities,  due  allowance  must  bo  made  for 
the  fact,  that  the  total  solid  matter  is 
materially  increased  by  tho  presence  of 


L'ilica,  alumina,  and  iron,  elements  that 
can  produce  little  or  no  injury ;  while  th« 
chlorides,  much  the  most  iii;uriou8  com- 
pounds, are  entirely  absent.  The  pres- 
ence of  such  largo  quantities  of  silica  and 
iron  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that 
Lakes  Superior  and  Huron  are  formed,  for 
the  most  part,  in  a  basin  of  ferruginous 
sandstone  and  igneous  rook." 

NoTR.— The  nnrlty  of  tha  wstcn  of  Lake 
8uperli>r,  pr<ibaDly  exceeds  all  other  bodies  oi 
water  on  the  face  of  the  globe,  affording  •  cool 
and  dellgbtfal  beveraga  at  all  waaona. 


Comparative    Increase 
lAke  Citiet. 


Bmrr AI.0,  Now  York 

OlIIOAOO,  III 

Ol.IIVIStAND,  Ohio  ...... 

DETROIT,  Mich 

KaiE,  Penn..    

Mll.WAUKKR,  Wis 

OswKoo,  New-York 

Raoine,  Wis  

SANonsKY.  Ohio 

T01.BD0,  Ohio 

*  Black  Rock  auaoxed. 


Of 


1840. 

1860.        18«0i 

18,213 

42,261    81,131  • 

4,470 

28.260  109,268 

«.07I 

17.0X4    86.0Mt 

»,108 

21,019    4&,61» 

•  ■  •  • 

^)»8      9,419 

1,700 

20,061    4.\254 

12,206    16,811 

Ji.lOI    10,000 

1,484 

6,008      S,40£ 

1,222 

3,829    18,768 

t  Ohio  City  annexed. 

DSTBOIT   AVS   KILWAUKEE   RAILBOAD    AHS  STEAMSHIP 

LINE, 

CONNEGTINO    WITH  THE    GREAT    LINES    OF    TRAVEL    EAST    AND    WEST. 


On  leaving  the  Railroad  Depot  at  De- 
troit the  line  of  this  road  runs  in  a  north- 
west direction  to  Pontiac,  26  miles,  pass- 
ing through  a  rich  section  of  fanning 
coimtry. 

The  route  then  continues  westerly  to 
Fenxonville,  24  miles  further,  where 
commences  a  railroad  route,  running 
through  Flint,  and  extending  north  to 
Saginaw,  favorably  situated  on  Saginaw 
river.  It  is  intended  to  continue  tho 
tJint  and  Fere  MarqueUe  Railroad,  some 
1 50  miles,  to  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 

OwAsso,  78  miles  from  Detroit,  and 
llO  miles  fVom  Grand  Haven,  is  an  impor- 
5 


tant  station,  from  whence  a  railroad  extends 
southwest  to  Lansino,  the  capital  of  the 
State  of  Michigan.  It  is  intended  to  car- 
ry the  line  of  this  road  north  to  Saginaw 
City,  and  from  thence  northwest  to 
Traverse  Bay  on  Lake  Michigan,  where  is 
a  good  harbor. 

From  Owasso,  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee Railroad  runs  westward  througdr 
St.  John's,  Ionia,  and  other  stations,  pass- 
ing down  the  valley  of  the  Orand  River, 
a  rich  and  populous  section  of  country, 
producing  large  quantities  of  wheat  and 
other  agricultural  productions,  all  of  which 
find  a  ready  sale  in  the  Eastern  markets. 


i 


S.^_ 


JaC 


68 


TBIP  TUROVOH  THK  LAKKB. 


"  Up  In  the  northern  part  of  the  Grand  1 
River  Valley,  and  along  and  boyond  the 
Muakegen  River,  an  immense  amount  of 
pine  timuar  ia  to  be  found,  giving  proflt- 
ob^n  impliyment  to  a  large  number  of 
!ji      "men." 

<  iraiid  Rapldn,  168  miles  west 
«  "'•'troit,  and  forty  miles  aloove 
■it-yr:  Haven,  an  incorporated  city,  is 
■.  <  i  :_v  y  situated  on  both  banks  of  Grand 
Uiver,  '  •«  ia  a  fall  of  about  eighteen 
feet,  affoi  -t.  an  immense  water-power. 
Steamers  run  from  this  place  daily  to 
Grand  Haven,  connecting  with  steamers 
for  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  other  ports 
on  Lake  Michigan.  Hero  is  an  active 
population  of  about  10,000,  and  rapidly 
inoreasing,  surrounded  by  a  new,  fertile, 
and  improving  country,  being  alike 
famous  as  a  wheat  and  fruit  region. 

The  city  now  contains  a  court-house 
and  jail ;  6  churches ;  6  hotels :  60  stores 
of  different  kinds ;  3  gristmills ;  5  saw- 
mille ;  3  cabinet-ware  factories;  2  machine- 
shops,  and  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  private  dwellings  and  many 
of  the  stores  are  elegant  edifices,  con- 
structed of  building  material  which  is 
found  in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Exten- 
sive and  inexliaustil)lej)eds  of  gypsum 
are  found  near  this  place,  producing  large 
quantities  of  stucco  and  plaster,  all  of 
which  find  a  ready  sale  in  Eastern  and 
Western  markets.  It  is  estimated  that 
26,000  tons  of  stucco  for  building,  and 
plaster  for  fertilizing  purposes,  can  be 
quarried  and  ground  yearly  frons  the 
dilTerent  quarries  in  this  vicinity.  At  the 
Eagle  Mills,  two  miles  Ijelow  the  city,  is 
already  formed  an  immense  excavation, 
extending  several  himdred  feet  under 
ground,  which  is  well  worthy  of  a  visit, 
whore  rich  apeoimena  of  the  gypsum  can 
bu  obtained. 


§tcaniboat  Route  from  G<.  and 
Raplda  to  Orand  Havcu. 

Grand  Rapids 0 

Eagle  Plaster  Mill 9 

Grandvillo 6  7 

Lament 13  20 

B^astmanville 2  23 

Mill  Point 16  38 

Oband  Haven 2  40 


On  leaving  Grand  Rapids  for  Grand 
Haven,  by  railroad,  the  route  extends 
north  of  the  river,  through  a  fertile  section 
of  country,  mostly  covered  by  a  heavy 
growth  of  hardwood,  although  the  pine 
predominates  as  you  approach  the  lako 
shore. 

Grand  Haven,  Ottawa  Co., 
Mich.,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  Ot- 
tawa River,  near  its  enti  %nco  into  Lake 
Michigan,  hero  cighty-flvo  miles  wide ;  on 
the  opposite  side  lies  Milwaukee,  Wis- 
consin. The  different  settlements,  com- 
prising Grand  Haven,  contain  about  3,000 
inliabitants.  Here  are  a  court-house  and 
jail ;  3  churches ;  six  hotels  and  taverns, 
and  a  number  of  stores  and  wareliouses ; 
8  large  steam  saw-milla;  pail  and  tub 
factories,  a  foundry  and  machine-shop, 
and  other  manufacturing  establishments. 

Steamers  and  sail  vessels  run  from 
Grand  Haven,  which  has  a  well-protected 
harbor,  to  Milwaukee,  Chicago,  and  other 
ports  on  Lake  Michigan,  carrying  a  large 
amount  of  produce  and  lumber.  The 
fisheries  in  this  vicinity  are  also  pro- 
ductive and  extensive. 

The  sand  hills  on  the  east  ahore  of  Lake 
Michigan  rise  from  100  to  200  feet,  pr«. 
senting  a  sterile  appearance,  although  the 
land  in  the  interior  is  very  rich  and  pro- 
ductive. 


The  I 
petroit, 
Oapt.  Ti 
Michi^ 
Detroit 
trip  is 
autumn 
usually 
ful  exc( 
uance. 
arrange 
togothei 
rendors 


TBI 

Durin 
If  rs  of  a 
tioQs  for 
rect  foi  i 
and  Chi( 

Steam 
sengers 
almost  d 
thence  ] 
into  Lai 
excursio 
autumn 

For  fi 
routes,  s( 

On  !ea 
a  northe 
Island,  t' 
tiiree  mi 
sentiug 
Canadian 
with  dw( 

Pechi 
of  land 
mouth  o 
on  the  M 
and  light 
Lakb 


e  from  G<  and 
tnd  Havctt. 

0 

9 

6 

7 

13 

?0 

2 

n 

16 

3R 

2 

40 

Rapids  for  Grand 
:he  route  extends 
jgh  a  fertile  section 
rored  by  a  heavy 
although  the  pine 
approach  the  lako 

n,  Ottawa  Co., 
both  sides  of  Ot- 
entt  %nco  into  Lake 
ftvo  miles  wide ;  oa 

Milwaukee.  Wis- 
,  settlements,  com- 
roptain  about  3,000 
a  court-house  and 
hotels  and  taverns, 
IS  and  wareliouses ; 
aillfi;  pail  and  tub 
md  machine-sliop, 
ig  establishments. 

vessels  run  from 
las  a  well-protected 
Chicago,  and  other 
»u,  carrying  a  large 
ind  lumber.  The 
nity  are   also  pro- 

B  east  bhore  of  Lake 
BO  to  200  feet,  pre- 
rance,  although  the 
very  rich  aad  pro- 


jkti< 


TRtF  FROM  DETROIT   TO    MACKINAC,  GRKRN    BAV,  ETC. 

Trip  across  I^ake   Mlchifan. 


»7 


The  staunch  and  well-built  stoamsh!|>R, 
petroil,  Capt.  McBrido,  and  MUwankm, 
Oapt.  Trowoll,  run  twice  daily  across  Lake 
Michigan,  connecting  with  trains  on  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaiikoo  railroad.  This 
trip  is  delightful  during  the  summer  and 
autumn  months  when  Lake  Michigan  is 
u.sually  calm,  affording  a  safe  and  delight- 
ful e.xcursion  of  about  six  hours'  contin- 
uance. The  spacious  cabins,  and  well- 
arranged  dining-saloons  of  those  ships, 
together  with  the  well-provided  tables, 
rendors  this  route  to  and  from  the  Eastern 


cities  one  of  the  most  pleasant  and  desi- 
rable as  regards  spued  and  objects  of  ia- 
torest.  Usual  fare  from  Milwaukee  t«t 
Detroit,  $8,00.  Distance,  2T1  miles; 
time,  14  hours. 

From  Milwaukee,  westward,  there  is  a 
direct  connection  l>oth  with  the  Milwaukee 
and  Prairie  rfu  Chien  Jiailroad,  and  the 
La  Croase  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  run- 
ning to  the  Mississippi  River.  A  d.">i|y 
line  of  steamers  run  from  the  termir, 
of  both  of  the  above  railroads  to  St.  lul, 
Minnesota. 


TBIP  7R01E  DETBOIT  TO  MACKINAC,  SAUT  8TS.  L.^^'B. 


During  the  season  of  navigation  propel- 
I(<r8  of  alarge  class,  with  good  accommoda- 
tions for  ^  •  „<sngor8,  leave  Detroit  daily  di- 
rect foi  Mackinnc,  Green  Bay,  Milwaukee, 
and  Chicago,  situated  on  Lake  Michigan. 

Steamers  of  a  largo  class,  carrying  pas- 
sengers aiid  ft-eiglit,  also  leave  Detroit, 
almost  daily  for  the  Saut  Ste  Marie,  from 
thence  passing  through  the  Ship  Canal 
into  Lake  Superior — forming  delightful 
excursions  during  the  summer  and  early 
autumn  months. 

For  further  information  of  steamboat 
routes,  see  Advertisements. 

On  leaving  Detroit  the  steamers  run  in 
a  northerly  direction,  passing  Bell  or  Hog 
Island,  two  miles  distant,  which  is  about 
tliree  miles  long  and  one  mile  broad,  pre- 
senting a  handsome  appearance.  The 
Canadian  shore  on  the  right  is  studded 
with  dwellings  and  well  cultivated  farms. 

Pechb  Island  is  a  small  body 
of  land  attached  to  Canada,  lying  at  the 
mouth  of  Detroit  River,  opposite  which, 
on  the  Michigan  shore,  is  Wind-Mill  J^itit 
and  light-house. 
Lakb    St.     Clair  commences    seven  i 


miles  above  Detroit ;  it  may  t    said  to  be 
20  miles  long  and  25  miles  t  ii«     ar- 

ing  its  length  from  the  outlet  :.<i  Ciair 
River  to  the  head  of  Detroit  River.  Com- 
pared with  the  other  lakes  it  is  very  shal- 
low, havmg  a  depth  of  only  from  8  to  24 
feet  as  indicated  by  Bayfield's  chart.  It 
receives  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Lakes 
from  the  St.  Clair  .<'',.  ait  by  several  ohan- 
nels  forming  iskuUs,  and  discharges  them 
into  the  Detroit  River  or  Strait  In  the 
upper  portion  of  the  lake  are  several  ex- 
tensive islands,  the  largest  of  which  is 
Walpole  Island ;  it  belongs  to  Canada,  and 
is  inhabited  mostly  by  Indians.  All  the 
islands  to  the  west  of  Walpole  Island  be- 
long to  Miciiigan.  Tlie  Walpole,  or  "  Old 
Ship  Channel,"  forms  the  boundary 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
The  main  channel,  now  used  by  the 
larger  class  of  vessels,  is  called  the 
"  North  Channel"  Here  are  passed  the 
"  .Sit  Clair  Flats"  a  great  impediment  to 
navigation,  for  tlie  removal  of  wliieh  Con- 
gress will  no  doubt  make  ample  appro- 
priation sooner  or  later.  The  northeastern 
channel,  separpMng  Walpole  Island  from 


UM^J^IWUMIAIIP  - 


TRIP  THBOOOH    THK    LAKES. 


the  main   Canada  «hore,  is  caliad  '  Che- 
nail  fiarle"     Besides  tlio  wntors  piissinK 
thrnugli  the  Strait  of  St.  Clair,  Lnlco  St. 
Clair  receives  tlie  livor  Thames  from  the 
Canada  side,  which  ia  navigable  to  Chat- 
ham, some  24  miles;   also  the  waterH  of 
Clinton  River  'rom  the  west  or  American 
side,   the  laltei   being  navigablo   to   Mt. 
Clemens,  Michi'^'an.   Several  other  streams 
low  into  tlio  lake  from  Canada,  tlie  prm- 
•.ipal   of  which  is  the  Rivor  Sydenham. 
Ituch  of  the  land  bordering  on  tlie  lake  is 
tow  and  marshy,  as  well  as  the  islands  ; 
and  ill  places  there  are  large  plains  which 
are  used  for  grazing  cattle. 

AsiiLBY,  or  Nkw  Baltimouk,  situ- 
ated on  the  N.  W.  side  of  Lake  St. 
Clair,  ;iO  miles  from  Detroit,  is  a  now  and 
flourishing  place,  wid  has  a  fine  section  of 
•  country  in  the  roar.  It  contains  tliroe 
steam  saw-raiUs,  several  other  manufac- 
tories, and  about  1,000  inhabitants.  A 
steamboat  runs  from  this  place  to  Detroit. 
Mt  Clemens,  Macomb  Co.,  Mich.,  is 
situated  on  Clinton  River,  six  miles  above 
its  entrance  into  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  about 
30  miles  from  Detroit  by  lake  and  river. 
A  hteamer  plies  daily  to  and  from  Detroit 
d  iring  the  season  of  navigation.  Mt. 
Clemens  contains  the  county  buildings, 
several  cUurclios,  three  hotels,  and  a  num- 
ber of  stores  and  manufacturing  establish- 
ments, and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  De- 
troit is  distant  by  plank  road  only  20 
miles.  _       .. 

Chatham,  0.  W.,  46  miles  from  Detroit 
by  railroad  route,  and  about  24 
mQes  above  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Thames,  which  enters  into  Lake  St. 
Clair,  ia  a  port  of  entry  and  thriving  place 
of  business,  where  have  been  built  a  large 
number  of  steamers  and  sail-vessels. 

Aloonao,  Mich.,  situated  near  the  foot 
of  St.  Clair  River,  40  miles  from  Detroit, 
contains  a  church,  two  or  tlirco  saw- 
miUs,  a  grist-mill,  wooUen  factory,  anU 
about  700  inhabitants. 
Newport,  Mich.,  seven  mUes  farther 


north,  is  noted  for  steamboat  building, 
there  being  extensive  ship-j  ards,  where 
are  annually  employed  a  large  number  of 
workmen.  Here  are  four  steam  saw 
millH,  machine  shops,  etc.  PopuiatiOA 
about  1,200.  Belle  River  here  enters  th« 
St.  Clair  from  the  west. 

St.  Claib  Strait  connects  Lake  Huron 
with  Lake  St.  Clair,  and  discharges  the 
surplus  waters  of  Lakes  Superior,  Mich-  : 
igan,  and  Huron.     It  flows  in  a  southerly 
direction,  and  enters  Lake  St.  Clair  by  six 
chaunels,  the  north  one  of  which,  on  the 
Michigan  side,  is  the  only  one  at  present 
navigated  by  largo  vessels  in  ascending 
and    descending  the  river.     It  receive* 
several    tributaries    from    the    west,    or 
Michigan ;  the    princit>al    of   wliicli    are 
Black  River,  Pine  River,  and  Belle  Eiver, 
and  several  rivers  flow  into  it  from  tlio 
east,  or  Canadian  side.     It  has   several 
flourishing  villages  on  its  banks.    It  is 
48  raUes  long,  from  a  half  to  a  mile  wide, 
and  has  an  average  depth  of  from  40  to 
60  feet,  with  a  current  of  three  miles  an 
hour,  and  an  entire  descent  of  about  16 
feet.    Its  waters  are  clear  and  transparent, 
the    navigation    easy,   and  the   scenery 
varied  and  beautiful— forming  for  its  en- 
tiro  length,  the   boundary  between  tho 
United  States  and  Canada.     The  banks  of 
the  upper  portion  are  high ;  those  of  the 
lower  portion  are  low  and  in  parts  m- 
dined  to  be  marshy.     Both  banks  of  the 
river  arc  generally  well  settled,  and  moiwr 
of  the    farms   are  beautifully  situated. 
There  are  several  wharves  constructed  <m 
the  Canada  side,  for  the  convenience  of 
supplying  the  numerous  steamboats  pass- 
ing and  repassing  With  wood.    There  is 
also  a  settlement  of  the  Chippewa  In- 
dians in  tho  township  of  Sarnia,  Canada; 
the  Indians  reside  in  small  log  or  bark 
houses  of  their  own  erection. 

The  City  op  St.  Clair,  Mich.,  ja 
pleasantly  situated  on  tho  west  side  of  St. 
Clair  Strait,  60  miles  from  Detroit  and  14 
miles  from  Lake  Huron.    This  is  a  thriv- 


TRI 

hifr  place 

is  a  grea 
county  bi 
churches 
five  stew 
ftcturing 
inhabitan 
business 
and  othc 
Ibrt  St. 
border  ot 

SOUTHI 

on  the  ( 
It  was  la 
man  of  t 
an  Episi 
valuable 

Moore 
below  Sa 

Frome 
another  a 
four  and 
is  an  Ep 
duiitar  ol 

The  c 
Co.,  Mich 
ly  situate 
River,  at 
miles  be! 
tered  in 
gregatiot 
one  Met 
Church ; 
forty  sto: 
steam  flo 
producin 
lomber,  I 
River,  ri 
ogion;  ] 
ng  of  It 
urn  oil,  o 
manufac 
tion  in  1 

Durini 
ia  daily 
Detroit, 
Lakes, 
tween  F 


TRIP   FROM    DETROIT   TO    MACKINAC,    ORKKW   BAT,    CIIICAaO,    KTC. 


00 


eamboat  building, 
ship-j  ardd,  where 

I  a  large  number  of 
four  steam  savr- 

,   etc      Population 

ver  here  enters  tho 

Dnecta  Lake  Huron 
dud  discharges  the 
kes  Superior,  Micl»-  ; 
lows  in  a  southerly 
ako  St.  Ckir  by  six 
10  of  which,  on  tho 
only  one  at  present 
3ssels  in  ascending 
river.    It  receive* 
pom   the    west,    or 
pal   of   whicli   are 
er,  and  Belle  River, 
)W  into  it  from  tlio 
le.     It  has   several 
in  its  banks.    It  is 
half  to  a  mile  wide, 
depth  of  from  iO  to 
nt  of  three  miles  an 
descent  of  about  16 
loar  aud  transparent, 
r.    and  the   scenery 
—forming  for  its  en- 
ndary  between  tho 
[lada.     Tho  banks  of 
)  high ;  those  of  the 
w  and  in  parts  in- 
Both  banka  of  the 
:)U  settled,  and  many 
seautifully  situated, 
lives  constructed  <Mi 
r  the  convenience  df 
JUS  steamboats  paas- 
rith  wootL    There  is 
f  the  Chippewa  In- 
p  of  Sarnia,  Canada; 
n  small  log  or  bark 
erection. 

'.  CiiAiR,  Mich.,  is 
a  tho  west  side  of  St. 
I  from  Detroit  and  14 
ron.    This  is  a  thriv- 


ing place,  with  many  flno  buildings,  and 
is  a  great  lumber  depot.  It  contains  tlie 
county  buildings  for  St.  Clair  Co.,  several 
churches  and  hotels,  one  flouring-mill,  and 
five  steam  .saw-mills,  besides  other  manu- 
ftu^uring  establishments,  and  about  H,OUO 
inhabitants.  St.  Clair  has  an  active 
business  in  the  construction  of  steamers 
and  other  lake  craft.  The  site  of  old 
Ibrt  St.  Glair,  now  in  ruins,  is  on  the 
ijorder  of  tho  town. 

SouTHERLAND,  C.  W.,  is  a  sihall  village 
on  the  Canada  shore,  opposite  St.  Clair. 
It  was  laid  out  in  1S33  by  a  Scotcli  gentle- 
man of  tlie  same  name,  who  here  erected 
an  Episcopal  eluircli,  and  made  other 
valuable  improvomonts. 

Moore,  is  a  small  village  ton  miles 
below  Sarnia  on  the  Canada  side. 

Fromepield,  or  Talpolrd's,  C.  W.,  is 
another  small  village,  handsomely  situated 
four  and  a  half  miles  below  Sarnia.  Here 
is  an  Episcopal  churcli,  a  windmill,  and  a 
duntsr  of  dwellings. 

The  city  of  Port  Huron,  St.  Clair 
Co.,  Mich.,  a  port  of  entry,  is  advantageous- 
ly situated  on  the  west  bank  of  St.  Clair 
River,  at  tlio  mouth  of  Black  River,  two 
miles  below  Lake  Huron.  It  was  char- 
tered in  18.58,  and  now  contaias  one  Con- 
gregational, one  Episcopal,  one  Baptist, 
one  Methodist,  and  one  Roman  Catholic 
Church;  six  hotels,  and  public  houses, 
forty  stores,  and  several  warehouses ;  one 
steam  flouring-mill,  eight  steam  saw-mills, 
producing  annually  s  large  amount  of 
lumber,  the  logs  being  rafted  down  Black 
■River,  running  through  an  e-xtensive  pine 
ogion;  here  are  also,  two  yards  for  build- 
ng  of  lake  craft,  two  refineries  of  petrole- 
um oil,  one  iron  foundry,  and  several  other 
manufacturing  estaWishments.  Popula- 
tion in  1860,  4,000. 

During  tho  season  of  navigation,  there 
ia  daily  intercourse  by  steamboats  with 
Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  ports  on  the  Upper 
Lakes.  A  steam  ferry-boat  also  plies  bc- 
ttreen  Port  Huron  and  Sarnia,  C.  W.,  tho 


St  Clair  River  here  being  about  one  mile 
in  width.  A  branch  of  tho  Grand  Trunk 
Railway  runs  from  Fort  Gratiot,  one  mile 
and  a  half  above  Poi  t  Huron,  to  Detroit, 
a  distance  of  62  miles,  affording  alto- 
gether speedy  m«des  of  conveyance.  A 
railroad  is  also  proposed  to  run  firom 
Port  Huron,  to  intersect  witli  the  Detroit 
and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  at  Uwasao,  Mich- 
igan. 

Fort  Gratiot,  one  and  a  half  miles 
north  of  Port  Huron,  Ues  directly  oppo- 
site Point  Henry,  0.  W.,  both  situated  at 
the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  where  commences 
St.  Clair  River.  It  lias  become  an  impor- 
tant point  since  the  completion  of  tho 
Grand  Trunk  Railway  of  Canada,  finished 
in  1859,  which  road  terminates  by  a 
branch  at  Detroit,  Mich.,  thus  forming  a 
direct  railroad  communication  from  Lake 
Huron,  eastward,  to  Montreal,  Quebec, 
and  PortLmd,  Maine. 

Tho  village  stands  contiguous  to  the 
site  of  Fort  Gratiot,  and  contains  besides 
tho  railroad  buildings,  which  are  exten- 
sive, one  church,  five  public  houses,  the 
Gratiot  House  being  a  will-kept  hotel; 
two  stores,  one  oil  refinery,  and  about  400 
inluibiliints.  A  steam  ferry-boat  plies 
across  the  St.  Clair  River,  to  aocommoduto 
passengers  and  freight;  the  river  liere 
being  about  1,000  feet  wide,  and  running 
with  considerable  velocity,  having  a  depth 
of  from  20  to  60  feet. 

In  a  military  and  commercial  point  of 
view,  this  place  attracts  groat  attention, 
no  doubt,  being  destined  to  increase  in 
population  and  importance.  The  Fort  was 
built  in  1814,  at  the  close  of  the  war  with 
Great  Britain,  and  consists  of  a  stockade, 
including  a  magazine,  barracks,  and  other 
accommodations  for  a  garrison  of  one  bat- 
taUon.  It  fully  commands  the  entrance 
to  Lalte  Huron  from  the  American  shore, 
and  is  an  mtcresting  landmark  to  the  mar- 
iner. 

Sarnia,  C.  W.,  situated  on  the  easi 
bank  of  St.  Clair  River,  two  miles  belov 


H 


TRIP  THROUOH    THK    LAKES. 


TR 


Lake  Tluivm  and  68  above  Detroit,  in  ai 
port  of  entry  and  a  place  of  con«idi'rablo 
trade ;  two  linc8  of  railroad  tcruiiuato  ut 
this  point,  and  it  is  olosoly  connected  with 
Port  Huron  on  the  American  shore  by 
mciinH  of  a  stoara  ferry.  Tlie  town  con- 
tains a  court-houBo  and  jail,  county  regis- 
ter's odloo  and  t'>wa  hall;  one  Episcopal, 
one  Methodist,  one  Congregational,  one 
Baptist,  one  Roman  Catholic,  and  one  Free 
Church ;  seven  public  houties,  the  princi- 
pal being  t^e  '  Ale.Mnder  Iluune  and  the 
Wentem  Ifuiel ;  twenty  stores  and  sev- 
eral groceries;  two  grain  elevators,  two 
Ktoam  saw-mills ;  one  steam  grist-mlli  one 
largo  barrel  fnetory,  one  steam  cabinet 
factory,  one  steam  iron  foundry,  and  one 
retlnery  of  petroleum  oil,  besides  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  Popula- 
tion, 2,000. 

Tlio  Grand  Trunlc  Railway  of  Canada 
tcrijiiuates  at  Point  Edward,  2  miles  from 
Sarnia,  extending  eastward  to  Montreal, 
Quebec,  and  Porthnd,  Mo. ;  a  branch  of 
the  (ireat  Western  Railway  also  .termi- 
nates at  Sarnia,  affording  a  direct  commu- 
nication with  Niagara  Kails,  Boston,  and 
New  York.  Steamers  run  from  Sarnia  to 
Goderich  and  Saugeen,  C.  W. ;  also  to  and 
from  Detroit,  and  ports  on  the  Upper 
Lakes. 

The  celel)rated  Enniskillen  Oil  Wells, 
yielding  an  immense  quantity  of  petroleum 
oil  of  a  superior  quality,  are  distant  some 
18  or  20  miles  from  Sarnia,  tliis  being  the 
nearest  shipping  port.  Tlieso  wells  are 
easy  of  access  by  means  of  railway  and 
plank-roads ;  the  oil  is  brought  to  Sarnia 
in  barrels,  and  much  of  it  shipped  from 
hence  direct  to  European  ports,  passing 
down  'he  St.  Lawrence  River. 

The  S^,  Clair  River,  opposite  Sarnia,  here 
one  mile  in  width,  flows  downward  with  a 
strong  current,  at  the  rate  of  about  six 
miles  on  hour. 


§tcaniboal  Roote  from  Har- 
nia  to  Ciioderlcli,  fektuveen, 
etc. 

Steamers  running  to  and  from  Detroit 
on  tlieir  way  to  tlie  diit'erent  |)orts  on  the 
east  shore  of  Lake  Huron,  usually  hug 
the  Canada  side,  leaving  tlie  broad  waters 
of  the  lake  to  tlie  westward. 

Point  Ed  ward,  2  miles  above  Sarnia, 
lies  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Huron,  opposite 
Fort  Gratiot,  where  are  erected  a  large 
depot  and  warehouses  connected  with  the 
Grand  Trunk  ilailivay  of  Canada.  Here 
terminates  the  grand  railroad  connection 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the 
Ppper  Lakes.  It  also  commands  the 
entrance  into  Lake  Huron  and  is  an  im- 
portant military  position  although  at  pres- 
ent unfortiUed.  In  the  vicinity  is  an  ex- 
cellent ttsiiery,  from  whence  largo  quanti- 
ties of  lish  are  annually  exported. 

lUvFiBi.i),  t'.  W.,  108  miles  from  De- 
troit, is  a  new  and  llourishiug  place,  sit- 
uated at  the  mouth  of  a  rirer  of  the  same 
name. 

GoDERicu,  120  miles  north  of  Detroit, 
is  situated  on  elevated  ground  at  the 
mouth  of  Maitlaiid  River,  where  is  a  good 
harbor.  This  is  a  very  important  and 
growing  place,  where  terminates  the  Buf- 
falo and  Huron  liailroad,  160  miles  in 
length.     (See  page  5li.) 

KiNX'ARMNE,  thirty  miles  from  Gode- 
rich, is  another  port  on  the  Canadian  side 
of  Lake  Huron,  whore  the  British  steam- 
ers land  and  receive  passengers  on  their 
trips  to  Saugeen. 

Sauoekn,  C.  W.,  is  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  where  is  a 
good  harbor  for  steamers  and  lake  cralt. 
This  is  the  most  northern  port  to  which 
steamers  now  run  on  the  Canada  side  of 
Lake  Huron,  and  will  no  doubt,  ere  long 
be  reached  by  railroad. 


Mean 
Huroi 

On  lun 
the  steal 
the  broa 
the  Grea 
for  tlie  i 
Tlie  she 
being  o 
forest  tr 

Lakbi 
ron,  is  a 
■bore. 

Lkxis 
capital 
where  is 
flourishi 

Poet 
Huron,  i 

FOKKI 

Port  Hu 
troit,  sit 
Huron, 
erected  i 
has  som 
tants,  mi 
Several 
ated  on 
which  c 
steamer, 
ques,  ab 
Huron. 

Hauin 
ing  a  wi 
rou  hei 
where  ti 
storms, 
Upper  I 
Georgia 
merable 

Bay 
the  moil 
iug  tov 
3,500. 
whence 
nually  c 
and  otlii 


TRIP   FBOJI    DETROIT   TO   MACKIHAO,   ORBBN    BAY,    CIIICAOO,   ITO.      71 


le  from  ffar« 

and  from  Detroit 
rerent  |K>rta  on  the 
iiron,  UHUuUy  hug 
f(  tlie  broad  waters 
ivard. 

iilu»  above  Samio, 
e  Uuron,  oppoi<ito 
e  erected  a  large 
sonnected  with  the 
of  Cttiiada.  Here 
ailroad  connection 
luntic  ocean  to  the 

0  commands  the 
ron  and  la  an  im- 

1  althougli  at  prea- 
I  vicinity  is  an  ez- 
louce  largo  quauti- 
•  exported. 

8  miles  from  De- 
irishiug  place,  ait- 
i  river  of  the  aame 

north  of  Detroit, 
d  ground  at  tiio 
>r,  where  is  a  good 
ry  important  and 
erminates  the  Bu/- 
<ad,    160  miles  in 

miles  from  Gode- 
tiio  Canadian  side 
the  British  Ktoam- 
isseugers  on  their 

uated  at  the  mouth 
namo,  where  is  a 
rs  and  lalce  craft, 
em  port  to  which 
le  Canada  side  of 
lo  doubt,  ere  long 


Meamboat  Route  from  Port 
Huron  to  SuxUiuw  €lty,  etc. 

On  leaving  tl»e  wharf  at  Port  Huron, 
the  steamers  pass  Fort  Gratiot  and  enter 
the  broad  waters  of  Lal<o  Huron,  one  of 
the  Great  Upper  Lako.s,  all  alilie  celebrated 
for  the  sparkling  purity  of  their  waters. 
Tlie  sliore.s  are  for  tlie  most  part  low, 
being  covered  by  a  heavy  growth  of 
forest  trees. 

Lakipobt,  11  miles  from  Port  Hu- 
ron, is  a  small  village  lying  on  tlie  lake 
■bore. 

Lkxinotok,  11  miles  further,  is  the 
capital  of  Sanilac  County,  Micliigan, 
wliere  is  a  good  steamboat  landing  and  a 
flourishing  settlement. 

Poet  Sanilac,  34  miles  above  Port 
Huron,  is  anottior  sm.'dl  settlement. 

V0KIIE8TVIM.E,  Mich.,  47  miles  from 
Port  Huron,  and  120  miles  north  of  De- 
troit, situated  on  tlie  west  side  of  Lake 
Huron,  is  a  new  settlement,  where  'ia 
erected  an  extensive  steam  saw-mill.  It 
has  some  three  or  four  hundred  iiihaln- 
tants,  mostly  engaged  in  the  lumber  trmlo. 
Several  other  smaU  settlements  are  situ- 
ated on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Huron, 
which  can  be  seen  from  the  ascending 
steamer,  before  reaching  Point  aux  Bar- 
ques, about  sevonty-ttve  miles  above  Port 
Huron. 

HA(iiSAW  Bay  is  next  entered,  present- 
ing a  wide  expanse  of  waters;  Lake  Hu- 
ron here  attaining  its  greatest  width, 
where  the  mariner  often  encounters  fierce 
storms,  which  are  prevalent  on  all  of  the 
Upper  Lakes.  To  tlie  eastward  lies  the 
Georgian  Bay  of  Canada,  with  its  innu- 
merable islands. 

Bay  City,  or  Lower  Saoihaw,  near 
(he  mouth  of  Saginaw  River,  is  a  Hourish- 
iog  town,  with  a  population  of  about 
3,,5{)0.  Here  is  a  good  harbor,  from 
whence  a  lar>  amount  of  lumber  is  an- 
nually export  .  It  has  tifteen  aaw-raills, 
and  other  mau   facturing  establishments. 


Steamers  run  daily  to  Detroit  and  other 
ports. 

Kast  Sauinaw,  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river,  about  one  mile  below 
Saginaw  City,  is  a  new  and  Houriahing 
place,  and  bids  fair  to  be  one  of  the  moat 
important  cities  of  the  state.  It  is  largely 
engaged  in  the  lumber  trade^and  in  the 
manufacture  of  salt  of  a  superior  quality. 
There  are  several  largo  steam  aaw-mills, 
many  with  gau,!;s  of  saws,  and  capable  of 
sawing  from  four  to  five  million  feet  of 
lumber  annually ;  grist  and  llouring-miUa, 
with  four  run  of  stones,  planing-milla, 
foundries,  machine  shops,  breweries,  a 
ship-yard,  and  other  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments, giving  employment  to  a 
great  number  of  workmen.  Hero  is  a 
well-kept  hotel,  and  several  churches  j  a 
banking  ollice  and  a  number  of  large 
stores  and  warehouses.  Coal  of  a  good 
quality  is  abundant,  being  found  near  the 
river,  and  the  recent  discovery  of  salt 
sprinijs  in  tlio  neighborhood  is  of  incal- 
culable value,  the  manufacture  of  salt 
being  carried  on  very  extensively.  Popu- 
lation in  18G7,  10,000. 

Several  hues  of  steamers,  and  one  of 
propellers,  sail  from  this  port  regularly 
for  Detroit  and  other  lake  porta.  It  is 
near  the  head  of  navigation  for  lake  craft, 
where  ftve  rivers  unite  with  tlie  Saginaw, 
giving  several  hundred  miles  of  water 
communication  for  river  rafting  and  the 
floatmg  of  saw-logs.  Tb.e  surrounding 
country  is  rich  in  pine,  oak,  cherry,  black- 
walnut,  and  other  valuable  timber,  -t 
railroad  is  finished  from  this  place  to 
IMly,  connecting  with  the  Detroit  and 
Milwaukee  Railro.iri. 

Saginaw  City,  Saginaw  County,  Mich., 
is  handsomely  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  river,  23  miles  above  its  mouth.  It 
contains  a  corrt-house  and  jail,  several 
churches,  two  hotels,  fifteen  stores,  two 
warehouses,  and  six  steam  saw-mills. 
Population  about  8,000.  There  is  a  fine 
section  of  country  in  the  rear  o(  Saginaw 


» 


TRIP    THROTIOH    TIIR    LAKK8. 


much  of  which  is  heavily  timbered ;  the 
■oil  produces  grain  in  abiuidiincc,  wliile 
the  streams  aflbrd  means  of  easy  trans- 
portation to  marltet.    !?'.  tamers  run  daily 


from  Saginaw  City  and  East  Sagiiaw  to 
Detroit,  CliiouKO,  itc,  and  other  ports  on 
tlje  lakes,  during  tlie  season  of  naviga- 
tion. 


LAXE  HUBOH. 


The  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  lying  be- 
tween 43°  and  46"  north  latitude,  are 
surrounded  by  low  shores  on  every  side. 
The  most  prominent  features  are  Saginaw 
Buy  on  tlie  southwest,  and  the. Georgian 
Bay  on  the  northeast;  tlie  latter  large 
body  of  water  being  entirely  in  the  limits 
of  Canada.  The  lake  proper,  may  be  said 
to  be  100  miles  in  width,  from  east  to 
west,  and  250  miles  in  length,  from  south 
to  north,  terminating  at  tlie  Straits  of 
Mackinac.  It  is  nearly  destitute  of  is- 
lands, presenting  one  br&nd  expanse  of 
waters.  It  possesses  several  good  har- 
bors on  its  western  shores,  although  as  yet 
but  little  frequented.  Point  aux  Barques, 
Thunder  Bay,  and  Tlmnder  Bay  Islands, 
are  prominent  points  to  tlio  mariner. 

Tawas,  or  Ottawa  Bay,  lying  on  the 
northwest  side  of  Saginaw  Bay,  affords  a 
good  harbor  and  refuge  during  storms,  as 
well  as  Tuukuek  Bay,  lying  farther  to 
the  north.  Off  Saginaw  Bay,  the  widest 
part  of  the  lake,  rough  weather  is  often 
experienced,  rendering  it.  necessary  for 
steamers  and  sail  vessels  to  run  for  a  hai- 
bor  or  place  of  safety. 

In  addition  to  the  surplus  waters  which 
Lake  Huron  receives  through  the  Straits 
of  Mackinac  and  the  St.  Mary's  River 
firom  tlie  nortli,  it  receives  the  waters  of 
Saginaw  River,  and  several  other  small 
streams  from  ihe  west.  This  lake  drains 
but  a  very  small  section  of  country  com- 
pared to  its  magnitude,  while  its  deptli  is 
a  matter  of  astonishment,  being  from  lOU 
to  750  feet,  accord  .ng  to  recent  surveys; 


altitude  above  the  oceaa,  574  feet,  being 
26  feet  below  the  surface  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. Its,  outlet,  tlie  St.  Clair  River,  does 
not  seem  to  bo  much  larger  than  the  St. 
Mary's  River,  its  principal  inlet,  thus  leav- 
ing nearly  all  its  other  waters  falling  in 
the  basin,  to  pass  off  by  evaporation.  On 
entering  the  St.  Clair  liiver,  at  Fort  Gra- 
tiot, after  passing  over  the  Upper  Lakes, 
the  Vjcliolder  is  surprised  to  find  all  these 
accumulated  waters  compressed  down  to 
a  width  of  about  1,000  feet,  the  depth 
varying  from  20  to  GO  feet,  with  a  strong 
downward  current. 

The  i^tniits  of  Mackinac,  connecting 
Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  is  a  higlily 
interesting  body  of  water,  embosoming 
several  piotnresciuo  islands,  witii  beautiful 
licadlauds  along  its  shores.  It  varies  in 
width  from  5  to  ;J0  miles,  from  mainland 
to  mainland,  and  may  be  said  to  be  from 
30  to  40  miles  in  lengtli.  Hero  are  good 
fisliing  grounds,  as  well  as  at  several 
other  points  on  Lake  Huron  and  Georgian 
Bay. 

The  climate  of  Lake  Hrron  and  its 
shores  is  perceptibly  warmer  than  Lake 
Superior  during  tlie  spring,  summer,  and 
autumn  months,  while  tlie  winter  season 
is  usually  rendered  extremely  cold  from 
the  prevalence  of  northerly  winds  passing 
over  its  exposed  surface.  On  the  30th  of 
July,  1800,  at  8  a.  m.,  the  temperature  of 
the  air  near  the  middle  of  Lake  Huron, 
was  04''  Fahr.,  the  water  on  tlie  surface, 
52°,  end  at  tlie  bottom,  50  fathoms  (300 
feet)  42°  Fahr. 


The 
nearly  s 
Great  Li 
ation  is 
the  purp 
any  othe 

The  ni 
every  p( 
which  ur 
sidorablc 
natural  < 
interioPy 
ble  for  p 
tion.  E' 
Mackinac 
with  the 
ducomen 
railroads, 
portions 
construct 
points  in 
ly  timbc 
claimed, 
substanti 
jwrtions 

It  is  w 
satior>.  w 
t!io  uni> 
comprise 
Western 
correspoi 
the  nece 
demand  c 
Is  so  raj 
States. 

Tlie  St 
of  which 
Lawrence 
ncsota  a 
States  of 
and  a  lar 
west  of 
supply  ol 
The  supp 
demand, 
and  tlio 


C»8t  SagiittW  to 

oilier  ports  on 

180U  of  naviga- 


THE  LOWER  PENINSULA  OF   yiCSIOAN. 


,  574  feet,  being 
)  of  Lake  Supe- 
□Ittir  River,  does 
rer  than  tlio  St. 
1  inlet,  thus  leav- 
vaters  falling  ia 
ivaporation.  On 
ver,  at  Fort  Gra- 
18  Upper  Lakes, 
to  find  all  these 
pressed  down  to 
I  feet,  the  depth 
et,  with  a  strong 

iimc,  connectiDg 
gan,  is  a  higlily 
ter,  embosomiiij? 
ds,  with  beautiful 
3S.  It  varies  in 
3,  from  mainland 
)  said  to  be  from 
Hero  are  good 
ill  as  at  several 
ron  and  Georgian 

I  Ilrron  and  its 
armer  than  Lake 
ing,  summer,  and 
he  winter  season 
remely  cold  fron) 
)rly  winds  passing 
1.  '  On  the  30th  of 
e  temperature  of 
I  of  Lake  Huron, 
ir  on  the  surface, 
50  fathoms  (UOO 


Thb  Lower  Peninsula  of  Michigan  is 
nearly  surrounded  by  the  waters  of  the 
Great  Lakes,  and,  in  this  respect,  its  situ- 
ation is  naturally  more  favorable  for  all 
the  purposes  of  trade  and  commerce  than 
any  other  of  the  Western  States. 

The  numerous  streams  which  penetrate 
every  portion  of  tlie  Peninsula,  some  of 
which  are  navigable  for  steamboats  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  lake,  being 
natural  outlets  for  the  products  of  tlie 
interiois  render  this  whole  region  desira- 
ble for  purposes  of  settlement  and  cultiva- 
tion. Even  as  far  north  as  the  Strait  of 
Mackinac,  the  soil  and  cUmatc,  togetlier 
with  the  valuable  timber,  offer  great  in- 
ducements to  settlors ;  and  if  the  proposed 
railroads,  under  the  recent  grant  of  large 
portions  of  these  lands  by  Congress,  are 
constructed  from  and  to  the  diflferent 
points  indicated,  this  extensive  and  heavi- 
ly timbered  region  wiU  speedily  be  re- 
claimed, and  become  one  of  the  most 
substantial  and  prosperous  agricultural 
portions  of  the  West. 

It  is  well  that  in  tlie  system  of  oompon- 
sation,  wliich  soorns  to  bu  a  great  law  of 
the  universe,  tlie  vast  prairies  which 
comprise  so  largo  a  portion  of  this  great 
Western  domain  are  provided  so  well  with 
corresponding  regions  of  timber,  affording 
the  necessary  supply  of  lumber  for  the 
demand  of  the  increasing  population  which 
is  so  rapidly  pouring  into  these  Western 
States. 

The  State  of  Michigan — all  the'  waters 
of  which  flow  into  the  Hasin  of  the  St. 
Lawrence — Northern  Wisconsin,  and  Min- 
nesota are  the  sources  from  which  the 
States  of  Ohio,  Indiiina,  Illinois,  and  Iowa, 
and  a  large  portion  of  the  prairie  country 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  must  derive  t\\J\t 
supply  of  this  important  article  (lumber). 
The  supply  in  the  West  is  now  equal  to  the 
demand,  but  the  consumption  is  so  great, 
and  the  demand  so  constantly  increasing 


with  the  development  and  settlement  of 
the  country,  that  of  necessity,  within 
comparatively  a  very  few  years,  these  vast 
forests  will  be  exhausted.  But  as  the 
timber  is  exhausted  the  soil  is  prepared 
for  cultivation,  and  a  large  portion  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  southern  Peninsula 
of  Michigan  will  be  settled  and  cultivated, 
as  it  is  the  most  reliable  wheat-growing 
portion  of  the  Union. 

Besides  the  ports  and  towns  already 
described,  there  are  on  Lake  Huron,  after 
leaving  Saginaw  Bay,  going  north,  several 
settlements  and  lumber  estabUshments, 
fisheries,  &c.  These  are  at  Taivas  Hay, 
mouth  of  the  River  au  Sable,  Black  River, 
&c. 

Alpe.va,  situated  at  the  head  of  Thun- 
der Bay,  is  a  very  flourishing  town,  and 
the  capital  of  Alpena  County.  It  contains 
aljout  100  inhabitants,  and  four  saw-mills, 
possessing  a  superior  water-power  on  the 
river  liero  emptying  into  the  bay.  It  is 
botli  a  lumber  and  lisliing  station  of  con- 
siderable importance. 

Duncan  is  the  next  place  of  importance 
on  the  lake  coast,  situated  near  the  mouth 
of  Cheboygan  River.  The  United  States 
Land  Office  for  this  district  is  located  at 
this  place.  Nearly  opposite  lies  Boi-s  Blanc 
Island,  a  largo  and  fertile  tract  of  land. 

The  oolobrated  Island  of  Mackinac  is 
next  reached,  lying  within  the  straits, 
surrounded  by  a  cluster  of  interesting 
points  of  land  justly  celebrated  in  Indian 
legends  and  traditions. 

Old  Mackinac,  lying  on  the  mainland, 
is  one  of  the  most  interesting  points,  being 
celebrated  both  in  French  and  Knglish 
history  when  those  two  great  powers  con- 
tended for  th&posBession  of  this  vast  Lake 
Region.  It  is  proposed  to  build  a  railroad 
from  Old  Mackinac  to  Saginaw,  t'nd  one  to 
the  southern  conflues  of  the  State,  while 
another  line  of  road  will  extend  north- 
westward to  Lake  Superior,  crossing  the 


IP* 


u 


TRIP  THROUGH  THE  LAKKB. 


straits  by  a  steam  ferry.  A  town  plot '  s 
bccu  surveyed,  and  preparations  niadr  ibr 
Bctiloraent. 

P...'sin(?  around  the  ■westflm  extremity 
of  the  Peninsulrt,  at  the  WaugoiKance  Liglit 
and  Island,  the  next  point  is  Little  Traverse 
Buy,  a. most  beautiful  shcec,  of  water. 

About  Hltcen  miles  soiuh westerly  from 
Little  Traverse  wc  enter  (rRANDTBAVEBSE 
Bay,  a  large  and  bei'diful  arm  of  tlie 
lake,  extenc'iii'^  about;  thirty  mQes  inland. 
This  bay  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  a 
point  of  land,  from  t-.vo  to  four  miles  wide, 
extending  from  the  head  of  the  bay  about 
eighteen  miles  toward  the  lake.  The 
country  around  this  bay  is  exceedingly 
picturesque,  and  embraces  one  of  the  finest 
agricultural  portions  of  tlie  State.  The 
climate  is  mild,  and  fruit  and  grain  of  all 
kinds  suitable  to  a  northern  latitude  arc 
produced,  witli  less  liability  to  injury  froui 
I'ros'  than  in  some  of  tlic  southern  portions 
of  the  State. 

Grand  Tra''',kse  City  is  located  at  the 
head  oi'  the  west  arm  of  the  bay,  and  is 
the  terniinui'  of  the  proposed  railroad  from 
Grand  Rapids,  a  distance  of  about  14u  miles. 

Passing  out  of  the  bay  and  around  the 
point  dividing  tlic  west  arm  from  the  lake, 
w.'  lirst  arrive  at  the  river  Aux  licr.s  Sceis. 
There  is  here  a  natural  harbor,  capable  of 
accommodating  tlio  larger  class  of  vessels 
and  steamboats.  A  town  named  Frank- 
fort has  been  commenced  at  this  place, 
and  with  its  natural  advantages,  and  the 
enterprise  of  parties  who  now  contemplate 
making  furtlier  improvements,  it  will  soon 
become  a  very  desirable  and  convenient 
point  for  the  accommodation  of  navigators. 

The  islands  comprising  the  Beavers, 
the  Manitous,  and  Fox  Isles  should  here 
lie  noticed.  The  Beavers  lie  a  little  south 
of  west  from  the  entri>nco  to  the  Strait  of 
Mackinac,  the  Manitous  a  little  south  of 
these,  and  the  Foxes  still  I'art  her  down  the 
lake.  These  are  all  valuable  for  fishing 
purposes,  and  for  wood  and  lumber.  Lying 
in  tuo  route  of  all  the  steamboat  lines  from 


Chicago  to  Buffalo  and  the  Upper  Lakes, 
thu  harbors  on  tlicse  islands  are  stopping- 
points  for  the  boats,  and  aprof  table  trade 
is  conducted  in  furnishing  the  necessary 
supplies  of  wood,  etc. 

We  next  arrive  at  Manistee,  a  braall 
but  important  settlement  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Manistee  River.  The  harbor  is  a 
natural  one,  but  requires  some  improve- 
ment. A  large  trade  is  carried  on  with 
Chicag  o  in  lumber. 

The  next  point  of  importance  is  the 
mouth  of  the  Pcre  Marquette  River.  Hero 
js  the  terminus  of  the  proposed  j-ail'x}ad 
from  Flint,  in  Genesee  C<iunty,  connetl- 
ing  with  Detroit  by  the  Detroit  and  Mil- 
waukee Railway,  a  distance  of  about  180 
miles. 

The  harbor  is  very  superior,  and  the 
country  in  the  vicinity  is  well  adapted  for 
settlement.  About  16  miles  in  the  inte- 
rior is  situated  one  of  the  most  compact 
and  extensive  tracts  of  pine  timber  (m  the 
western  coast. 

About  forty  miles  south  of  this,  in  the 
county  of  Oceana,  a  small  village  is  loca- 
ted at-the  mouth  of  Wiu'te  Hive, .  The  har- 
bor here  is  also  a  natural  one,  and  the 
region  is  settled  to  considerible  extent  by 
farmers.  Lumber  is,  however,  the  prin- 
cipal commodity,  and  the  trade  is  prin- 
cipally with  the  Chicago  market. 

The  next  point,  Muskegon,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Muskegon  liivtr,  is  supported  prin- 
cipal" by  the  large  lumber  region  of 
the  interior.  Numerous  steam  naw-mills 
are  now  in  active  operatioc  here,  giving 
the  place  an  air  of  life  ana  activity. 

The  harbor  is  one  of  the  best  on  tfto 
lake,  and  is  at  present  accessible  for  all  the 
vessels  trading  between  Muskegon  and 
Chicago. 

Grand  HaviiIN,  Ottawa  Co.,  Mieli,  is 
situated  ou  both  sides  of  Grand  River,  at 
its  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  here 
eighty-fivi>  miles  wide;  on  the  opposite  side 
lies  Milwaukee,  Wis.  Fur/urDier  descrip- 
Hull,  see  page  GU. 


SaUii 

Vackin 

St.  Mai 

miles,  ( 

or  land 

ThuE 

passed, 

the  laki 

inac  is 

mantic 

of  M«ck 

tttiva  La 

ways  cc 

travellei 

for  ages 

merce,  i 

with  ci^ 

In  th 

Huron  ii 

aflfordinf 

ness  anc 

often  an 

ly  rufflei 

the  voya 

e.tperieii 

Mack 

wave  th 

the  Upp 

other  lo( 

mate,  foi 

its  vicini 

the  invi 

well  as  t 

cnjoyme 

warm  w( 

On  lea 

steamer 

the  mciii 

Islands 

the  wato 

St'Msir 

and  Roe 

of  the  "n 

diarrain^ 


lie  Upper  Lakes, 
nds  are  stoppinf?- 
a  proftable  trade 
ig  the  necessary 

ANisTBE,  a  bmall 
t  at  the  mouth  of 
The  harbor  is  a 
8  some  improvo- 
cnrried  on  with 

nportacce  is  the 
lette  River.  Here 
proposed  jall''oad 
Cnunty,  connett- 
Detroit  and  Mil- 
mce  of  about  180 

mpcrior,  and  the 
B  well  adapted  for 
nilea  in  the  iute- 
ho  moat  compnct 
line  timber  on  the 

ith  of  this,  in  the 
all  village  is  loca- 
te  Hive, .  The  har- 
iral  one,  and  the 
der&blo  extent  by 
owever,  the  prin- 
Iio  trade  is  prin- 
)  market. 

3G0\,  at  the  mouth 
is  supported  prin- 
lumber  region  oi 
8  steam  fiaw-mills 
ation  here,  giving 
ana  activity, 
f  the  be»:t  on  the 
Gccssible  for  all  tlie 
n  Muskegon  and 

iwa  Co.,  Mioli,  is 
of  Grand  River,  at 
3  Michigan,  here 
in  the  opposite  side 
Fbr  further  descrip- 


DIRECT    STEAMBOAT    RCUTE    FROM   DETROIT    TO 
GREEN  BAY,  CHIOAOO,    &c. 


Sailing  direct  through  Lake  Huron  to 
Mackinac,  or  to  the  De  Tour  entrance  to 
St.  Mary's  River,  a  distance  of  about  330 
oules,  the  steamer  often  runs  out  of  sight 
or  land  on  crossing  Saginaw  Bay. 

Thunder  Bay  Light  is  first  sighted  and 
pa-ssed,  and  then  Preaque  Isle  Light,  when 
the  lake  narrows  and  tho  Strait  of  Mack- 
inac is  soon  entered,  whore  lies  the  to- 
mantio  Island  of  Mackmac.  The  Strait 
of  ifnckinac,  with  the  approaches  thereto 
thm  Lakes  Huron  and  Michigan,  will  al- 
ways command  attention  from  tiio  passing 
traveller.  Through  tliis  channel  will  pass, 
for  ages  to  come,  a  great  current  of  com- 
merce, and  its  shores  will  bo  enlivened 
with  civilized  1  ;fe. 

In  this  gro.it  commercial  ro\ito.  Lake 
Huron  is  traversed  its  entire  length,  often 
aflfording  ji^ie  traveller  a  taste  oi  sea-sick- 
ness and  its  consequent  evil.s.  Yet  there 
often  are  times  when  Lake  Huron  is  hard- 
ly ruffled,  and  the  timid  passenger  enjoys 
the  voyage  with  as  much  zest  as  the  more 
e.tperienced  mariner. 

MicKiNAO,  crovmed  by  a  fortress,  where 
wave  the  Star.i  and  the  Stripes,  the  gem  of 
the  Upper  Lake  isla,  "is,  may  vie  with  any 
other  locality  for  the  salubrity  of  its  cli- 
mate, for  its  picturesque  beauties,  and  <ci 
its  vicinity  to  fine  flshing-grounds.  Here 
the  invalid,  the  seeker  of  pleasure,  as 
well  aa  the  sportsman  and  angler,  cm  find 
enjoyment  to  their  heart's  content  during 
warm  weather.  Fur  description,  seep.  88. 
On  leaving  Mackinacfor  Green  Bay,  the 
steamer  goni>rally  runs  a  west  course  for 
the  mouth  of  the  bay,  passing  the  Beaver 
Islands  in  Lake  Michigan  before  entering 
the  waters  of  Green  Hay, 'about  150  miles. 
StTMMEK  IsLAN'D  ii(  s  OH  tho  nortli  side 
and  Rock  Isr.AND  lies  on  tlio  south  side 
of  the  entrance  to  (irecu  Bay,  forming  a 
diarraing  view  fromtlio  dockof  asteamor. 


Wasiunoton  or  Potawatomee  Island. 
Chambkhs'  Island,  and  other  smaU  islands 
are  next  passed  on  the  upward  trip  toward 
tie  head  of  the  bay. 

Washinotoh  Habboe,  situated  at  the 
north  end  of  Washington  Island,  is  a  pictu- 
resque fishing  station,  affording  a  good 
steamboat-landing  and  safe  anchorage. 

Green  Bat,  about  100  miles  long  and 
from  20  to  30  miles  wide,  is  a  splendid 
sheet  of  water,  destined  no  doubt  to  be 
enlivened  with  commerce  and  pleasure 
wcursions.  (City  of  Qretn  Bay,  seep.  32.; 

Ports    of    iMke    lllicliigan-^ 
East  and  tiouth  Shores. 

nielifgan  City,  Ind.,  situated  at 
the  extreme  south  end  of  Lake  Michigan, 
is  distant  45  miles  from  Chicago  by  water 
and  228  miles  from  Detroit  by  railroad 
route.  Tlie  New  Albany  d:  Sakm  Rail- 
road, 228  miles  in  length,  terminates  at 
this  place,  connecting  with  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad.  Several  plank  rorda 
also  terminate  liere,  afibrding  facilities  1  ir 
crdssing  the  extensive  prairies  lying  in 
the  rear.  Here  are  several  large  store- 
ho-.,cM,  situated  Dt  the  month  of  Trail 
Creek,  intended  for  the  storage  and  ship, 
ment  of  wheat  and  oiler  produce ;  20  or 
30  stores  of  different  kindo.  several  hotels, 
and  a  branch  of  the  State  Bank  oi"  Indiana. 
It  now  contains  5,000  inhabitants,  a.^d  ia 
steadily  increasing  in  wealtli  and  numbe-s 

The  harbor  of  Michigan  City,  which 
has  been  closed  for  a  number  of  years  to 
large  vessels  by  the  accumulation  of  sand 
In  the  channel  is  again  open,  witli  a  good 
depth  of  water.  Vessels  loaded  with  iron 
ore  and  with  lumber  cuter  and  discharge 
cargoes  wiliiout  difficulty.  An  eflicieni 
dredge  is  at  work,  and  Michigan  City  will 
BOOH  become  a  lake  port  of  importance. 


70 


TRIP   TIROUGII   TUB    LAKES. 


New  Buffalo,  Mich.,  lying  50  milee 
east  ofCblcago  by  steamboat  route,  is  situ- 
nted  on  the  lino  of  the  Michigan  Central 
Railroad,  218  miles  west  of  Detroit.  Here 
have  been  erected  a  light-house  and  pier, 
the  latter  affording  a  good  landing  for 
steamers  and  lake  craft.  The  settlement 
contains  two  or  three  hundred  inhabi- 
tants, and  several  stores  and  storehouses. 
It  is  surrounded  by  a  light,  sandy  soil, 
which  abounds  all  along  the  east  and 
south  shores  of  Lalve  Michigan. 

St.  Joseph,  Berrien  Co.,  Mich.,  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  cast  shore 
of  Lake  Micliigan,  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
Joseph  Rivor,  194  miles  west  of  Detroit. 
Here  is  a  good  harbor,  affordiu^  about  10 
feet  of  water.  Tlie  village  contains  about 
1,000  inhabitants,  and  a  uunihor  of  stures 
and  storehouses.  An  .ctivo  trada  in 
lumber,  grain,  and  fruit  is  carried  on  at 
this  place,  mostly  with  the  Chicago 
market,  it  being  distant  about  10  miles 
by  water.  Steamers  of  a  small  class  run 
from  St.  Joaopli  to  Niles  and  Constr.ntine, 
a  distance  of  1 20  miles,  to  wliich  phioe  iho 
St.  Joseph  lliver  is  navigable. 

St.  Josi^ph  River  rises  in  tbo  southern 
portion  of  Michigan  and  Nortliern  Indiena, 
and  is  about  250  miles  long.  Its  general 
course  is  nearly  westward;  is  very  ser- 
pentine, with  .ID  \,ii,'ble  current,  iind 
flowing  through  ii ;' -tiNi  section  of  coun- 
try, celebrated  alike  )  r  '.bi  s.i'sing  of 
grain  end  different  kiui''- rif  ftiiH.  here 
are  to  be  ir  .,  i  gevtra'.  i.;  tirighiijg-  \  iges 
on  its  bankb.  The  prL-  ipai  a^e  C.  i>stan- 
tine,  Elkhart,  South  Bend,  ana  Nilca. 

NiLGS,  situated  on  St.  Joseph  River,  is 
2G  n:iles  above  its  mouth  by  land,  and  191 
miles  from  Detroit  by  railroad  route. 
This  is  a  flourishing  village,  containing 
abort  3,000  inhabitants,  Ave  churches, 
three  hoteln,  several  large  stores  and 
flouring  mills;  the  country  around  pro- 
ducing large  quantities  of  wheat  and  other 
kinds  of  grain.  A  small  class  of  steamers 
run  to  St.  Joseph  below  and  other  places 


above,  on  the  river,  affordbg  great  facil- 
ities to  trade  in  this  section  of  country. 

South  HAVB^f,  Van  Buren  Co.,  lies  at 
the  mouth  of  Black  River. 

Naples,  Allegan  Co.,  lies  on  the  east 
side  of  Lake  Michigan,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Kalamazoo  River. 

AusTEUDAM,  Ottawa  Co.,  is  a  small  ^ 
lage  lying  near  the  Lake  shore,  about  20 
miles  south  of  Grand  Haven. 

Holland,  situated  on  Bluck  Lake,  a  few 
miles  above  Amsterdam,  <s  a  thriving 
town,  settled  mostly  by  Ilollandera.  H'  'e 
is  a  good  and  spacious  harbor. 

The  counties  of  Berrien,  Cass,  Van  B  i- 
ren,  Kalamazoo,  Allep;ao,  Kent,  and  Tyt- 
tawa  are  all  celebrated  as  a  fruit-bearing 
region. 

The  Ports  extending ).  i,  Glrand  Hatrcn 
to  Safcinaw  Bay  an.  fu''/  'Icscribed  in 
another  portion  oi'  thii,  <  r!.,  aa  well  as 
the  bays  and  i:vers  f-Xi'MX'i'  into  Lakes 
Michigan  acil  Iijron. 


f  leamers  ou  f      r«  Michig'^n. 

Stea"  »•'  '»iuvt>  C!  iof.  ;o  da''y,  during 
the  seasio'i ,.  Cnavigjtivfl,  lur  Graud  Haven 
BUG  Mu"kc<jon,  connfi''ting  with  steamers 
run'iing  to  Pare  Ma'-quelte,  Manistee,  and 
other  ports  '.n  the  Michigan  sid  )  of  the 
lake. 

Dfiily  lines  of  steamers  also  letve  Chi- 
e<»go  for  Racine,  Mi'  vi^Rakee,  Port  Waah- 
isgtoD,  Sheboy'Tsn,  Kanitowoc,  Two 
Bivers,  r.od  othor  ports  on  th^  'Wisconain 
aide  of  the  lake. 

Lines  of  propellers  also  lecve  Chioagp 
daily  for  all  the  principal  parts  on  the 
west  side  of  Lake  Michigan,  stopping  h, 
Ifackinac,  Port  Huron,  Detroit,  etc.,  af- 
fording a  speedy *and  cheap  mode  of  con- 
veyance from  Chicago  and  Milwaukee  to 
all  the  principal  ports  on  L^'lces  Erie  and 
Ontario.  {FW  a  deacriptum  of  Chicaga  an 
page  17.) 


Eitin 


"Sib 
all  the 
adapt  1 
lakes  U 
pollers 

The  Nei 
Lengths 

rence  • 
Improvl 

rence 
The  Can 
New  Yd 
Imprtvi 

Toti 

"Mo 
ports,  I 
work  t) 
for  coi 
the  sa' 
ine  era 
or  saili 
proven 
and  th( 
must  I 
cheape 
will  eE 
able  gc 
those  ( 
poller  a 
and  oti 
On  the 
first  en 
size  of 
years  6 
there  i 
cost  of 
the  8i» 
gators 
transpc 
vessels 
ves.sela 
!afo  ye 


Ibg  great  facil- 

n  of  country. 
iren  Co.,  lies  at 

ies  on  the  east 
It  the  mouth  of 

.,  is  a  small  -Ai- 
shore,  about  20 
3n. 

Ufjck  Lake,  a  few 
IS   a  thriving 
!oUandera.  H<  *e 
pbor. 

I,  Cass,  Van  B  i- 
,  Kent,  and  Ct- 
i  a  fi'uit-bearing 

i  GIrand  Haven 
'■/  iescribed  in 
'A-rk,  as  well  as 
'mi?  into  Lakes 


s  Michfg'^n. 

:o  da'')',  during 
i^r  Grauci  Haven 
g  wiib  steamers 
iB,  Manistee,  and 
igan  Bid  )  of  the 

I  also  le^ve  Chi- 
kee,  Port  Wash- 
onitowoc.  Two 
n  ih^  WiBconain 

iclecye  Chicago 
>al  p^rts  on  the 
gan,  stopping  (^ 
Detroit,  etc.,  af- 
lap  mode  of  con- 
d  Milwaukee  to 
L.'kes  Erie  and 
m  of  Chicaga  mi 


COjHMERCE  of  the  upper  1.AKE8. 

Eitimate  of  Enlarffinff  the  means  of  Transit  to  the  Sea- 
board—OliTerent  Routes  Compared. 

Copied  from  the  Chicaqo  Tkibunb,  dated  April,  1868. 


"Sib:  I  have  to  state  that  the  cost  of 
all  the  neoessary  works  to  complete  and 
adapt  the  navigation  from  the  Western 
lakes  to  Montreal  and  New  York,  for  pro- 
pellers of  850  tons,  would  be  as  follows ; 

«  8,000,000 
1,080,000 


780,000 
9,600,000 
8,000,000 
1,000,000 


The' New  WfllUnd  Canal 

Lengthening  the  Locks  of  the  3t.  Law- 
rence Canals 

Improving  the  Rapids  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence to  13  feet 

The  Canghnawoga  Canal  (2S  miles). . . 

Now  York  Champlain  Canal 

Improving  the  Uudsnn  Biver 

Total 116,800,000 

"  Most  of  these  figures  are  taken  from  re- 
ports, are  based  on  actual  surveys  of  the 
work  to  be  done,  and  sufficiently  accurate 
for  comparison.  I  shall  now  advert  to 
the  saving  which  would  be  effected  by 
me  employment  of  the  860-ton  propeller 
or  sailing  vessel,  in  transport,  by  the  im- 
provements suggested.  Raw  commodities 
and  those  of  considerable  bulk  or  weight 
must  necessarily  be  transported  by  the 
cheapest  conveyance,  and  while  railways 
will  enjoy  the  monopoly  of  carrying  valu- 
able goods  in  proportion  to  their  bulk  and 
those  of  a  perishable  character,  the  pro- 
peller and  sailing  vessel  will  carry  the  wheat 
and  other  grains,  the  provisions,  ore,  Ac. 
On  the  lakes  small  vessels  only  wero  at 
first  employed,  and  vessels  four  times  the 
size  of  those  formerly  employed  a  few 
years  since  are  now  in  use,  and  wherever 
there  is  a  suOicient  amount  of  trade,  the 
cost  of  transport  is  reduced  by  increasing 
the  siae  of  the  vessel.  Experienced  navi- 
gators on  the  lakes  estimate  tlie  cost  of 
transport  at  one-foftrth  less  by  the  large 
vessels  now  employed  than  by  tl  o  small 
ves.sels  fc  -merly  in  use.  The  tendency  of 
Into  yeiirs  has  been  toward  the  increase 


of  the  class  of  steamers  called  propellers, 
of  great  carrying  capacity,  with  engines 
adapted  to  a  slow  speed  to  obbiin  tho 
greatest  economy  of  fuel.  The  first  of 
this  class  of  vessels  employed  wore  of 
small  size,  but  experience  proved  that  the 
gTeatest  economy  was  obtained  by  en- 
larging them  to  the  greatest  size  the  lake 
harbors  would  admit.  The  cole,  y  and 
certainty  of  their  voyages  will  always 
give  them  a  preference,  for  their  charges 
are  less  than  the  railway,  their  deliveries 
are  prompt  and  but  little  lon(?or.  With 
the  improvements  in  the  nav'gHtion  com- 
pleted and  adapted  for  the  850-ton  pro- 
peller taking  cargo,  without  breaking  bulk 
from  the  Upper  Lakes  to  Montreal  or 
New  York,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
the  cost  of  transport  wouWbe  greatly  re- 
duced below  the  rates  now  paid.  By  the 
expenditure  of  fourteen  millions  of  dollars 
on  tho  Erie  Canal,  the  State  of  New  York 
opened  a  route  by  which  a  ton  of  freight 
could  be  conveyed  from  Chicago  to  New 
York  City  for  $8.64,  and  by  a  further  ex- 
penditure of  twenty-two  million  dollars 
in  enlarging  her  canal  she  reduced  the 
cost  of  transport  to  $5.56  per  ton.  Now 
supposing  the  reduction  in  cost  of  trans- 
port, by  enlarging  the  various  canals  and 
adapting  improvements  for  the  vessel  of 
860  tons,  as  proposed,  to  bo  only  one  dollar 
and  flfty  cents  per  ton  lers  than  prei»"'itl 
ra*es  ^and  eminent  engineers  have  - 
mated  it  to  be  much  higher),  this  woi.  a 
reduction  of  five  cents  per  bushel  N  let 
me  point  out  what  the  saving  woi'  in 

one  year  on  the  grain  shipped  he  i,;ike 
Michigan  alone.  The  exports  of  gi  and 
flour  from  ihis  lake  have  already  ai  lUted 
in  one  year  equal  to  ninety  ttij.ions  of 
bushels,  and  within  two  yenf    yill,  no 


I 


78 


COMMERCE  OP  THE  UPPER  LAKES. 


donbt,  exceed  one  hundred  million  bushel!!. 
I  have  stated  that  the  average  t'reiglit  of 
this  grain  from  Lalte  Michigan  to  New 
York  is  about  thirty  cpnts  per  bushel,  in- 
cluding two  and  three-quarters  cents  for 
transfornQg  cargo  and  other  ctiarges  at 
BuflTalo.  A  deduction  of  five  cents  per 
bushel  on  the  hundred  millions  of  bushels 
would  be  live  millions  of  dollars  in  one 
year,  which  would  represent  a  capital  of 
about  ninety  millions  of  dollar?,  at  six  per 
cent,  interest,  while  the  total  cost  of  im- 
provements I  have  suggested,  would  not 
exceed  seventeen  millions  in  gold.  I 
hare  not  alluded  or  taken  iuto  account 
the  great  provision  trade  so  rapidly 
growing  up,  nor  have  I  taken  in  the  vast 
trade  which  will  so  scon  exist  on  Lake 
Superior;  neither  have  I  alhided  to  the 
grain  and  other  exports  from  Lakes  Huron, 
Erie,  and  Ontario.  I  have  preferred  to 
single  out  the  one  great  fact  of  the  present 
exports  from  this  lake,  so  that  any  one 
can  see  at  a  glance  the  enormous  import- 
ance and  advantage  of  perfecting  the 
navigation  from  the  West  to  th'  Hlast. 

THE  KOtlTES  COMP>aED. 

"  Few  persons  can  look  ,  vne  map  of 
the  Groat  Lukes  without  not:  'ing  the  nar- 
row isthmuses  which  in  several  places 
divide  them,  and  particularl}"  the  nearness 
with  whici:  the  Georgian  Bay  of  Lake 
Huron  and  Lake  Simcoe,  which  empties 
into  it,  approach  to  Lake  Ontario  (running 
through  Canada).  By  cutting  through 
an  isthmus  of  about  90  miles  a  saving  of 
400  miles  ir:  distance  would  be  made 
from  Chicago  to  Oswego. 

"Surveys  of  this  project  have  been 
made.  Lake  Simcoe  is  175  feet  above 
Ontario,  and  110  feet  above  Uri-on, 
making  a  total  of  585  teet  lockage  against 
3(30  feet  by  the  "Welland  Canal  and  St. 
Clair  River.  Moreover,  there  is  a  summit 
ridge  between  Lakes  Simcoe  and  Ontario, 
wliiah  can  not  be  locked  over  on  account 
of  this  delicioncy  of  water  to  supply  the 


summit  lovcl,  and  must  be  cut  through  aod 
led  from  Lake  Simcoe. 

"  They  would  require  (according  to  the 
engineer's  reports)  a  cutting  200  feet 
deep  for  some  two  miles,  and  an  average 
cutting,  of  some  80  feet  deep  for  six  miles 
and  a  half  No  such  cut  as  this  was  ever 
made  on  any  work,  and  by  giving  the 
banks  of  the  cut  a  sloijo  of  one  and  a 
half  feet  to  one  foot  in  depth  the  opening  on 
the  surface  would  be  eight  hundred  feet. 
Still,  this  is  considered  quite  a  trifle  by 
the  friends  of  the  project.  Its  estimated 
cost  is  $25,00C,000,  but  more  likely  to  be 
forty  millions.  Of  course  the  improve- 
paents  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Canals,  the 
Caughnawaga,  and  the  New  York  Cham- 
plain  Canal  would  have  to  be  added  to 
the  above  sura. 

"The  next  project,  which  has  also  been 
warmly  advocated  by  many,  is  what  is 
called  the  Ottawa  Oancd,  to  connect  Mon- 
treal with  Lake  Huron  via  Lake  Nippising 
and  French  River,  which  has  been  sur- 
veyed and  reported  on.  This  project  also 
shortens  the  distance  from  Chicago  or 
Milwaukee  to  Montreal  about  430  miles. 
To  understand  its  merits,  I  ^ould  begin 
by  stating  that  it  is  the  breaking  up  of  the 
ice  in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac  in  the 
spring  which  opens  navigation,  and  it  is 
the  closing  of  these  straits  by  ice  in  the 
fall  which  pu.i;  an  end  to  navigation  for 
the  year.  Now,  suppose  two  propellers 
of  85*^  tons,  leaving  Milwaukee  together, 
bound  for  Montreal,  one  by  the  Welland 
Canal  and  the  other  by  the  Ottawa  route. 
Both  vessels  keep  together  as  far  as  the 
point  in  Lake  Huron  where  it  is  necessary 
for  one  to  diverge  to  enter  the  French 
River,  emptying  into  Georgian  Bay.  This 
river  has  to  be  ascended  by  a  lockage  of 
seventy-flve  feet  to  reach  the  summit  level 
in  Lake  Nippisin<j,  and  of  oourse  there 
has  to  be  lockage  of  seveniy-five  feet 
more  to  get  back  to  the  level  of  lake  Hu- 
ron. This  engrafts  on  the  route  150  feet 
more  lockage  than  ou  the  Wolland  Canal 


cut  through  aod 

ccordiiig  to  the 
tting  200  feet 
Hid  an  arernge 
jp  for  six  railoa 
8  this  was  ever 
by  giving  the 

of  one  and  a 
I  the  opening  on 
t  hundred  feet, 
ute  a  trifle  by 

Its  estimated 
ore  likely  to  be 
I  the  improve- 
ce  Canals,  the 
vv  York  Cham- 
>o  be  added  to 

1  has  also  been 
ny,  is  what  ia 
)  connect  Mon- 
Lake  Nippising 

has  been  sur- 
his  project  also 
im  Chicago  or 
)out  430  miles. 
I  vvould  begin 
laking  up  of  the 
aekinac  in  the 
:ation,  and  it  is 
8  by  ice  in  the 

navigation  for 
two  propellers 
lukee  togetlier, 
y  the  Welland 
3  Ottawa  route, 
r  as  far  as  tlie 
i  it  is  necessary 
er  the  French 
ian  Bay.  This 
y  a  lockage  of 
tie  summit  level 
f  course  there 
veniy-five  feet 
re\  of  lake  Hii- 
'  route  150  foet 
Welland  Canal 


COMMEROB    OF  THK   CPFJtlt   LAKX3. 


10 


route.  The  Ottnwa  Kiver  is  reached 
through  tliti  River  Mattawan,  botli  of 
wli'ch  are  dammGil  i;p  in  various  places 
to  fldmit  of  their  navi(,'nUou,  making  thom 
uotliiug  more  or  les^F  than  largo  canals. 
At  niglit  it  would  ho  almost  impossible 
for  the  proptlltirto  sail,  except  very  slowly, 
while  the  oilier  propeller  could  sail  by 
niglit  as  well  as  by  day  at  iier  fitll  speed. 
The  whole  iookago  would  be  at  one  i)lace 
on  the  Welland  Canal,  for  the  St.  Law- 
rcnce  Canals  would  not  retiuire  to  be  used 
on  the  downward  voyage.  Now,  I  have 
never  seen  a  .'hipmaster  who  has  not 
acknowledged  rliat  the  propeller  would 
sooner  bo  at  Montreal  by  the  long  route 
than  he  could  bo  by  the  shorter  one  of 
four  hundred  miles  ;  and  from  the  more 
northern  position  of  Lake  Nippising,  navi- 
gation would  bo  later  in  opening  and 
sooner  closed.  The  ostimated  cost  of  this 
work  is  $24,000,000  (but  probably  forty 
millions),  and  added  to  this,  again,  would 
be  the  cost  of  the  Caughnawaga  Canal 
and  New  York  Champlain  Canal,  without 
which  the  pr.opeller  via  the  Ottawa  could 
neither  reach  New  York  or  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

"  Experience  has  proved  that  the  larger 
the  vessel  the  cheaper  the  cost  of  convey- 
ance. This,  of  course,  has  a  limit  some- 
where, but  the  size  of  the  ves-sel  will,  in  a 
great  degree,  be  regulated  by  tlie  depth 
of  water  in  the  lake  harbora  Heretofore 
the  shallowest  part  of  the  lake  navigation 
was  on  the  Lake  St.  Clair  Flats,  but  the 
obstruction  is  now  being  removed.  The 
short  canal  built  by  the  United  States 


Government,  which  gives  access  to  Lake 
Superior,  has  locks  of  three  hundred  feet 
in  length  by  seventy-flve  feet  wide,  with 
a  depth  of  water  of  twelve  feet.  This 
depth  of  water  may  be  assumed  as  the 
capacity  of  lake  harbors.  The  artificial 
works  necessary  for  the  improvement  of 
the  navigation  should  bo  designed  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  natural  magnitude  of 
that  navigation.  The  depth  of  water, 
therefore,  in  the  lake  harbors,  limits  the 
size  of  vessels  for  the  navigation.  The 
present  state  of  our  knowledge  is,  that 
propellers  are  a  cheaper  mode  of  con- 
veyance than  side-wheel  steamers,  and 
are  destined  to  supersede  sailing  vessels. 
The  euggestions  now  made  for  cheapening 
transports,  it  is  necessary  that  all  the 
canals  on  the  route  from  West  to  East 
should  be  adapted  for  propellers  of  850 
tons  burden,  with  a  depth  of  twelve  feet 
water." 


Lakk  SdP£RIOB 


■.liK 


On  the  completion  of  a  r^uroad  com- 
munication between  the  Upper  Missis- 
8i|>pi  and  Lake  Superior,  the  enlargeirient 
of  the  St.  Mary's  Falls  Slnp  Canal  and  the 
Erie  Canal,  also  the  improvement  of  the 
WcUaud  and  St.  Lawrence  Canals  will  bo 
imperiously  demanded,  as  well  as  the  con- 
struction of  the  Caughnawaga  Canal,  r-in- 
ning  to  Ijtike  Champlain,  and  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Champlain  Canal.  These 
great  works  will  form  international  modes 
■jL  coreimunication,  alike  beneficial  to  the 
trade  of  Canada  and  of  the  United  States. 


Canadian  Inland  and  Ocean  IVaTfgatlon. 


The  following,  from  a  pamphlet  pub- 
lished in  Montreal,  pictures  the  advan- 
tages to  be  derived  from  the  great  inland 
water  highways  of   the   Canadian   Pro- 


vinces: "Montreal,  at  the  head  of  sea 
navigation  proper,  is  the  port  for  the  great 
chain  of  river,  lake,  and  canal  navip^tion, 
which  extends  westward  to  Fond  du  Lac, 


80 


CANADIAN  AND  NBW  YORK  CANALS. 


I^ake  Superior,  and  Chicago,  on  Lake 
Michigau,  a  dUtance  of  about  flfteon  hun- 
dred miles,  embracing  the  largest  extent 
of  inland  water  communication  in  the 
world."  For  extent  of  lake  and  river 
navigation,  see  page  16. 


Canadian  Canalii. 

Lcnftlhin  P«t)th       Lorknft*      No, 
liiiliL      in  fMU  I.ifi,  fwt.  Locki, 

Lnchino 8i         10           44»  5 

Kpnuhnrniils 11^         10           82|  9 

Cornwall llj         10           48  T 

F«rnin(l'»  Point  1                     10             4  l 

Knplil  put            I         -,.          10           Hi  J 

Point  Iroquois     f"     "*          ]o             6  1 

Uiitlops                 J                     10             8  8 

Welland 28           10         880  27 

ToUls 69                       648|  54 


Proposed  Ottawa  Ship  Canal. 

The  saving  in  the  distance  between 
Montreal  and  Chicago,  by  this  direct  route, 
over  the  present  circuitous  line  through 
the  Lower  Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  is 
842  miles.  It  has  64  locks,  with  a  total 
lift  of  66.5  feet.  The  work,  in  quality  at 
least  equal  to  the  St.  Lawrence  Canals,  is 
estimated  to  cost  $12,057,680,  exclusive 
of  the  Lachine  Canal,  which  is  already 
completed. 

Deepeshto  cp  thk  Canada  Canals. 

At  a  late  meeting  of  the  Montreal 
Board  of  Trade  (April,  1868),  a  report  was 
presented  and  adopted  which  contained 
tlie  following:  "The  Council  has  had 
some  correspondence  with  the  Depart- 
ment of  Public  Works,  relative  to  the  en- 
largement of  the  Welland  and  St.  Law- 
rence Canals,  and  has  recommended  re- 
garding the  improvements  contemplated 
in  these  works,  that,  while  it  is  desirable 
that  a  depth  of  two  feet  and  a  size  of  locks 
in  all  the  canals  equal  to  the  largest  lock 


in  the  series  should  bo  aimed  at  if  prac- 
ticable, in  the  moan  time  the  lo.^ser  work 
of  enabling  vessels  of  not  (xcceding  186 
feet  long,  44}  feet  wide,  and  10  feet 
draught  of  water,  to  navigate  the  wliole 
lengtli  of  Canada,  from  Lake  Superior  to 
the  ocean,  could,  the  Council  believes,  be 
executed  in  brief  time  and  at  a  moderate 
expense."  The  deepening  of  the.so  canals 
was  deemed  a  matter  of  urgent  necessity, 
in  order  to  accommodate  the  increasing 
trade  of  tlie  Upper  Lakes. 


New  York  Caiiala. 

Lenotd,  Bizx,  Looks,  xtg. 

I.....O.        No.         SiM  I-lftof 

Erie  (MilnrRod) 8S0t  TI  110x18  669 

Uenrsee    Vnlley    and 

Extension 124J  112      90x16  1,4S9 

Caj'nxaand  Seneen...  24|  H  110x18  7«1 

Croolied  L:kke g  2T      90x16  277 

Ohrmnnj;  &  Feeder. .  89  49      90x16  IfiO 

Chenango 97  llfi  110x18  1,018 

Oswego 8S  IS      90x16  166 

Black  Klverdc Feeder.  60  109       ....  1,082 

Black  Kiver  Imp't...  42+ 

Champlain 6Ct  83  110x18 

Olons  Falls  Feeder.  .  7  ...  100x16  227 

Oneida  Lake T  T      90x16  00 

Oneida  River  Imp't  .  20  S  120x80*  16} 

OneldaLake 28  

The  Erie  and  Champlain  Canals,  when 
first  completed  in  1826,  had  a  prism  28 
feet  wide  at  the  bottom,  and  40  feei  wide 
at  the  surface  of  the  water,  which  was 
four  feet  in  depth.  The  chanibers  of  the 
locks  were  90  feet  long  by  16  feet  wide, 
admitting  boats  76  feet  long,  carrying 
about  45  to  50  tons.  The  size  of  the 
present  locks  is  given  in  the  foregoing 
table.  The  boats  now  navigating  the 
Erie  and  Osv/ego  Canals  have  a  burden 
of  about  225  to  250  tons  in  six  feet 
draught  of  water. 

The  Krie  enlarged  Canal  has  71  looks, 
with  a  total  lift  of  569  feet,  and  the  Os- 
wego Canal  has  18  locks,  with  a  tol.'U  lift 
of  165  feet. 


Port*, 
CHICA^ 
Waukej 
Kenosli: 
Racine, 
MiLWAt 

Port  W; 
Sheboyi 
Manito\ 
Two  Ri- 
Kewaui 

BOXTT] 


Onstti 
near  the] 
Marine  1 
Central 
while  th 
are  seen 
stream, 
wooden 
to  the 
construe 
pier,  to  J 

The 
Central '. 
a  substa 
for  neari 
accommc 
vessel  H, 
and  iron 

The 
and  saili 
departin 


0  aimed  nt  if  prac- 
rae  the  lesser  work 
'  not  (xcceding  18S 
wide,  and  10  feet 
navigate  the  wliole 
on  Lake  Superior  to 
Coiiiioil  believes,  bo 
;  and  at  a  moderate 
ning  of  these  canols 
of  urf^rent  necessity, 
lute  the  increasiDg 
koa. 


i. 

Caiiali. 

Looks, 

»T0. 

■th. 

No. 

SiM 

i.m  of 

Locki.    Ixtelkl. 

LMkl. 

>» 

Tl 

llOjtlS 

569 

l» 

112 

90x18 

1,4S9 

li 

11 

110x18 

7«1 

c 

2T 

90x16 

2n 

• 

49 

9flxlS 

lee 

■ 

116 

110x18 

1,015 

S 

IS 

90x15 

156 

D 

109 

1,082 

.'* 

.... 

if 

»3 

iidxis 

r 

100x16 

22T 

r 

'  7 

90x15 

60 

) 

3 

120x80^ 

16J 

» 

.... 

iplain  Canals,  when 
125,  had  a  prism  28 
)m,  and  40  feei  wide 
5  water,  which  was 
?he  chaubers  of  the 
Qg  by  16  feet  wide, 
feet  long,  carrying 
i.  The  size  of  tlie 
en  in  the  foregoing 
ow  navigating  the 
inals  have  a  burden 
0  tons  in    six  feet 

*  • 

Canal  has  11  looks, 
59  feet,  and  the  Oa- 
tcks,  with  a  tot.<d  Un 


Steamboat  Route. 

Pkoh  Chioaqo  to  Mackinac  and  Saijt  Stb.  Maiux. 


PORTt,  Ao.  Miles. 

CHICAGO,  111 0 

Waukegan,   111 35 

Kenosha,  Wis 16 — 51 

Racine,  Wis 11—62 

MlLWAHEEB,  Wis. 23 — 85 

Port  Washington,  Wis 25-110 

Sheboygan,  Wis 25-135 

Manitowoc,  Wis 30-1 66 

Two  Rivers,  Wis 7-172 

Kewaunee,  Wis 22-194 


P<VBT8,  Ao.  Mllf*. 

Annapee,  Wis 11-205 

Bayloy's  Harbor,  Wis 36-240 

Deatli's  Door,  Wis 20-26a 

(To  Gbekn  Bay,  80  miles.) 

Washington  Harbor,  Mich 13-271 

Beaver  Island,  Mich 74-347 

Pt.  Waugoshame,  Mich 30-377 

Mackinac,  Mich 23-400 

De  Tour  Passage 36-436 

SAUT  STE.  MARIE,  Mich. . . .  56-492 


On  starting  fh>m  the  steamboat  wharf 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River,  the 
Marine  Hospital  and  depot  of  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  are  passed  on  the  right, 
while  the  Lake  House  and  lumber-yards 
are  seen  on  the  left  or  north  side  of  tlie 
stream.  The  govermnent  piers,  long 
wooden  structures,  afford  a  good  entrance 
to  the  harbor;  a  light-house  has  been 
constructed  on  the  outer  end  of  the  north 
pier,  to  guide  vessels  to  the  port. 

Tlio  basin  completed  by  the  Illinois 
Central  Railroad  to  facilitate  commerce  is 
a  substantial  work,  extending  southward 
for  nearly  half  a  mile.  It  affords  ample 
accommodj>tion  for  loading  and  unloading 
vessels,  and  transferring  the  freight  to 
and  from  the  railroad  cars. 

The  number  of  steamers,  propellers, 
and  sailing  vessels  annually  arriving  and 
departing  from  the  harbor  of  Chicago  is 


fine 


BOUTE  FBOM  CHIOAGO  TO  MACKIH AC  AND  8AUT  STE.  XABH. 

very  great ;  the  carrying  trade  being 
destined  to  increase  in  proportionate 
ratio  with  the  population  and  wealth 
pouring  into  this  favored  section  of 
the  Union. 

On  reaching  the  green  waters  of 
Lake  Michigan,  the  city  of  Chicago 
is  seen  stretcliing  along  the  shore 
for  four  or  Ave  miles,  presenting  ft 
appearance   from  the   deck   of  the 
steamer.    The  entrance  to  the  harbor  at 
the  bar  is  about  200  feet  wide.    The  bar 
has  from  ten  to  twelve  feet  water,  the 
lake  being  subject  to  about  two  feet  rise 
and  fall.     The  steamers  bound  for  Mil- 
waukee and  the  northern  ports  usuaUy 
run  along  the  west  shore  of  the  lake  with- 
in siglit  of  land,  the  banks  rising  from 
thirty  to  fifty  feet  above  the  water. 

IiAKE  MiciiiOAN  is  about  seventy  miles 
average  width,  and  340  mile  in  extent 
from  Michigan  City,  Ind.,  on  the  south,  to 
the  Strait  of  Mackinac  on  the  north ;  it 
presents  a  great  expanse  of  water,  now 
traversed  by  steamers  and  other  vessels 
of  a  large  class,  running  to  the  Saiit  Ste. 
Marie  and  Lake  Superior ;  to  ColUngwood 
and  Goderioh,  Can. ;  to  Detroit,  Midi. ;  to 
Cleveland,  Oliio,  and  to  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
From  Chicago  to  Buffalo  the  distance  is 
about  1,000  miles  by  water;  while  trotu 


T 


82 


ROUTS    FROM    CHICAOO   TO    MACKirTAO    AND    SAUT   HTI.    HAKII. 


Chicago  to  Superior  City,  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Superior,  or  Fond  du  Lac,  tbe  dis- 
tance is  about  the  same,  thus  affording 
two  ezcursiona  of  1,000  miles  each,  over 
three  of  the  great  lakea  or  inland  sras  of 
America,  in  steamers  of  from  1,000  to 
2,000  tons  burden.  During  the  summer 
,  and  early  autumn  months  the  waters  o( 
this  lalce  are  comparatively  calm,  afford- 
init  sate  navigation.  But  late  in  the  year, 
and  during  the  winter  and  early  spring 
monthti,  the  navigation  of  this  and  the 
other  great  lakes  is  very  dangerous. 

WAUKiaAN,  Lake  Co.,  Ill,  3G  miles 
north  of  Chicago,  is  tutDdsoraely  situated 
on  etevated  ground,  gradually  rising  to  50 
or  60  feet  above  tlie  water.  Here  are 
two  piers,  a  light-house,  several  large 
atorehouses,  and  a  neat  and  thriving  town 
(tontaining  about  4,000  inhabitants,  six 
churches,  a  bank,  several  well-kept  hotels, 
Uiirty  stores,  and  two  steam-flouring 
miUs. 

KsNOSRA,  Wis.,  52  miles  from  Chicago, 
is  elevated  30  or  40  feet  above  the  lake. 
Here  are  a  small  harbor,  a  light-house, 
storehouses,  mills,  etc.  The  town  has  a 
papulation  of  about  6,000  inhabitants, 
surrounded  by  a  fine  back  country.  Here 
is  a  good  hotel,  a  bank,  several  churches, 
and  a  number  of  stortts  and  manufactur- 
ing establishments  doing  a  largo  amount 
of  business.  The  Kenosha  aiui  liockford 
HaiWoad,  13  miles,  connects  at  the  latter 
place  with  a  railroad  running  to  Madison, 
tliu  capital  of  the  State,  and  also  to  the 
Mississippi  River. 

Tbe  City  of  Raoinr,  Wis.,  62  miles  iVom 
Ghic&p:o  and  23  miles  south  of  Milwaukee, 
18  built  on  an  elevation  some  forty  or 
Ofty  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  lake. 
It  is  a  beautiful,  and  flourishing  place. 
Here  are  a  light-bouse,  piers,  storehouses, 
etc.,  situated  near  the  water,  while  the 
city  contains  some  fine  pubUc  buildings 
and  private  residences.  The  population 
i#  about  10,000,  and  is  rapidly  increasing. 
Racine  is  the  second  city  in  tho  State  in 


commerce  and  population,  and  possossea 
a  fine  harbor.  Here  are  '.ocated  the 
county  buildinjrs,  fourteen  chi.rolies,  seve- 
ral hotels,  Comjreas  llall  being  the  largest : 
elevators,  warehouses,  and  numerous 
atorcs  of  different  kinds. 

The  Kacine  and  Misiissippi  Railroad  ex- 
tends from  this  place  to  tlie  Missinsippi 
River  at  Savanna,  142  miles.  The  Chica- 
go and  Milwaulcee  Railroad  also  rum 
through  the  town,  neu  the  Iiake'Shore. 


MILWAinCU     DABBOI. 


Milwaukee,  "  Thk  Cbsah  Orrr," 
85  miles  from  Chicago,  by  railroad  and 
steamboat  route,  is  handsomely  aitnated 
on  rising  ground  on  both  sides  of  the  Mil- 
waukee River,  at  it5i  entrance  into  Lake 
Michigan.  In  front  oftlio  city  is  a  bay  or 
indentation  of  the  lake,  affording  a  good 
harbor,  except  in  strong  easterly  gales. 
The  harbor  is  now  being  improved,  and  will 
doubtless  be  rendered  secure  at  all  times 
of  the  season.  The  river  affords  an  ex- 
tensive water-power,  capable  of  giving 
motion  to  machinery  of  almost  any  re- 
quirud  (upount.    The  city  is  built  upon 


beantif 
river  a 
Custoa 
a  court 
land-otl 
college 
(•rphun 
eral  w( 
and  th( 
.    froquen 
compan 
vators, 
several 
ments. 
well  su 
ports  of 
are  imrei 
to  a  lar( 
lake  era 
the  Up, 
The  gro 
ishing; 
wildern( 
inhabita 
section 
briety,  a 
The  f 
predict; 
roods  fir 
tioB,  ezt 
the  Miss 
Superior 
Detroit 
atingat 
water,  a 
to  this 
petus  to 
good  clit 
alone  oai 
Durinf 
number  c 
and  the  i 
ttd  to  $6( 
offers  th 
•truction 
point  on 
pended  i 
of  a  hai 


;.    MAKIK. 


TRlr  THROUGH   TIIK    LAKM. 


83 


ion,  and  poiiaotBes 
are  '.ocated  the 
en  churches,  scvo- 
being  the  largest : 
,  and  numerous 
I. 

isippi  Railroad  ex- 
to  tlie  Mississippi 
miles.  The  Chic»- 
ailroad  also  rum 
the  lAke-Shore. 


The  Cbbah  City," 
o,  by  railroad  and 
andsomely  sitnoted 
)th  sides  of  the  Mil- 
entrance  into  Lake 
ftlie  city  ia  a  bay  or 
e,  affording  a  good 
rong  easterly  galea. 
ig  improved,  and  will 
i  secure  at  all  times 
iver  affords  an  e.t- 
capable  of  giving 
of  almost  any  Te- 
city  ia  built  upon 


beautiful  slopes,  descending  toward  the 
river  and  lake.  It  has  a  United  States 
Custom  House  and  Post-Ofllco  building; 
a  court  house,  city  liall,  a  United  States 
land-otlic(!,  tlio  University  Institute,  » 
college  for  females,  tliree  academies,  tliree 
i>rplian  asylums,  forty-live  churches,  sev- 
eral well-kept  liotela,  the  NewhuU  Uuuse 
and  the  Walker  llouie  being  the  most 
frequented;  seven  banks,  six  insurance 
companies,  a  Chamber  of  Commerce,  ele- 
vators, extensive  ranges  of  stores,  and 
several  largo  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  city  is  liglite^  with  gas,  and 
well  supplied  with  good  water.  Its  ex- 
ports of  lumber,  agricultural  produce,  etc. 
are  immense,  givingprofitable  employment 
to  a  large  number  of  steamers  and  other 
lake  craft,  running  to  different  porta  on 
the  Upper  Lakes,  Detroit,  Buffalo,  etc. 
The  growth  of  this  city  has  been  aston- 
ishing ;  twenty  years  since  its  site  was  a 
wilderness;  now  it  contains  over  60,000 
inhabitants,  and  of  a  class  inferior  to  no 
section  of  the  Union  for  intelligence,  so- 
briety, and  industry. 

.  The  future  of.  Milwaukee  it  is  hard  to 
predict;  here  are  centring  numerous  rail- 
roads finialied  and  in  course  of  construc- 
tion, extending  south  to  Chicago,  west  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  and  north  to  Lake 
Superior,  which,  in  connection  with  the 
Detroit  and  Milwaukee  Railroad,  termin- 
ating at  Grund  Haven,  85  miles  distant  by 
water,  and  the  lines  of  steamers  running 
to  this  port,  will  altogether  give  an  im- 
petus to  this  favored  city,  blessed  with  'a 
good  climate  and  soil,  which  the  future 
alone  can  reveaL 

During  the  past  few  years  an  unusual 
number  of  Qne  buildmgs  have  been  erected, 
aud  the  commerce  of  the  port  I'as  amount- 
ed to  $60,000,000.  The  bay  of  Milwaukee 
offers  the  liest  advantages  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  harbor  of  refuge  of  any 
point  on  Lake  Michigan.  The  city  has  ex- 
pended over  $100,000  in  the  construction 
of  a  harbor;  this  uecda  extension  and 


completion,    which   wQI    no    doubt    bo 
effected. 

The  approach  to  Milwaukee  harbor  by 
water  is  very  imposing,  lying  between 
two  headlands  covered  with  rich  foliage, 
and  dotted  with  residences  indicating 
comfort  and  retinement  not  to  be  exceed- 
ed on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  or  any 
other  body  of  water  in  the  land.  This 
city,  no  doubt,  is  destined  to  become 
the  favored  residence  of  opulent  families, 
who  are  fond  of  congregating  in  favored 
localities. 

Tub  Granaries  of  Minnesota  and 
Wisconsin.— The  La  Crosse  Democrat 
speaks  as  follows  of  the  great  strides  of 
agriculture  in  a  region  which  ten  years 
ago  was  a  wilderness.     It  says: 

"We  begin  to  think  that  the  granaries 
of  Minnesota  and  Northwestern  Wiscon- 
sin will  never  give  out;  there  is  no  end 
to  the  amount,  judging  from  the  heavy 
loads  the  steamers  continually  land  at 
the  depot  of  the  La  Crosse  and  Milwaukee 
Railroad.  Where  does  it  all  come  from? 
is  the  frequent  inquiry  of  people.  We 
can  hardly  tell.  It  seems  impossible  that 
there  can  be  much  more  left,  yet  steam- 
boat men  tell  us  that  the  grain  is  not 
near  all  hauled  to  the  shipping  points 
on  the  river.  What  will  Wiis  country  be 
ten  years  hence,  at  this  rate?  Imagine 
the  amount  of  transportation  that  will  be- 
come necessary  to  carry  the  produce  of 
the  upper  country  to  market.  It  is  hard 
to  state  what  will  bo  the  amount  of  ship- 
ments of  grain  this  season  (1863),  but  it 
will  be  well  into  the  millions." 


r.ilLROADS    RUNNING  FROM  MILWAUKEE. 

httroit  and  Milwavkee  (Grand  Haven 
to  Detroit,  189  miles),  connecting  with 
steamers  on  Lake  Michigan. 

La  Orosae  and  AfUwaukee,  200  miles, 
connecting  with  steamers  on  the  Upper 
MississippL  / 


IH 


FROM  CIIICAOO  TO  MACKWAO  AITO  BAUT  BTB.  MAUIB. 


Mamfdcte  and  Prairit  du  Chien,  192  I 
miles,  uonnentinR  with  steamers  on  tiie  I 
Mississippi  and  railroad  to  St.  PaiiL  | 

Milwaukee  and  Iforicon,  93  miles. 
Milwaukee  and  WenUrn,  71  miles. 
Milwaukee  and  Cliicmjo,  86  miles;  also, 
tho  River  and  Lalce  Shore  City  lUilway, 
running  from  the  entrance  of  the  harbor 
to  different  parts  of  the  city. 

Port  Wa8HIKGTON,  Ozaukee  Co.,  Wis., 
2S  miles  north  of  Milwaukee,  is  a  flour- 
ishing place,  and  capital  of  tho  county. 
The  village  contains,  laesidos  the  public 
buildings,  several  clmrches  and  hotels, 
twelve  stores,  threo^ills,  an  iron  found- 
ry, two  breweries,  and  otlier  manufac- 
tories. The  population  is  about  2,500. 
Here  is  a  good  steamboat  landing,  from 
which  large  quantities  of  produce  are  an- 
nually shipped  to  Chicago  and  other  lake 
porta. 

SiiKBOYOAN,  Wis.,  50  miles  north  of 
Milwaukee  and  130  miles  from  Chicago, 
is  a  thriving  place,  containing  about  5,000 
inhabitants.  Here  are  seven  churches, 
sever^  public-houses  and  stores,  together 
with  a  light-house  and  piers ;  the  harbor 
being  improved  by  government  works. 
Large  quantities  of  lumber  and  agricul- 
tural products  are  sliipped  from  this  port. 
The  country  in  the  interior  is  fast  set- 
tling with  agriculturists,  the  soil  and  cli- 
mate being  good.  A  railroad  nearly  com- 
?leted  runs  from  this  place  to  Fond  I)U 
,A0,  42  miles  west,  lying  at  the  head  of 
Lake  Winnebago. 

Manitouwoc,  Wis.,  10  miles  north  of 
Milwaukee  and  33  miles  east  from  Gree» 
Bav,  is  an  important  shipping  port.  It 
contains  about  3,500  inliabitants ;  five 
churches,  several  public-houses,  twelve 
stores,  besides  several  storehouses;  three 
eteam  saw-mills,  two  ship-yards,  liglit- 
house,  and  pier.  Large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber are  annually  shipped  from  this  port. 
The  harbor  is  being  improved  so  as  to  af- 
ford a  refuge  for  resaela  during  atormy 
weather. 


"  Manitouwoc  is  tho  most  northern  of 
the  harbors  of  Lake  Michigan  improved 
by  the  United  States  Govomment.    It  de- 
rives additional  importance  from  the  fact 
that,  when  completed,  it  will  afford  the 
first  point  of  refuge  from  storms  for  ship- 
ping bound  from  any  of  the  other  great 
lakes  to  this,  or  to  the  most  southern  ports 
of  Lake  Michigan." 

Two  Rivers,  Wis.,  seren  miles  north 
from  Manitouwoc,  is  a  now  and  thriving 
place  at  tho  entrance  of  the  conjoined 
streams  (from  which  Uie  place  takes  its 
name)  into  Lake  Michigan.  Two  piers 
are  hero  erected,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
river;  also  a  ship-yard,  an  extensive 
leather  maBufacturing  company,  chair  and 
pail  factory,  and  three  steam  saw-mills. 
The  village  contains  about  2,000  inhabi- 
tants. 

Kewaunek,  Wis.,  25  miles  north  of  Two 
Rivers  and  102  miles  fVom  Milwaukee,  is 
a  small  shipping  town,  where  are  situated 
several  saw-mills  and  lumber  establish- 
ments. Green  Bay  is  situated  about  26 
miles  due  west  from  this  place. 
Ahneepek,  12  miles  no.rth  of  Kewaunee, 
a  lumbering  village,  situated   at  tho 


mouth  of  Ahneepee,  containing  about 
1,000  inhabitants.  The  back  country  hero 
assumes  a  wild  appearance,  the  forest 
trees  being  mostly  pine  and  hemlock. 

Gibraltar,  or  Bailey's  Harbor,  is  a 
good  natural  port  of  refuge  for  sailing 
craft  when  overtaken  by  storms.  Here  is 
a  settlement  of  some  400  or  600  inhabi- 
tants, mostly  being  engaged  m  fishing  and 
lumlMring. 

Port  des  Morts  or  Death's  Door,  the 
entrance  to  Green  Bay,  is  passed  20  mileS 
north  of  Bailey's  Harbor,  Detroit  Island 
lying  to  the  northward. 

POTTOWATOMEE,  or  WASHINGTON  ISL- 
AND, is  a  fine  body  of  land  attached  to 
the  State  of  Michigan ;  also.  Rock  Island, 
situated  a  short  distance  to  the  north. 
(Sec  route  to  Green  Bay,  <£&). 


L,jijuj.44tt..jjgg 


noBt  northern  of 
3hi(?an  improved 
rernment.    It  de- 
nce  from  the  fact 
it  will  afford  the 
n  stormn  for  ship- 
f  the  other  great 
ost  southern  porta 

leren  miles  north 
now  and  thriving 
of  the  conjoined 
lie  place  takes  its 
igan.  Two  piers 
a  each  side  of  the 
rd,  an  extensive 
ompany,  chair  and 
)  steam  saw-mills, 
aout  2,000  inhabl- 

milea  north  of  Two 
fVom  Milwaukee,  is 
where  are  situated 
lumber  establish- 
situated  about  25 
lis  place, 
lorth  of  Kewaunee, 

e,  situated  at  the    ^ 
containing    about 

3  back  country  here 
arance,  the  forest 
e  and  hemlock. 
.ey's  Harbob,  is  a 
refuge  for  sailing 
by  storms.  Here  is 
400  or  600  inhabi- 
gaged  in  fishing  and 

Death's  Door,  the 

f,  ia  passed  20  miled 
irbor,  Detroit  Island 
A. 

■  Washington  Ist- 
of  land  attached  to 
;  also.  Rock  Islan4< 
tance  to  the  north. 
ly,  dfcc). 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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CIHIVl/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


TRIP  THROCOH  TUB   LAKK8, 


8. 


'  On  leaving  Htm  Rivers,  the  steamers 
passing  through  the  Straits  usually  run 
Tor  the  Manitou  Islands,  Mich.,  a  distance 
of  about  100  miles.  Soon  after  the  last 
Tostige  of  land  sinks  below  the  horizon 
on  the  west  shore,  the  vision  catches  the 
dim  outline  of  coast  on  the  east  or  Michi- 
|(au  shore  at  Point  aux  Bee  Sciet,  which 
IS  about  30  miles  south  of  the  Big  Mani- 
tou Island.  From  this  point,  passing 
northward  by  Sleeping  Bear  Point,  a  sin- 
gular shaped  headland  looms  up  to  the 
view.  It  is  said  to  resemble  a  sleeping 
War.  The  east  shore  of  Lake  Michigan 
presents  a  succession  of  high  sand-banks 
for  many  miles,  while  inlard  are  numer- 
OLB  small  bays  and  lakes. 

Little,  or  South  Manitou  Island,  260 
miles  from  Chicago,  and  110  miles  from 
Mackinac,  lies  on  the  Michigan  side  of 
the  lake,  and  is  the  first  island  encoun- 
tered on  proceeding  northward  from  Chi- 
cago. It  rises  abruptly  on  the  west 
shore  3  cr  300  feet  from  the  water's  edge, 
sloping  toward  the  east  shore,  on  which 
is  a  light-house  and  a  fine  harbor.  Here 
steamers  stop  for  wood.  Bio  or  Kobth 
Manitou  is  nearly  twice  as  large  as  the 
former  island,  and  contains  about  14,000 
acres  of  land.  Both  islands  are  settled 
by  a  few  families,  whose  principal  occu- 
pation is  fishing  and  cutting  wood  for  the 
use  of  steamers  and  sailing  vessels. 

Fox  Islands,  60  miles  north  from  South 
Manitou,  consist  of  three  small  islands 
lying  near  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan, 
which  is  hero  about  60  miles  wide.  On 
the  west  is  the  entrance  to  Green  Bay, 
on  the  east  is  the  entrance  to  Grand  Trav- 
erse Bay,  and  immediately  to  the  nortii  is 
tlie  entrance  to  Little  Traverse  Bay. 

Gbeat  and  Littlk  Bkavbb  Islands 
Iving  about  midway  between  the  Manitoif 
Islands  and  Mackinac,  are  laige  and  fer- 
tile bodies  of  land,  formerly  occupied  by 
Mjrmons,  who  bad  here  their  most  east- 
ern settlement. 

Gabokn  and  Hoo  lalaoda  are  nest  pau- 


ed  before  .«acUng  the  Strait  of  M ackinae, 
which,  opposite  Old  Fort  Mackinac,  is 
about  six  miles  in  width.  The  site  of 
Old  Fort  Mackinac  is  on  the  south  main 
or  Michigan  shore,  directly  opposite  Point 
Ste.  Ignace.on  the  north  main  shore.  St. 
Helena  lalrnd  lies  at  the  entrance  of  the 
strait  from  the  south,  diatauf  about  fifteen 
miles  fh>m  Mackinaa 

Old  Fobt  Mackinac,*  now  called  Mae- 
Mnac  City,  is  an  important  and  interestiuf 
location;  it  was  formerly  fortified  tan, 
garrisoned  for  the  protection  of  the  strait 
and  this  section  of  country,  when  in- 
habited almost  exclusively  by  various 
tribes  of  Indians.  This  place  can  be 
easily  reached  by  sail-boat  from  the  island 
of  Mackinac. 

Pte.  lx  Gbos  Cap,  lying  to  the  west 
of  old  Fort  Mackinac,  is  a  picturesque  head- 
land well  worthy  of  a  visit. 

The  Stbait  of  Maokina*?  is  fVora  five 
to  twenty  miles  in  width,  and  e/tands 
east  and  west  abort  forty  miles,  euiVioeom- 
ing  several  important'  islands  bedMra 
Mackinac  Island,  the  largest  being  Bois 
Blanc  Island,  lying  near  the  head  of 
Lake  Huron.  Between  this  island  and 
the  main  north  shore  the  steamer  Gardbn 
City  was  wrecked,  May  16,  1864;  her 
upper  works  were  still  visible  from  the 
deck  of  the  passing  steamer  in  the  fUl  of 
the  same  year. 

Gbossb  Ile  St.  Mabtih  and  He  St. 
Martin  lie  within  the  waters  of  the  strait, 
eight  or  ten  miles  north  of  the  island  of 
Mackinao,  In  the  neighborhood  of  these 
different  islands  are  the  favorite  fishing- 
grounds  both  of  the  Indian  and  the  "  pnle 
face." 

mackimc,  the  Town  and  Fortress  id 
most  beautifully  situated  on  the  east  shore 
of  the  ialand,  and  extends  for  a  distance 
of  about  one  mile  along  the  water's  edge, 
and  has  %  fine  harbor  protected  by  a 

.  *§*"!•' brtb^FrencbuBcUr  Father  Miraoetle 
in  ICIOi 


FROM    CHICAGO   TO   MACKINAC    AND    8AUT   8TK. 


V 


86 

mtet  battery.  This  important  island  and 
fortross  is  situated  in  N.  lat.  45"  54 ,  W. 
ion.  84''  30'  from  Greenwich,  being  seven 
degrees  thirty  minutes  west  from  Wash- 
inirton.  It  is  350  miles  north  from  Chica- 
(To?  100  miles  south  of  8aut  8te.  Marie  by 
the  steamboat  route,  and  about  300  miles 
northwest  from  Detroit.  Ptrt  Machmac, 
irarrisoned  by  U.  Statas  troops,  stands  on 
elevated  ground,  about  200  feet  above  the 
water,  overlooking  the  picturesque  town 
and  harbor  below.  In  the  rear,  about 
half  a  mile  distant  stond  the  r  uins  of  old 
fbr(  Holmes,  situated  on  the  highest  point 
of  land,  at  an  elevation  of  320  feet  above 
the  water,  affording  an  extensive  view. 

The  town  contains  two  churches,  five 
hotels,  ton  or  twelve  stores,  100  dwelling- 
houses,  and  about  700  inhabitants.  The 
climate  is  remarkably  healthy  and  delight- 
ful during  the  summer  months,  when  this 
favored  retreat  is  usually  thronged  with 
visitors  from  different  parts  of  the  Union, 
while  the  Indian  warriors,  their  squaws  and 
their  children,  are  seen  lingering  around 
this  their  favorite  island  and  flshing-ground. 

Tlio  Island  of  Maokinao,  lying  in  the 
Strait  of  Mackinac,  is  about  three  miies 
long  and  two  miles  wide.  It  contams 
many  deeply  interesting  points  of  attrac- 
tion in  addition  to  the  vUlage  and  fortress ; 
the  prmcipal  natural  curiosities  are  known 
as  the  Arched  Rock,  Sugar  Loaf,  Lover's 
Leap.  Devil's  Kitchen,  Robinson's  Folly, 
B&d  other  objects  of  interest  weU  worthy 


kARIK. 


the  attention  of  the  tourist.  •  The  Micsioti 
Howe  and  Island  House  are  the  principal 
hotels,  while  there  are  several  ot  wr  good 
public-houses  for  tlie  accommodation  of 
visitors. 

IsLAKD  OF  Mackinac— The  view  given 
represents  the  Island,  approaohiixj;  Irom 
the  eastward.  "  A  cUff  of  limestone,  white 
and  weather-beaten,  with  a  narrow  allu- 
vial plain  skirting  its  base,  is  the  llrst 
thing  which  commands  attention;"  but, 
on  Hearing  the  harbor,  the  village  (2), 
with  its  many  picturesque  dwellings,  and 
the  fortress  (3),  perched  near  the  summit 
of  the  Island,  are  gaied  at  with  wonder 
and  delight.  The  promontory  on  the  left 
is  caUedthe  "  Lover's  Leap"  (1),  skirted 
by  a  pebbly  beach,  extending  to  the 
village.  On  the  right  is  seen  a  bold  rocky 
precipice,  called  ''RMnson's  Folly"  (5), 
while  in  the  same  direction  is  a  singular 
peak  of  nature  called  the  "  Sugar  Loaf.' 
StiU  farther  onward,  the  "  Arched  Hock, 
and  other  interesting  sights,  meet  the  eye 
of  the  explorer,  affording  pleasure  and  de- 
lijrht,  particularly  to  the  scieutific  traveUer 
and  lover  of  nature.  On  the  highest 
ground,  elevated  320  feet  above  the  waters 
of  the  Strait,  is  the  signal  station  (4),  situ- 
ated near  the  ruins  of  old  Fhf  Holmes. 

The  settlement  of  this  Island  was  com- 
menced in  1764.  In  1793  it  was  surren- 
dered to  the  American  government;  taken 
by  the  British  in  1812;  but  restored  by 
the  treaty  of  Ghent,  signed  in  Nov.,  1814 


IK. 


!.  -The  Musion 
re  the  principal 
eral  ot  wr  gwd 
iommodation  of 

The  view  given 
proaoliiii'j;  Irom 
imeBtoae,  white 

a  narrow  allu- 
tse,  is  the  llrst 
ttention;"  but, 
the  village  (2), 
I  dwellings,  and 
kear  the  summit 
at  with  wonder 
ktory  on  the  left 
ap"  (1),  skirted 
tending  to  the 
een  a  bold  rooky 
»»'»  Foily"  (5), 
on  is  a  singular 

"Sugar  Loaf." 
"  Arched  Hock," 
its,  meet  the  eye 
pleasure  and  de- 
sieutiflc  traveller 
Dn  the  highest 
tbove  the  waters 
station  (4),  situ- 
fbr'  Holnua. 
Island  was  oom- 
>3  it  was  surren- 
rernment;  taken 
but  restored  by 
A  in  Nov.,  1814 


Abched  Rock. — Mackltmo. 


The  I. 

Island.— T 

er'sLeap," 

of  the  Tillu; 

perpendicii 

height,  risii 

i 

Lake.      A 

stood  upon 
haa  cut  dow 

Long  bef 

island  hom< 

e-nung-o-qu 

maturing  in 

ed  there,  at 

and  witaes 

large  war  p 

of  the  Qjibi 

South,  seek 

It  was  th 

itummed  th 

this  spot  w 

tliere  that  i 

met  and  ex 

found  an  aff 

ing  betweer 

sat  and  san; 

"  Mong-e 

• 

Moiig-e 

Waln-Bl 

■ 

WMn-8l 

A-nee-« 

A-n<!e-« 

I  give  b 

transhited  a 

A  loon, 

A  loon. 

Why  lit 

Why !  it 

His  pad 

His  pad 

From  this 

, :  •  M 

listened  for 

'•    t 

(oramongot 

gwon ;  his  1 

plumes,  whi 

■t 

sport.     The 

.     it, 

in  advance 

■::'-,l 

death,  as  tl 

■  .";.;>j 

leaving  Po-q 

• 

TRIP  THROUOn  THS  LAEKB. 


0i 


■'■['■ 

-.1- 


The  Eiover'f  I<eap. — Uaokihao 
Island. — The  huge  rock  c^ed  the  "  Lor- 
er'»Leap,"  is  situated  about  one  mile  west 
of  the  Tillage  of  Mackinac.  It  is  a  high 
perpendicular  bluff,  150  to  200  feet  in 
height,  rising  boldly  from  the  shore  of  the 
Lake.  A  solitary  pine-tree  formerly 
stood  upon  its  brow,  which  some  Vandal 
has  cut  down. 

Long  before  the  pale  faces  profaned  this 
island  home  of  the  Qenii,  Me-che-ne-mock- 
o-nung-o-qua,  a  young  Ojibway  girl,  just 
maturing  into  womanhood,  oflen  wander- 
ed there,  and  gazed  from  its  dizzy  heights 
and  witnessed  the  receding  canoes  of  the 
large  war  parties  of  the  combined  bands 
of  the  Ojibways  and  Ottawas,  speeding 
South,  seeking  for  fame  and  scalps. 

It  was  there  she  often  sat,  mused,  and 
i)ummed  the  songs  Ge-nlw-e-gwon  loved ; 
this  spot  was  endeared  to  her,  for  it  was 
tliere  that  she  and  Ge-niw-e-gwon  first 
met  and  exchanged  words  of  love,  and 
found  an  affinity  of  souls  or  spirits  exist- 
ing between  them.  It  was  there  slie  often 
sat  and  sang  the  Ojibway  love  song — 

**  Hong-e-do-gwuln,  In-de-naln-dum, 
Hoiig-e-du-gwain,  in-de-naln-dum ; 
Waln-shnng-ish-wren,  neen-e-uio-Bbane^ 
Watn-shung-tsh-veen,  neen-e-mo-sbane, 
A-nee-wau-wau-wu-bo-ik-iod«, 
A-n<!e-wuu-waa-8su-bo-a-zode." 

I  give  but  one  verse,  which  may  be 
translated  as  follows : 

A  luon,  I  tbnnght  was  looming, 

A  loun,  I  thonght  was  looming; 

Why  I  it  is  be,  my  lover, 

Why  I  It  In  he,  my  lover. 

His  paddle,  in  the  waters  Kleaming, 

Uis  paddle  in  the  waters  gleaming. 

From  this  bluff  she  often  watched  and 
listened  for  the  return  of  the  war  parties, 
for  amongot  tht,m  she  knew  was  Ge-niw-e- 
gwon;  his  head  decorated  with  war-eagle 
plumes,  which  none  but  a  brave  could 
sport.  The  west  wind  often  wafted  far 
in  advance  the  shouts  of  victory  and 
death,  as  they  shouted  and  sang  upon 
leaving  Po-quot-c-nong  (old  Mackinac),  to 


make  the  traverse  to  the  Spirit,  or  Falrie 
Island. 

One  season,  when  the  war  party  re- 
turned, she  could  not  distinguish  his  fa- 
miliar and  loved  war-shout.  Her  thinfing 
spirit,  or  soul  (presentiment)  told  her  that 
he  had  gone  to  the  Spirit  Land  of  tlte 
west  It  was  so,  an  enemy's  arrow  h.td 
pierced  his  breast,  and  after  bis  body 
was  placed  leaning  against  a  tree,  his  face 
fronting  his  enemies  he  died;  but  ere  he 
died  he  wished  the  mourning  warriors  to 
remember  him  to  the  sweet  maid  of  hia 
heart.  Thus  he  died  far  away  from  home 
and  the  friends  he  loved. 

Me-che-ne-mock-e-nuQg-o-qua's  heart 
hushed  its  beatings,  and  all  the  warm 
emotions  of  that  heart  were  chilled  and 
dead.  The  moving,  living  spirit  or  soul 
of  her  beloved  Ge-niw-e-gwon  she  witnes* 
sed,  continually  beckoning  her  to  follow 
him  to  the  happy  hunting  grounds  of 
spirits  in  the  vest — he  appeared  to  her  in 
human  shape,  but  was  invisible  to  others 
of  his  tribe. 

One  momiM  her  body  was  found  num- 
gled  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  The  soul  had 
thrown  aside  its  covering  of  earth,  and 
had  gone  to  join  the  spirit  of  her  beloved 
Gre-niw-e-gwon,  to  travel  together  to  the 
land  of  spirits,  realizing  the  gloriea  and 
bliss  of  a  future,  eternal  existence. 
Yours,  Ac, 
Wic.  M.  J****«» 


ALTITITDB  OF  TABI0U8    POINTS  ON  ISLAND 
OP  HACKINAO. 

TjteaUtUt.                  .    Above  AboT* 
'^«<'^****-                 Lake  Huron.    tbeSMi. 

LakeHuron OOOfeet  674feet. 

Fort  Mackinac 160   "  TM   •• 

Old  Fort  Holmes 815   "  689   " 

Kobinson's  Folly 128    »  709    » 

Chimney  Kock 181    "  706   *• 

Top  of  Arched  Hock 140   »  714   " 

Ix>ver8  Leap 145   *•  719   » 

Summit  of  Hugur  Loaf...   .   2»1    "  868" 

I*rinctpal  Plateau  of  Mack- 1    tun    u  iva    u, 

inac  Islond f  *•"  ^"* 

Upper  Plateau 800   "  8T4    »    • 

La  Cloche  Mounlain,noi'th  ( ,  ,uia  u  i  iia  « 

Bide  Lake  Huron,  C.  W.  )  '•*"'  *•' ••  "*« 


FROM   CHICAOO  TO   MACKIHAO   ARD   SAOt  BTS.    MARU. 


The  whole  Island  of  Maekinao  ia  deeply 

interesting  to  tiie  sciontiAc  explorer,  as 
'^eU  an  to  the  aeokor  of  health  and  pleas- 
urt^  The  following  extract,  illustrated  by 
an  engraving,  is  copied  from  "Fostbb 
awi  Wuitney's  Geological  Report"  of  that 
region : 

"As  particular  esamplea  of  denuding 
action  on  the  island,  we  would  mention 
the  'Arched  Rock'  and  the  'Sugar  Loaf.' 
The  former,  situated  on  the  eastern  shore, 
ia  a  feature  of  great  interest.  The  cliflb 
hero  attain  a  height  of  nearly  one  hundred 
feet,  while  at  the  base  are  strewn  numerous 
fragments  which  have  fallen  from  above. 
The  Arehtd  Rick  has  been  excavated  in 
ft  projecting  angle  of  the  limestone  cliff, 
•nd  the  top  of  the  span  is  about  ninety 
foet  above  the  lake-level,  surmounted  by 
about  ten  feet  of  rock.    At  the  base  of  a 

frojeoting  angle,  which  rises  up  like  a 
uttross,  there  is  a  small  opening,  through 
which  an  explorer  may  pass  to  the  main 
arch,  where,  after  clambering  over  the 
iteep  slope  of  debris  and  the  projecting 
edges  of  the  strata,  he  reafllMS  the  brow 
of  the  diff. 

"  The  beds  forming  the  summit  of  the 
ftrch  are  cut  off  from  direct  connection 
with  the  main  rock  by  a  narrow  gorge  of 
no  great  depth.  The  portion  supporting 
the  arch  on  the  north  side,  and  the  curve 
of  the  arch  itself,  are  comparatively  fra- 
gile, and  cannot,  for  a  long  period,  resist 
the  action  of  rains  and  ftxMts,  which,  in 
this  latitude,  and  on  a  rock  thus  consti- 
tuted, produce  great  ravages  every  season. 
The  arch,  which  on  one  side  now  con- 
nects this  abutment  with  the  main  cliff| 
will  soon  be  destroyed,  as  well  as  the 
abutment  iteelf,  and  the  whole  be  precipi- 
tated into  the  lake. 

"  It  is  evident  that  the  denuding  action 
roduoing  saoh  an  opening,  with  other 
4tten4ant  phenomenk,  could  only  have 
operated  while  near  the  level  of  » large 
body  of  water  like  the  gre»t  lake  i^elf ; 
f^^4  we  find  a  striking  smiilarity  he$iiree|) 


the  denuding  action  of  the  water  here  in 
time  past,  and  the  same  action  as  now 
manifested  in  the  range  of  iYa  Pictured 
Rocks  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 
As  an  interesting  point  in  the  scenery  of 
this  island,  the  Arched  Rock  attracts 
much  attention,  and  in  every  respect  la 
worthy  of  examination."  {See  Engraving.) 

Other  picturesque  objects  of  greait  ta- 
terest,  besides  those  enumerated  above, 
occur  at  every  turn  on  roving  about  this 
enchanting  island,  where  the  pure,  bra- 
cing air  and  dear  waters  afford  a  pie*' 
surable  sensation,  diffloolt  to  be  described 
unless  visited  and  enjoyed. 

The  bathing  in  the  pure  waters  of  the 
Strait  at  this  place  is  truly  delightfiil, 
affording  health  and  vigor  to  the  human 
frame. 


Tbe  Itlaad  of  Blattklnac. 

ROMANTIO  AND  PlOTUBBSQini  APPRABAITO* 

OF  THB  Island  and  Subbocndino 
CouNTBT— Its  PoBmr  op  Atmosphbrr 

—A  MOONlilOlIT  EXCSBSION,  Ac,  Ac. 

"Kroni  whos«  rooky  turroU  buttled  high, 

Proapect  iiniiiense  snrowl  oat  on  all  kMos  miind; 
IjDtt  now  between  the  welkin  and  tbe  main, 
Now  walled  with  hllU  that  slept  above  the  storm. 

Most  Bts  (uch  a  place  for  muBing  mea ; 
Happiest,  sometimes,  when  musing  without  aim." 

■^■^  [POLLOK. 

In  this  Northern  region.  Nature  has  at 
last  fully  resumed  her  green  dress.  Flow- 
ers wild,  but  still  beautiful,  bloom  and 
disappear  in  succession.  Birds  of  various 
hues  have  returned  to  our  groves,  and 
welcome  us  as  we  traoe  these  shady  walks. 
"  In  all  my  wand'rings  round  tliis  world 
of  oare,"  I  have  found  no  place  wherein 
the  climate,  throughout  the  summer  se*j ' 
son,  seems  to  exercise  on  the  human  con 
stitution  a  more  benellcial  influence  than' 
on  this  Island.  In  other  parts  of  this 
country  and  in  Europe,  the  places  of  Retori 
are  beautiful,  indeed;  but  a  certain  op 
preasiveneas  there  at  times  pervades  tM] 


•ir,  that 
health  in  I 
ingthrouf 
if  ever,  ex 
oause.  F 
the  hottes 
keeps  the 
Q^erciae  I 
one  feels  i 
oTspirita  1 

Ye  inbi 
pant  in  cil 
to  this  is 
is  the  pla 
shattered 
beautiful  i 
and  the  i 
lights  to 
not  sigh  : 
subjecta  o 
imaginatic 

This  is! 
riage  roac 
young  gro 
tlreea.  Oi 
300  feet,  i 
From  thia 
around  iae 
are  some  1 
talw  of  thi 
a^e  and  tb 
ly,  and  at 
across  an  i 
Ignace,  w 
of  land,  of 
p^r  Penin 
B^othe  "S 
ti'ating  thi 
s^las  froi 
miles  wide 
be  secntrt 
is  well  kn( 
d^troyed 
sugation 
T|trtiing  oi 
the  pictui 
were  at  c 
"Bois-Bla] 


H'W/i'.jUJJgSiga' 


lARU. 

the  water  Iters  ia 
te  action  as  WW 
9  of  th.'  Pictured 
r  Lake  Superior, 
in  the  scenery  of 
ad  Rock  attraots 

every  respect  ia 
'  {See  JBnffraving.) 
jects  of  greait  in- 
lumerated  above, 
roving  about  this 
re  the  pure,  bra- 
srs  afford  a  plea* 
lit  to  be  described 
ed. 
ire  waters  of  ths 

truly  delightfVil, 
{or  to  the  humaa 


Hattkinac. 

iqcn  AppiARAira* 

ID     SURROUKDINO 

r  or  ATHOSPaKU 

IE8I0N,  4c.,  Ac. 

turrata  battled  high, 
at  on  ail  sides  round; 
kin  and  the  main, 
ilept  atMive  th«  stonn. 
For  musing  nit^a ; 
nasing  without  aim." 

[POLLOK. 

>n,  Nature  has  at 
Jen  dress.  Flow* 
itiful,  bloom  and 
Birda  of  various 
our  groves,  and 
bese  shady  walks, 
•ound  tills  world 
no  place  wherein 
the  summer  »6a^^ 
1  the  human  tfoh '' 
lal  influence  than' 
ler  parts  of  thilr 
he  places  of /fewirl 
tut  a  certain  o^ 
les  pervades  thA'' 


TRIP  niRouaii  Tin  laxss. 


89 


air,  that  a  person  even  with  the  best 
health  in  the  world,  feels  a  lassitude  creep- 
ing through  his  frame.  K-^re,  we  seldom, 
if  ever,  experience  such  a  feeiiiig  from  this 
Qause.  For  the  western  breeze  oven  in 
the  liottest  days  passing  over  this  island, 
keeps  tlieair  cool,  and,  especially  if  proper 
Qxerciso  be  taken  by  walking  or  riding, 
one  feels  a  bracing  up,  a  certain  buoyancy 
Q^ spirits  that  is  truly  astonishing. 

Ye  inhabitants  of  warm  latitudes,  who 
pant  In  cities  for  a  breath  of  cool  air,  fly 
to  this  islb  for  comfort.  Te  invalid,  this 
is  the  place  in  which  to  renovate  your 
shattered  constitution.  The  lovers  of 
beautiful  scenery  or  the  curious  in  nature, 
and  the  artist,  whose  magic  pencil  de- 
lights to  trace  nature's  lineaments,  need 
not  sigh  for  the  sunny  clime  of  Italy  for 
subiects  on  which  to  feed  the  taste  and 
imagination. 

This  island  is  intersected  by  fine  car< 
riage  roads,  shaded  here  and  there  by  i 
young  growth  of  beech,  maple,  and  oth^r 
trees.  On  the  highest  part  of  it,  about 
300  feet,  are  the  ruins  of  Old  Port  Holmes. 
From  this  point  of  elevation,  the  scenery 
around  is  extensive  and  beautiful.  _  In  sight, 
are  some  localities  connected  with  "  the 
taiw  of  the  times  of  old,"  both  of  the  sav- 
age and  the  civilized.  Looking  westward- 
ly,  and  at  tlie  distance*  of  about  foui  miles 
across  an  arm  of  Lake  Huron,  is  Point  St. 
Ignace,  wliich  is  the  southernmost  point 
of  land,  of  the  greater  portion  of  th*  Up- 
p^T  Peninsula.  Immediately  south  of  it 
Bfo  the  "Straits  of  Mackinac,"  which  sep- 
ti^tiug  the  Northern  and  Southern  Penin- 
sulas from  each  other,  are  about  four 
n^les  wide.  On  the  south  shore,  may  still 
be  seen  traces  ofOld  Fort  Mackinac,  which 
is  well  known  in  history  as  having  been 
d^troyed  by  Indians,  in  1763,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Pontiac,  an  Indian  Chief. 
T|trtung  our  gaze  southeastwardly,  we  see 
the  picturesque  "Round  Island,"  as  it 
were  at  our  feet  And  fbrther  on,  is 
"Bois-Bkno  Isktnd,"    stretching    away 


with  its  winding  shores,  fhr  Into  Laire 
Huron.  Look  to  the  east,  and  thero 
stands  this  inland  sea,  apparently  "  bound- 
less and  deep,  "and  "pureasth'  expanaeof 
heaven."  Directly  north  from  our  place 
of  observation,  are  the  "Islands  of  St. 
Martin;"  while  beyond  them  in  the  Bay, 
are  two  larg^  rivers — the  Pine,  and  Carp 
Rivers.  And  lastly,  casting  our  eyes  to- 
wards the  northwest,  we  see  on  the  main 
land  the  two '"Sitting  Rabbits;"  being 
two  singular  looking  hills  or  rocks,  and  so 
called  by  the  Indians  fh>m  some  resem- 
blance at  a  distance  to  rabbits  in  a  sitting 
posture.  As  a  whole,  this  scenery  pre- 
sents, hills,  points  of  land  Jutting  into  the 
lake,  and  "straits,"  bays,  and  islands. 
Here,  the  lake  contracts  itself  into  narrow 
channels,  or  straits,  wliich  at  times  are 
whitened  by  numerous  sails  of  commerce; 
and  there,  it  spreads  itself  away  as  far  aa 
the  eye  can  reach.  And,  while  contem- 
plating this  scene,  perhaps  a  dark  column 
of  smoke,  like  the  Genii  in  the  Arabian 
Tales,  may  be  seen  rising  slowly  out  of 
the  bosom  of  Lake  Huron,  announcing 
the  approach  of  the  Genii  of  modem  days, 
the  Steamboat!  Let  us  descend  to  Ute 
shore. 

It  ia  evening!  The  sun,  with  all  his 
glory  has  disappeared  in  tho  west ;  but 
the  moon  sits  in  turn  the  arbitreas  of 
heaven.    And  now — 

^  How  sweet  tha  moonlight  sleeps  npoD  this  bank; 
Hero  will  we  sit,  and  let  the  sounds  of  mnsie 
Oeep  In  our  cars ;  soil  stillness  and  the  nigUt, 
Beoomes  the  touebes  of  sweet  harmony ." 

Quch  a  moonlight  night  I  once  enjoyed. 
The  hum  of  day-life  had  gradually  subsid- 
ed, and  there  was  naught  to  disturb  the 
stillness  of  the  hour,  save  the  occasional 
laughter  of  those  who  lingered  out  in  the 
open  air.  In  the  direction  of  the  moon, 
and  on  the  Lake  before  me,  there  was  a 
broad  road  of  light  trembling  upon  its 
bosom.  A  few  momenta  more,  two  smaU 
boats  with  sails  up  to  catch  the  gentla 
breeze,  were  seen  passing  and  re-passing 


VKOM    CHICAGO   TO    MAOKIIIAO    AHO   BAUT   BTB.    UAKIK. 


Ousbroad  road  of  light.  .Then  thevooal 
Roag  was  ruiged  on  the  waters,  nod  wo- 
0Uk'\'8  voice  was  borne  on  moonlight  beam 
to  the  listening  ear  iu  the  remotest  sliades. 
The  voices  l)ecame  clearer  and  stronger 
as  the  boats  approached  nearer;  then, 
again,  dying  away  in  the  distance,  seemad 
to  bo  merg^  with  the  mellow  ray.,  or  the 
moon.  But  let  us  leave  poetry  and  fancy 
aside,  and  oome  to  matters  of  fact,  mat- 
ters of  accommodation,  prepared  for  those 
who  may  favor  our  island  with  their  visits 
this  summer. 

There  are  several  large  hotels,  with  at- 
tentive hosts,  ever  ready  to  oontribute  to- 
wards the  comforts  of  thei  r  visitors.  Walk- 
ing, riding,  fishing,  shooting,  and  sailing 
can  be  here  pursued  with  great  benefit  to 
health.  We  have  billiard-rooma  and  bowl- 
ing-alleys; in  the  stores  are  found  Indian 
curiosities;  and,  perhaps,  the  Indians 
themselves,  who  resort  to  tbiH  island  on 
business,  may  be  curiosities  to  those  who 
have  never  seen  them ;  they  are  the  true 
"  native  Americana,"  the  ct<«sen«  of  this 
North  American  Republic. 

Bound  Isijind  is  a  small  body  of  land 
lying  a  short  distance  southeast  of  Macki- 
nac, while  Bois  Blanc  Island  is  a  large 
body  of  land  lying  still  farther  in  the  dis- 
tance, in  the  Straits  of  Mackinac 

St.  Mabtin's  Bay,  and  the  waters  con- 
tiguous, lying  north  of  Mackinac,  afford 
fine  fishing  grounds,  and  are  much  re- 
sorted to  by  visitors  fond  of  aquatic  sports. 
Great  St.  Martin's  and  Litae  St.  Martin's 
Llanda  are  passed  before  entering  the 
bay,  and  present  a  beautiful  appearance. 

Carp  and  Fine  rivers  are  two  small 
streams  entering  into  St.  Martin's  Bay, 
affording  an  abundance  of  brook  trout  of 
a  large  size.  From  the  head  of  the  aboVe 
bay  to  the  foot  of  Lake  Superior,  is  only 
about  30  miles  in  a  northerly  direction, 
passing  through  a  wilderness  section  of 
country,  sparsely  inhabited  by  _  Indians, 
\{ho  have  long  made  this  region  their 
favored  hunting  and  fishing  grounda. 


Poiirr  Di  TouB,  86  milei  east  trom, 
Mackinac,  is  the  site  of  a  light-bouse  and. 
settlement,  at  the  entrance  of  ^-t.  Mary's 
River,  which  is  here  about  half  a  mile  in 
width;  this  passage  is  also  called  the 
West  Channel.  At  a  distance  of  about 
two  miles  above  the  Point  is  a  now  set- 
tlement, where  have  been  erected  a  steam- 
boat  pier,  a  hotel,  and  several  dwellings. 
Druuuond  Island,  a  large  and  impor- 
tant  body  of  land  belonging  to  the  United 
States,  is  passed  on  the  right,  where  are  to 
be  seen  the  ruins  of  an  old  fort  erected 
by  the  British.  On  the  left  is  the  main- 
land of  Northern  Michigan.  Ascending 
St.  Mary's  River,  next  is  passed  Round  or 
Pipe  Island,  and  other  smaller  islands 
on  the  right,  presenting  a  beautiful  ap- 
pearance, most  of  them  belonging  to  tbo 
United  States. 

St.  Joseph  Island,  10  miles  abovo 
Point  de  Tour,  is  a  large  and  fertile  island 
belonging  to  Canada.  It  is  about  20 
miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  about 
16  miles  Inroad,  covered  in  part  with  a 
heavy  growtii  of  forest-trees.  Hero  are 
seen  the  ruins  of  an  old  fort  erected  by  the 
British,  on  a  point  of  land  commanding  thA 
channel  of  the  river. 

Cahltonville  is  a  small  settlement  on 
the  Michigan  side  of  the  river,  12  miles 
above  the  De  Tour.  Here  is  a  steam  saw- 
mill and  a  few  dwelling-houses. 

LiuE  Island  is  a  small  body  of  land , 
belonging  to  the  United  States,  lying  ia 
the  main  channel  of  the  river,  about  12 
miles  from,  its  mouth.  The  channel  here 
forms  the  bounds^  between  th»  United 
States  and  Canada, 

Mud  Lake,  as  it  is  called,  owing  to  its 
waters  being  easily  riled,  is  an  expansion, . 
of  the  river,  about  five  miles  wide  and  ten  , 
miles  long,  but  not  accurately  delineated 
on  any  of  the  modern  maps,  which  appear 
to  be  very  deficient  in  regard  to  St.  Mark's 
River  and  its  many  islands — presenting 
at  several  points  most  beautifUI  river 
scenery.    In  the  St.  Mary's  ffiver  theri. 


".jaiDJffliSWllMIIWBt'*- 


are  about  fl 

United  Stat* 
Canada. 

Nbbish  Ii 
ment,  f*ituat< 
Point  to  the 
while  sailing 

SUOAR  Is 

land  belong 
reached  abo 
Tour,  situaU 
Island.  On 
or  Korth  Ch 
with  Oeorgi 
small  rocky 
ish  Qovemi 
channels  of 

The  Nebi. 
the  asoendin 
ning  about  t 
land  of  Cai 
above  the 
dense  growt 
To  the  nort 
tending  thn 
almost  whol 
except  to  th 

Lake  Gb 
Saut,  is  am 
being  about 
long.  Here 
to  ton  feet  i 
forming  a 
tion.* 

Ohuhch'8 
twelve  mile 
ixnt  landiE 
Island,  beli 
isaoonveni 
a '  store  and 
ooctipants  b 


ra/spbrn-yja 
titles,  and  si 
markets. 
Oarden  1 


*  A  now  ebi 
wtikih  (ivei  B 


KIK. 


TRIP  TIlBOCaH   Till    LAKH. 


01 


ailei  east  trom,  , 
light-bouse  and. 
30  of  ft.  Mary's 
.It  half  a  mile  in 
alBO  called  the 
.Bianco  of  about 
nt  is  a  now  set* 
erected  a  steam* 
jveral  dwellings., 
argo  and  impor- . 
ng  to  the  United 
ght,  where  are  to, 
old  fort  erected - 
eft  ia  the  main*  . 
ptn.    Ascending 
passed  Round  or 
smaller  isiaada 
:  a  beautiful  ap- 
belouging  to  tbci 

10  miles  sbOTO 
and  fertile  island 
It  is  about  20 
west,  and  about 
i  in  part  with  a 
trees.  Here  are 
art  erected  by  the 
.  commanding  thA 

all  settlement  on 
e  river,  12  miles 
e  is  a  steam  saw- 
houses. 

lall  body  of  land, 
[  States,  lying  in 
a  river,  about  13 
rhe  channel  here, 
ween  tb«  United^ 

llod,  owing  to  its  ^ 
,  is  an  ezpansioiji^i 
niles  wide  and  ten  , 
irately  delineated 
jps,  which  appear 
gard  to  St  Mary^s 
^nds — presenting 
t   beautiful  river 
ary's  ffiver  ther4^ 


are  about  fifty  islands  belonging  to  the 
United  States,  besides  several  attached  to 
Canada. 

Nebish  Islaxd,  and  Sailor's  Encamp- 
ment,  xitnated  about  half  way  from  the 
foint  to  the  Saut,  tro  passed  on  the  loft 
while  sailing  through  the  main  channel. 

SuoAR  Iblakd,  a  large  body  of  fertile 
land  belonging  to  tlie  United  States,  is 
reached  about  30  miles  above  Point  de 
Tour,  situated  Hear  the  head  of  St.  Joseph 
Island.  On  the  riglit  is  passed  the  British 
or  tbrlh  Channel,  connecting  on  tlw  east 
with  Georgian  Bay.  Here  are  seen  two 
small  rocky  islands  belonging  to  the  Brit- 
ish Qovemment,  which  command  both 
cliannels  of  the  river. 

Tlie  Jfiebish  Rapids  are  next  passed  by 
the  ascending  vessel,  the  stream  here  run- 
ning about  five  knots  per  hour.  The  main- 
land of  Canada  is  reached  immediately 
above  the  rapids,  being  cloUied  with  a 
dense  growth  of  forest-trees  of  small  size. 
To  the  north  is  a  dreary  wilderness,  ex- 
tending through  to  Hudson  Bay,  as  yet 
almost  wholly  unexplored  and  unknown, 
except  to  the  Indian  or  Canadian  ^<'mter. 

Lakk  Gboroe,  twenty  miles  beiow  the 
Saut,  is  another  expansion  of  the  river, 
being  about  Are  miles  wide  and  eight  miles 
long.  Here  the  channel  is  only  from  eiglit 
to  ten  feet  in  depth  for  about  one  mile, 
forming  a  great  impediment  to  naviga^ 
lion.* 

Ohurcb's  Landing,  on  Sugar  Island, 
twelve  miles  below  the  Saut,  is  a  stcam- 
bqat  Unding;  opposite  it  is  Squiiirel 
IsiAND,  belonging  to  the  Canadians.  This 
is  a  oonvenient  landing,  wliere  are  situated 
a  '  store  and  dwelling.-  The  industrious 
ooctipants  are  noted  for  the  making  of 
raiyihen-y  jam,  which  is  sold  in  large  quan- 
tities, and  shipped  to  Eastern  and  Southern, 
markets. 

Oarden  River  Settlement  is  an  Indian 

*  A  now  channel  has  hevn  formed,  by  dredging, 
wSioh  (ivei  B  greater  depth  uf  water. 


village  ten  miles  below  the  Saut,  on  tho 
Cuna<tlan  sliore.  Hero  are  n  missionary 
church  and  several  dwellings,  surrounded 
by  grounds  poorly  cultivated,  flshing  and 
hunting  being  tho  main  employment  of 
the  (;hip|)ewa  Indinns  who  inhabit  this 
section  of  country.  Both  sides  of  the  river 
abound  in  wild  berries  of  good  flavor, 
which  are  gathered  in  large  quant  itioci  by 
the  Indians,  during  the  summer  months. 

Extract  from  a  letter  dated  Sact  Stb 
Marii,  Sept.,  1854: 

"The  scenery  of  the  St.  Mary's  River 
seems  to  grow  more  attractive  every  year. 
There  is  a  delicious  freshness  in  the  count- 
less evergreen  islands  that  dot  the  river  in 
every  direction,  from  the  Falls  to  Lake 
Huron,  and  I  can  imagine  of  no  more 
tempting  retreats  f'-r^na  Uie  dusty  streets  of 
towns,  in  snmmer,  wian  these  islands;  I 
believe  the  time  will  soon  come  when  neat 
summer  cottages  will  be  scattered  afoag 
the  steamboat  route  on  thsse  charming 
islands.  A  snmmer  could  be  delightftilly 
spent  in  exploring  for  new  scenery  and  in 
fishing  and  sailing  in  those  Waters. 

"  And  Mackinac,  what  an  attractive  little 
piece  of  terra  firma  is  that  island — half 
ancient,  half  modern  I  The  view  fh>m  the 
fort  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world. 
Perched  on  the  brink  of  a  precipice  some 
two  hundred  feet  above  the  bay— one 
takes  in  at  a  glance  from  its  walls  tihe  har- 
bor, with  its  numerous  boats  and  the  pretty 
village;  and  the  whole  rests  on  one's  vision 
more  like  a  picture  than  a  reality.  £very 
thing  on  the  island  is  a  curiosity ;  the 
roads  or  streets  that  wind  around  the  har- 
bor or  among  the  grove-like  furests  of  the 
island  are  naturally  pebbled  and  macadam- 
ized; the  buildings  are  of  every  style, 
from  an  Indian  lodge  to  a  fine  English 
house.  The  island  is  covered  with  charm- 
ing natural  scenery,  from  the  pretty  to  the 
grand,  and  one  may  spend  weeks  con- 
stantly flnumg  new  objects  of  interest  and 
new  scenes  of  beauty.  It  is  unnecessary 
to  particularize— every  visitor  will  find 


02 


FROM    CIIIOAOO   TO    MACKINAC    AWD    flACT   8T«.   UABII. 


tlwm,  and  enjoy  the  sight  more  thui  any 

dcsoription. 

"  The  steamera  all  call  there,  on  their 
way  to  and  from  Chicago,  and  hundreds  of 
small  sail  vesftcls,  in  the  flshing  trade, 
huve  here  their  head-quarters.  Drawn 
upon  the  pebbled  beach  or  gliding  about 
the  little  bay  are  bark  canoes  and  the  far- 
famed  'Mackinac  boats,'  without  num- 
ber. These  last  are  tho  perfection  of 
light  sail-boats,  and  I  have  often  been 
astonishod  at  seeing  them  far  out  in  the 
lake,  beating  up  iiprninst  winds  that  were 
next  to  gales.  Yesterday  the  harbor 
I  thronged  with  sail  boats  and  Tesaela  of 


every  dMoripUon,  among  the  rest  weW 
the  only  two  iron  steamers  that  the  Uni- 
ted States  have  upon  all  the  lakes,  the 
'Michigan' and  tho  'Surveyor,'  formerly 
colled  the  '  Abert,"  employed  In  tho  Coast 
Surrey. 

"  For  a  wonder.  Lake  Huron  was  calm 
and  At  rest  for  its  entire  length,  and  th6 
steamer  'Northerner'  made  a  beautiftri 
and  quick  passage  fVom  Mackinac  to  thil 
place.  The  weather  continues  w  aim  and 
dry,  and  hundreds  are  regrctnng  they 
have  so  early  left  the  Saut  and  Mackinac, 
and  we  believe  you  will  see  crowds  of 
visitors  yet  Jat."  ' 


au  Mary*!  River. 

,  By  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  the  Government 
Charts  of  the  Straits  of 
Mackinac  and  River  Ste. 
Marie,  published  in  1 857,  it 
appears  that  the  Point  Delbur Light- House 
is  situated  in  46<»  57'  N.  Lat.,  being  36 
miles  to  the  eastward  of  Fort  Mackinac. 
"The  width  of  the  I  )e  Tour  passage  is  about 
one  mile,  with  a  depth  of  water  of  100 
feet  and  upwaruri,  (dthough  but  60  feet 
is  found  off  th-  light,  as  you  run  into 
Lake  Huron.  I'rummond  Island,  attached 
to  the  United  States,  lies  on  the  east, 
while  the  main  shore  of  Michigan  lies  to 
the  west  of  the  entrance.  Pipe  Igland, 
4  miles,  is  first  passed  on  ascending  the 
stream,  and  then  Lime  Island,  6  miles 
farther.  St.  Joseph's  Island,  with  its  old 
fort,  attached  to  Canada,  lies  8  miles  from 


the  entrance.  Potagannii- 
sing  Bay,  dotted  with  nu- 
merous small  islands,  most- 
ly belonging  to  the  United 
States,  is  seen  lying  to  the 
eastward,  communicating 
with  the  North  Chan- 
_  nel.     Mud  Lake,  6  miles 

Airther,  is  next  entered,  having  an  ex- 
panse of  about  4  miles  in  width,  when 
Sailor's  Encampment  Island  Is  reached, 
being  20  miles  from  Lake  Huron.  The 
head  of  St  Joseph's  and  part  of  Sugar 
Island  are  reached  26  miles  northward 
from  the  DeTour,  where  diverges  th«» 
Canadian  or  North  Channel,  running  Into 
the  Georgian  Bay;  this  channel  is  f6l- 
lowed  by  the  Canadian  steamers.  Th* 
yebish  Bapidt  are  next  passed,  and  LoJM 
George  entered,  6  miles  further,  being  OT 
miles  from  Lake  Huron.  This  lake  or  ex- 
pansion of  the  river  is  9  miles  in  length 
and  4  miles  broad,  affording  12  feet  of 
water  over  the  shoals  and  terminating  at 
Church's  Landing,  lying  opposite  Squir- 
rel Island,  attached  to  Canada.  Garden 
River  Settlement,  3  miles,  is  an  Indian 
town  on  the  Canada  side.  Little  Lak* 
George  is  passed  and  Poini  Avx  PiM 
reached,  3  miles   fUrther.    From  Little 


"HWWRTS' 


lily.' 


HI.: 


g  the  reit  wet^ 
(M  that  the  Unl- 
lU  the  lakoR,  th« 
rveyor,'  formerly 
oyod  in  the  Coast 

Huron  wai  calM 
■0  length,  and  Xhi 
nade  a  beautiftti 
I  Mackinac  to  thil 
itinueg  w  aim  and 
3  regretting  they 
lilt  and  Mackiuat:, 
U  see  crowds  of 


inoe.  Fotagannii- 
I,  dotted  with  mi- 
imall  islands,  moHt- 
;ing  to  the  United 
3  seen  lying  to  the 
I,  coibmunicating 
le  North  Chan- 
lud  Lake,  6  milea 
)d,  haring  an  ex- 
s  in  width,  when 
Wtmtd  la  reached, 
lake  Huron.  The 
id  part  of  Sugar 

miles  northward 
bere  diverges  tb't 
innel,  running  into 
is  channel  Is  f6l- 
n  steamers.    Th4 

passed,  and  Lakt 

further,  being  9i 
This  lake  or  ez- 
9  miles  in  length 
brding  12  feet  of 
md  terminating  at 
ig  opposite  Squir- 
Canada.  Garden 
les,  is  an  Indian 
side.     Little  Lakt 

Point  Awt  PiM 
tier.    From  Little 


TRIP   THROVOH    Till    LAKK8. 


99 


lake  George  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  pas- 
sing around  the  h?nd  of  Sugar  Island,  is 
8  miles  further,  L<eing  .^5  miles  from  Lake 
Huron.  The  Rapid;  or  Ship  Canal,  ex- 
tend for  about  une  mile,  overcoming  a  fall 
of  2U  feet,  when  a  beautiful  stretch  of  the 
river  ia  next  passed  and  Waitka  Bay 
entered,  6  miles  above  the  rapids;  making 
the  St.  Mary's  Rirer  62  miles  in  length. 
The  channel  forminc  the  boundary  Une 
between  Canada  and  the  United  States  ia 
followed  by  the  a«oending  steamer  flrom 
the  lower  end  of  St.  Joseph's  Island  to 
Lake  Superior,  while  a  more  direct  pas- 
sage is  afforded  for  vessels  of  light  draught 
through  Hay  Lake,  lying  west  of  Sugar 
Island  and  entering  Mud  Lake.  Nothingoan 
be  more  charming  than  a  trip  over  tiiese 
waters,  when  Miiling  to  or  fyom  the 
Straits  of  Maokinan,  thus  having  in  view 
rich  and  varied  lake  and  river  scenery, 
once  the  exclusive  and  favored  abode  of 
the  red  man  of  the  forest,  im»w  feat  paas- 
iug  away  before  the  march  of  t^yfliution. 

Saut  »C«.  Marie,*  capitd  of  Chip- 
pewa Co..  Mkih.,  ia  advantageously  situated 
on  St.  Mary's  Biver,  or  Strait,  350  miles 
N.N.W.  of  Detroit,  and  15  milea  <h)m  the 
foot  of  Lake  Superior,  in  X.  lat  46°  31'. 
The  Rapids  at  tiiia  place,  giving  the  name 
to  the  settlement!  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  have  a  descent  of  20  feet  within  the 
diatonce  of  a  mil%  and  tona  the  natural 
limit  of  navigation.  .The  Ship  Canal,  how- 
ever, which  has  recently  been  oonatructed 
on  the  American  side,  obviates  this  diffl- 
culty.  Steamers  of  a  urge  dasa  now  pass 
through  the  locks   into  Lake  Superior, 

,f,^., .,  •  BetUed  In  Itta,  l>y  tlw  lYwoh. 


greatly  flicllitnting  trade  and  commeroa 
The  villnptj  on  the  American  ^itlo  is  plraa- 
antly  situated  near  the  foot  of  the  rapids, 
and  contains  a  court-house  and  jail;  a 
Presbyterian,  a  Methodist,  and  a  Homan 
Catholic  church;  2  hotels,  and  15  or  20 
stores  and  storehouses,  besides  a  few 
manufacturing  establishments,  ai  i  about 
1,200  inhabitants.  Many  of  ihe  inhabi- 
tants and  Indians  in  the  vicinity  are  en- 
gaged in  the  Air  trade  and  fisheries,  the 
latter  being  an  important  and  profitable 
occupation.     Summer  visitors  flock  to  this 

Elace  and  the  Lake  Superior  country  for 
ealth  and  pleasure,  the  Chippewa  I/orue, 
a  well  kept  hotel  on  the  American  side, 
and  one  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  river, 
both  afford  good  accommodations. 

Fort  Bradt  is  an  old  and  important 
United  States  military  post  contiguous  to 
this  frontier  village,  where  are  barracks 
ibr  a  tuH  garrison  of  troopa  It  commands 
the  St.  Mary's  River  and  the  approach  to 
the  mouth  of  the  canal. 

Saut  Sti.  Maris,  C.  W.,  is  a  scattered 
settlement,  where  is  located  a  ymrt  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  Here  is  a  steam- 
boat btnding,  a  hotel,  and  two  or  three 
stores,  including  the  Hudson  Bay  Com- 
pany's; and  it  has  from  600  to  600  in- 
habitants. Indiana  of  the  Chippewa  tribe 
reside  in  the  vicinity  in  considerable  num- 
bers, they  having  the  exclusive  right  to 
take  fish  in  the  waters  contiguous  to  the 
rapids.  They  also  employ  themselves  in- 
running  the  rapids  in  their  frail  canoes, 
when  desired  by  citizens  or  strangers— 
this  being  one  of  the  most  exhilarating  en- 
joyments for  those  fond  of  aquatic  sporta. 
(Set  Engraving.) 


Fat 


Our  I 
of  the  n 
northero 
In  the  c 
vine-clad 
liis  ancc 
wide  ind 
he  also 
age  of  81 
8clf  to  t 
and  witt 
preparat 
vested  v 
erence  fi 
mined  tc 
flelds  fo 
eummer 
the  20t1 
Quebec, 
soon  rec 
as  a  ma 
cflbrts  t 
Algonqu 
had  bee: 


cursions 

cordingl 
the  10th 

he  land« 

bark  cai 

Mission 

there  to 

'J 
'J 

guage,  a 
Ottawa 

,  ,ift 

first  he 

APPENDIX. 


Father  Harqnette  and  kin  Discovery  of  the  SliMlHippI 

Biver. 

[Written  ibr  the  "Zoi*  Suptrior  Mining  Journal*'  hf  Adhaii  J.  Ebcll.] 


Odb  hero,  James  MARQirxTTB,  vnxa  bom 
of  the  noblo  family  of  Marquette,  in  the 
northern  part  of  France,  in  the  year  1637. 
In  the  city  of  Laon,  on  the  meandering, 
Tine-clad,  olive-girt  little  River  Oi.se,  where 
his  ancestors  had  raised  and  exerted  a 
wide  influence  for  generations  before  him, 
he  also  spent  h.s  youthful  days  till  the 
age  of  seventeen ;  he  then  attached  him- 
self to  the  Society  of  Jesus,  or  Jesuits, 
and  with  them  pursued  a  course  of  study 
preparatory  to  the  priesthood.  When  in- 
vested with  orders,  having  a  strong  pref- 
erence for  the  missionary  work,  he  deter- 
mined to  malce  tlie  wilds  of  America  the 
fields  for  his  Aiture  labor.  So,  in  the 
euramer  of  1666,  he  sailed  for  Canada,  on 
the  20th  of  September,  and  landed  at 
Quebec,  then  but  a  trading-post.  He  was 
soon  recognized,  by  his  courage  and  sseal, 
as  a  man  specinlly  fitted  to  advance  the 
efforts  that  had  been  made  among  the 
Algonquins  on  Like  Superior,  but  which 
liad  b^n  nearly  extinguished  by  the  in- 
cursions of  the  warlike  Iroquois.  Ac- 
cordingly, Fatlier  James  Marquette,  on 
the  10th  of  October  of  the  same  year  tliat 
he  landed,  embarked  again,  but  now  in  a 
bark  canoe,  conducted  by  a  couple  of  the 
Mission  Indians,  for  the  "Three  Rivers," 
there  to  commence  the  study  of  the  lan- 
guage, and  soon  after  he  proceeded  to  the 
Ottawa  Mission  on  Lake  Superior.  At 
first  he  waa  atatioued  at  the  Sault  Ste. 


Marie,  but  in  a  few  months  it  was  deemed 
expedient  to  remove  him  farther  on  to  the 
mission  at  La  Pointe. 

The  bands  that  lived  about  the  south- 
western  shores  of  the  lake  were  annually 
visited  by  the  Illinois,  who  came  fW>m 
their  broad  prairie-homes  on  the  "Great 
Mississippi,"  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
by  barter  the  trinkets  and  chattels  dis- 
tributed by  the  French.  The  glowing  de- 
scription given  by  tliese  of  the  ."Great 
"Water,"  the  Mississippi,  that  flowed  south 
tiirough  niany  nations,  and  emptied  itself, 
after  many  moons'  juurneyings,  into  the 
salt  sea,  awakened  in  Fatlier  Marquette 
an  ardent  desire  to  explore  this  mysterious 
river,  find  whether  or  no  the  sea  it  emp- 
tied in  was  the  Western  Ocean,  and  carry 
to  the  southern  nations  the  Gospel  of 
peace. 

The  Ilurons  at  La  Pointe  were  about 
abandoning  their  homes,  from  fear  of  the 
Sioux  warriors ;  and  our  missionary,  though 
loth  to  remove  farther  from  his  clierished 
desire  of  going  southwest  to  the  Illinois 
and  other  Mississippi  nations,  yet  accom- 
panied them  back  in  their  runoes  to 
Mackinac,  and  there  rebuilt  the  old  church 
that  had  been  for  a  time  deserted. 

In  the  summer  of  1672,  the  Comte  de 
Frontonac,  Governor  of  Canada,  clearly 
perceiving  the  importance  of  an  explora- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  River  and  its  out- 
let, appointed  Sieur  M.  Jolliet,  accompa- 


96 


FATHBIl   UJtSQUKTr>*S  OMOOTKBT   0»  TH»  MISBIIISIPyi. 


nied  by  Father  Marquette,  to  make  the 
discovory;  but  on  tlieir  return,  Jolliet's 
juurnals  and  reports  were  lost  by  the  up- 
setting ot  their  cunoo  below  the  Sault  8t 
Louis,  near  Montreal,  and  thus  the  only 
remaining  account  of  the  expedition  was 
that  prepared  by  Marquette. 

In  two  bark  canoes,  tlieir  entire  outfit 
a  stock  of  com  and  dried  meat,  with  five 
Indian  attendants,  JoUiet  and  Marquette, 
on  the  nth  of  May,  16t3,  started  from 
the  Mission  of  St.  Ignatius,  at  MichUi- 
mackinac,  for  the  exploration  of  the  Mis- 
BissippL  Coasting  along  the  shore,  with 
every  precaution  to  avoid  surprise,  they 
iinii  entered  and  went  up  Green  Bay,  and 

ascended  the  Fox  River  for  a  distance  of 
260  miles  to  its  source,  in  a  level  prairie 
flat,  but  a  little  distance  from  the  springs 
of  the  Wisconsin,  which  flowed  into  the 
Great  Waters  tliey  were  in  search  of. 
Having  carried  their  canoes  over  the  nar- 
row portage,  they  continued  their  voyage 
down  the  shallow  river,  often  quite  hid 
from  sight  by  the  growth  of  wild  oats, 
through  which  they  had  to  open  a  way 
for  their  canoe,  as  one  would  through 
the  thicket.     As  they  descended,  it  grew 
broader,  and  dashed  about  among  reeds 
and  sandy  shoals.   About  30  leagues  below 
its  source  they  found  wliat  they  took  to 
bo  an  iroL'  mine,  and  somewhat  farther  on, 
about  120  miles  below  the  portage,  on  the 
17  th  of  June,  "with,"  says  Marquette,  "a 
joy  that  I  cannotexpross,"  they  entered  the 
Mississippi  River.   Down  its  gentle  current 
they  glided,  by  the  unique  though  varied 
aoenes,  with  countless  herds  of  buffalo 
and  deer  on  its  shores,  and  innumerable 
flsli  in  its  waters,  until,  in  some  ten  days, 
for  the  first  time  since  they  left  the  lakes, 
they  perceived  some  indications  of  human- 
ity.   From  the  river-side  a  winding  foot- 
path led  oflf  through  the  prairie;  following 
this,  JoUiet  and  Marquette  soon  came  to 
an  Indian  village,  in  which  they  were 
cordially  received,  and  which  proved  Co 
be  of  the  IlUnois,  Om  YWJS^^  •FSWj 


"horn  Fa&er  Marquette  had  so  long  de- 
>d  to  pjant  a  mission.  They  strong 
urged  our  adventurers  not  to  prjoeed  far- 
ther, for  danger  would  encompass  them 
on  every  side;  but,  nothing  daunted, 
agam  they  embarked,  and  after  a  journey 
southward  of  some  60  miles,  they  came 
to  the  river  Onabonbigan,  or  Ohio,  a  little 
after  whidi  they  discovered  what  they 
supposed  to  be  a  very  rich  iron  mine. 

On  they  still  went,  through  seTeral 
nations  of  hostile  Indians,  encountering 
dangers  of  every  kind,  until  they  came' 
among  the  Akamsea  or  Arkansas  Indiuis, 
nearly  where  De  Soto  had  breathed  his 
last,  130  years  before.  From  this  tribe 
they  learned  they  were  only  ten  days' 
journey  firom  the  sea,  where  were  stSc 
tioned  traders  who  appeared  much  like 
themselves,  and  came  and  went  in  groat 
ships.  Judging  these  correctly  to  be 
Spaniards,  our  travellers  were  in  doubt 
whether  it  would  be  best  for  them  to 
push  on  to  the  mouth  of  the  river  or  not 
They  had  already  ascertained  for  a  cer- 


tainty tliat  the  Mississippi  emptied,  not, 
as  was  supposed,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Virginia,  or  through  California  into  the 
Western  Ocean,  but  into  •the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  from  whidi  they  certainlj  could 
not  be  far;  that  mouth  they  knew  to  be 
held  by  the  Spaniards,  with  whom  they 
were  on  no  friendly  terms.     Should  they 
happen  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  these 
Spaniards,  they  could  anticipate  nothing 
less  than  to  be  held  as  prisoners,  since 
not  only  were  their  respective  countries 
at  war,  but  that  the  results  of  their  ex- 
plorations might  not  be  carried  back  to 
the  French,  and  thus  induce  encroaoh- 
ments  on  the  territory  held  in  the  uamf- 
of  Spain.    Thinking  it  then  more  prudent 
to  return,  that  the  fruits  they  had  alrea'ly 
gathered  might  not  be  at  once  lost  by  an 
eflbrt  to  grasp  too  mucli,  on  the  llth  of 
July  they  lefl  the  village  Akamsea,  and 
commenced  pulling  back  their  canoes  up 
the  Missiasipjti  current    They  took,  on. 


retttrning,  1 
Having  aso 
crossed  ove 
River,  and  t 
called  Lake 
chan||ed  it 
Cbastmg  al( 
td  Green  B 
of  St.  From 
on  account  i 
state  of  hi 
winter  and 

This  was 
of  the  Miss 
Soto,  it  is  1 
of  having  f 
1541;  but, 
expeditions 
of  gain  and 
that  would 
one  with  m 
was  quite  ] 
the  aocouni 
that  still  rei 
character,  ti 
be  placed  ir 

In-accorc 
nations  on 
Mwrquette  c 
Tcmber,  161 


Fnurr  vi« 

ioA  Jesuit  i 

'  Permauei 

IfAB()in(TTS 

who^  four  y 
the  Sault  St 
ney  to  La  P 
ands.  Lake 
Aidlan  miss 
St  Ignace, 
estaUiaked 


had  10  lonf  d»- . 
They  strongly 
;  to  pr  jceed  far- 
ncompass  them, 
thing  daunted, 
after  a  journey 
liles,  they  came 
or  Ohio,  a  little 
ired  what  they 
\x  iron  mine, 
lirough  MTeral 
IS,  encountering 
mtil  they  came' 
rkansas  Indiuia, 
ad  breathed  his 
From  this  tribe 
only  ten  days' 
rhere  wore  stSf 
)ared  much  like 
d  went  in  groat 
correctly  to   be 
I  were  in  doubt 
)8t  for  them  to 
the  river  or  not 
;ained  for  a  cer- 
ipi  emptied,  not, 
eastern  coast  of 
lifomia  into  the 
to  •the  Gulf  of 
y  certainl;  oould 
they  knew  to  bo 
with  whom  they 
us.    Should  they 
hands  of  these 
iticipate  nothing 
prisoners,  since 
pective  countries 
lulls  of  their  ex- 
carried  back  to 
induce  encroaoh- 
leld  in  the  uamf - 
len  more  prudent 
they  had  alrea'ly 
kt  once  lost  by  an 
li,  on  tlie  17th  of 
go  Akamsea,  and 
k  their  canoes  up 
.    They  took,  oft 


DISOOVEBT   AKD  SKTTLBMCNT  Or  HAOKIITAO. 


ST 


retttming,  howeTCr,  a  diflbrent  coarse. 
Having  ascended  the  Illinois  River,  they 
crossed  over  the  portage  to  the  Chicago 
River,  and  thence  down  to  what  was  then 
called  LtJce  Illinois,  but  which  has  since 
changed  its  name  to  Lake  Michigan. 
Cbastmg  along  the  shore,  they  returned 
to  Green  Bay,  and  there,  at  the  Mission 
of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  Father  Marquette, 
on  account  of  the  enfeebled  and  shattered 
state  of  his  health,  spent  the  ensuing 
winter  and  summer  of  1674. 

This  was  in  reality  the  first  exploration 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  Ferdinand  De 
Soto,  it  is  true,  generally  has  the  credit 
of  having  first  discovered  it  as  early  as 
1541;  but,  in  the  first  place,  whatever 
expeditions  he  made  were  for  the  purpose 
of  gain  and  plunder,  and  so  a  great  de<d 
that  would  have  demanded  the  notice  of 
one  with  more  liberal  and  unselfish  aims, 
was  quite  passed  over  by  him;  and  then 
the  accounts  and  reports  of  bis  travels 
that  still  remain  are  of  such  an  unreliable 
character,  that  but  little  dependence  can 
be  placed  in  them. 

In*  accordance  with  his  promise  to  the 
nations  on  the  Mississippi  River,  Father 
Marquette  embarked,  in  the  month  of  No- 
TBinber,  141  A,  to  take  among  them  another 


Journey,  more  exdnsirely  than  the  flnt 
of  a  religious  character.  Though  detained 
on  the  way  by  Ulness,  he  reached  the 
Illinois  nation,  on  the  Miaaisaippi,  and 
commenced  a  mission  in  their  midst,  aa 
he  had  long  desired;  but  he  was  obliged, 
the  following  spring,  on  account  of  Ui 
declining  health,  to  commence  his  ratuni, 
that  he  might,  if  possible,  die  where  some 
Christian  brother  oould  give  him  an  ap> 
propriato  burial;  but  in  this  he  was  dis- 
appointed. His  health  and  strength  con- 
tinued failiug  rapidly,  until,  on  tho  16th 
of  May,  1675,  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan, just  within  the  mouth  of  a  little  river 
that  bears  his  name,  he  was  lifted  out  of 
his  canoe  and  placed  under  a  shed  of  bark 
and  twigs,  but  to  be  borne  tlience  to  his 
grave  on  an  eminence  overlooking  both 
lake  and  river.  Subsequently,  the  Kiaha- 
bon  Indians,  once  of  the  mission  at  L* 
Pointe,  dug  up  and  unrolled  the  remains, 
and  dissecting  and  washing  the  bones, 
accordmg  to  their  custom,  put  them  neat' 
ly  into  a  bos  of  birch  bark,  and  ban 
them,  with  a  convoy  of  thirty  canoes,  to 
the  house  of  St.  Ignatius,  at  Michilimadd- 
nac,  where  they  were  interred  with  all 
due  ceremonies,  to  be  disturbed  again, 
most  likely,  not  till  the  laat  day. 


DISCOVERT  AHD  SETTLEMENT  OF  MACXIVAa 


Old  Haokiaac., 

ftwrr  visited  by  the  Oowriera  du  Boit 
find  Jesuit  missionaries  in  1620. 

'  Permanent  settlement  in  167 1,  by  Father 
IlASQintTTE,  an  eminent  Jesuit  missionary, 
who,  four  years  previous,  in  1667,  visited 
the  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  extended  his  jour- 
ney to  La  Pointe,  on  one  of  the  Apostle  Isl- 
ands, Lake  Superior,  where  he  located  an 
Indian  mission.  In  1 669  he  came  to  Point 
St.  Ignace,  in  the  Straits  of  tCackinac,  and 
estaUiahed  another  Indian  misaioa.   Two 


years  thereafter,  he  located  a  mission  and 
trading-station  at  Old  Michilimackinac,  or 
"Pequotenonge"  of  the  Chippewa  dialect 
In  1673,  Father  Marquette,  by  order 
of  his  superiors,  left  St  Ignace  and  pro- 
ceeded to  Green  Bay,  thence  up  the  Fox 
River,  crossing  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
down  the  Wisconsin  River  to  the  Mississip- 
pi, being  the  first  discoverer  and  explorer 
of  the  Upper  Mississippi  River.  He  de- 
scended the  stream  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio  River,  and  returned  to  Lake  Michi- 
gan by  the  route  of  the  Illinois  Bhrer, 


lUAHO   or  MACKIKAO. 


betas  tbe  flnt  vUto  man  that  ever  Tiait- 
•d  tlM  above  region  of  country. 

On  the  19th  day  of  May,  1616,  Father 
Uarquette,  whose  life  was  devoted  to  the 
(MHue  of  religion  and  tbe  welfare  of  the 
ladUans,  died  on  the  east  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan,  at  the  mouth  of  the  present 
Uarquette  River.  Hia  body  was  subse- 
quently brought  by  tlie  Indians,  in  1677, 
,  to  St  Ignace  Mission,  where  his  remains 
were  interred,  according  to  his  own  re- 
quest when  living. 

Old  Michilimackinao  was  for  many 
years  the  metropolis  of  the  Chippewa  and 
Ottawa  tribes  of  Indians,  the  country  be- 
ing daimed  by  the  French,  who  traded 
with  the  Indians,  it  being  the  rendez- 
Toua  of  all  the  tribes  in  ihis  part  of  the 
country. 

The  Indians  remained  on  friendly  terms 
with  the  French  until  1760,  when  the 
En^ish  took  possession  of  the  country 
'    after  the  capture  of  Quebec  and  capitu- 
lation of  the  French  forces  in  Canada. 

In  1161,  the  English  built  a  palisade 
fort  at  Old  Michilimackinac,  and  traded 
with  the  Indians,  many  of  whom  were 
•very  hoetile.  In  May,  1763,  the  garrison 
WBB  Burpriaed,  and  most  of  them  massa- 
cred by  the  Indians.  Out  of  twelve  Eng- 
lish posts  above  Montreal,  nine  were 
similarly  surprisid  and  captured  by  the 
combined  Indian  forces  under  the  cele- 
brated Indian  chief  Pontiao.  Niagara* 
Detroit,  and  Du  Quesne,  or  Pittsburgh, 
alone  narrowly  escaped  a  similar  fate. 
After  the  above  massacre.  Old  Michili' 
maokinao  was  abandoned  by  the  En^^ish, 
and  the  Island  of  Mackinac  selected  as  a 
permanent  settlement  in  1764. 


Island  of  Mackinac. 

PiBST  visited  by  the  French  in  1620, 
who  found  it  numerously  inhabited  by 
Indians  of  the  Chippewa,  Huron,  and  Ot- 
tawa tiibea,  who  resided  on  the  Great 


Manitoultn  Idand  and  «he  Bunoundteg 
shores  of  Lakes  Huron,  Michigan,  and 
Superior,  forming  a  numerouc  and  war- 
like people,  under  different  diiefh. 

After  the  massacre  at  Old  MiohOimadc- 
inac,  in  1764,  tho  Ishnd  of  Madcinao 
was  selected  by  the  English  as  a  military 
position,  and  the  present  fortifications 
commenced  which  stand  on  tlie  brow  of 
the  hill  overlooking  the  town,  now  ren- 
dered ihmous  as  a  healthy  place  of  nsort 
for  invalids  and  others  during  the  sum- 
mer and  autumn  montlia. 

The  Indian  name  of  this  lovely  and  ro- 
mantic island  was  Msshe-ne-moch^-nong- 
gonge,  or  the  Island  of  "Great  Giant  Fairies 
or  Genii."  According  to  Schoolcraft,  the 
name  of  the  island  was  translated  fVom 
another  Indian  word  into  the  Island  of 
the  "Great  Turtle." 

After  the  Revolutionary  War,  in  1793, 
the  island  and  fortress  were  surrendered 
to  the  American  Government  by  the  Brit- 
ish, and  remained  in  our  possession  until 
1812,  wlien  the  garrison  was  surprised 
and  captured  by  a  British  force  of  regu- 
lars and  Indians,  who  landed  on  the 
north  side  of  the  ishmd,  ©ow  called  the 
English  Landing.  In  1814,  an  American 
force,  under  Colonel  Croghan,  of  Sandusky 
notoriety,  undertook  to  recapture  tho  fort, 
but  were  met  on  the  Dousman  Farm,  near 
the  present  dwelling-house,  and  repulsed 
with  considerable  loas,  Uajor  Holmes,  the 
second  in  command,  having  been  killed  in 
the  engagemont. 

fhrt  st  George,  situated  on  the  highest 
part  of  the  island,  was  erected  by  the 
British,  who  retained  possession  of  the 
isUind  until  1815,  when  it  was  peaoeaUy 
surrendered  to  the  Americans,  alter  the 
Treaty  of  Ghent  was  signed,  tho  name  of 
the  fort  being  changed  to  Rrt  HoiiMs, 
in  honor  of  the  gallant  Major  Hohiies, 
who  was  killed  tho  previous  year.  Fort 
Holmes  has  since  been  abandoned  Biid 
(dlowed  to  go  to  min. 


St.  Ha 

'      ThisCa 

tiOQ    of  L 

Lakes,  is 

about  one 

'     It  was  1 

'%tno  Sai 

'  pany,  und 

era  appoii 

State  of  i, 

■  of  the  car 

A  grant 

land  had 

gress  to  t 

the  consti 

This  gi 

to  the  par 

of  the  car 

completed 

of  tlve  cor 

Tbe  wo 

of  1853,  ) 

specified  i 

This    n 

many  dist 

season,  an 

perienced 

unremittii 

charge  of 

in  the  ra< 

acceptable 

During 

i  were  froD 

upon  the 

.  Uie  differc 

cut  and  j 

:. large  fort 

;  des,  getti 

I.:    The  8t< 

,  :Auderden 

.j:Marblehei 

':  were  sen 

(wenty-&^ 

.employed 

',-,    On  the 

11865,  the 

9ffloors,  ai 


TRIP  THROVOn  TH>  LAKC8. 


09 


1,  Michigan,  and 
nenwE  and  war- 
mt  chiefo. 
Old  Miofailimadc- 
tnd  of  Madcinac 
;li^  as  a  military 
ent  fortifications 
1  on  tlie  brow  of 
}  town,  now  ren- 
hj  place  of  resort 
during  the  sum- 

his  lorely  and  ro- 
the-ne-moch^nong- 
\ntA  Oiant  Fairies 
to  Schoolcraft,  the 
IS  translated  fN>m 
ito  the  Island  of 

ary  War,  in  1193, 
were  surrendered 
iment  by  the  Brit- 
ir  possession  until 
on  was  surprised 
ish  force  of  regu- 

0  landed  on  the 
d,  Qow  called  the 
L814,  an  American 
ighan,  of  Sandusky 
recapture  the  fort, 
rasman  Fnrm,  near 
}use,  and  repulsed 
Jfi^or  Holmes,  the 
ving  been  killed  in 

kted  on  the  highest 

as  erected  by  the 

possession  of  the 

1  it  was  peaoeably 
aericans,  after  Die 

red,  the  name  of 
to  Rrt  Hoimes, 
nt  Major  HotaMS, 
evious  year.  Foit 
m  abandoned  and 


.   St.  liarf*»  Falls  Ship  Canal. 

This  Canal,  which  connects  the  naviga- 
UoQ  of  Lake  Superior  with  the  Lower 
Lakes,  is  one  mile  in  length,  and  cost 
febout  one  million  dollars. 

' '  It  was  bunt  in  the  years  1863,  '54,  *66, 
by  tno  Saint  Mary's  Falls  Ship  Canal  Com- 
pany, under  a  contract  with  commission- 
ers appointed  by  the  authorities  of  the 
State  of  Michigan  to  secure  the  building 

'  of  the  canaL 

A  grant  of  750,000  acres  of  the  public 
land  had  previously  been  made  by  Con- 
gress to  tlie  State  of  Michigan,  to  aid  in 
the  construction  of  this  important  work. 

This  grant  of  750,000  acres  was  given 
to  tlie  parties  contracting  for  the  building 
of  the  canal,  provided  the  work  should  be 
completed  within  two  years  from  the  date 
of  the  contract 

The  work  was  comm.imced  in  the  spring 
of  1853,  and  completed  within  the  time 
specified  in  the  contract  (two  years  I). 

Tiiis  result  was  accomplished  under 
many  disadvantages,  during  a  very  sickly 
season,  and  when  great  difficulty  was  ex- 
perienced in  obtaining  laborers ;  but  the 
unremitting  vigor  of  those  who  had  the 
charge  of  tlie  work  secured  its  completion 
in  the  most  substantial,  permanent,  and 
acceptable  manner. 
During  a  great  portion  of  the  time  there 

J  were  from  1,200  to  1,600  men  employed 
upon  the  work,  exclusive  of  the  force  at 

.  the  different  quarries  where  tlie  stone  was 
cut  and  prepared  for  the  locks,  beside  a 

:.' large  force  employed  in  necessary  agen- 

;  des,  getting  timber,  eta 

iw    The  stones  for  the  locks  were  out  at 

viAnderden,  Canada  (near  MaldenX  and  at 

uMarblehead,  near  Sandusky,  in  Ohio.  These 

':  were  sent  in  vessels  to  the  work,  some 
twenty-five  different  sailing  vessels  being 

^afpployed  in  this  business. 

[i^,;  On  the  completion  of  the  canal  in  June, 
1865,  the  governor  of  the  State,  tlie  State 
officers,  and  tlie  Canal  Commissioners  pro- 


ceeded to  Sant  Ste.  Marie  for  the  purpose 
of  inspecting  the  work.  It  was  accepted, 
and  thereupon,  in  accordance  with  the 
terms  of  the  contract,  the  State  author- 
ities released  to  the  C^nal  Company  and 
issued  patents  for  the  750,000  acres  of 
land.  This  was  all  tlie  remuneration  the 
company  received  for  the  work. 

The  lands  were  selected  during  the 
building  of  the  canal,  by  agents  ap- 
pointed by  tlie  governor  of  Michigan. 

Of  the  750,000  acres,  39,000  acres  were 
selected  in  the  iron  region  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, 147,000  acres  in  the  copper  region, 
and  the  balance,  664,000  acres,  in  the 
Lower  Peninsula. 

The  following  figures  will  give  some 
idea  of  the  magnitude  of  this  work  : 

Length  of  canal,  5,548  feet,  »  1  mile 
304  feet 

Width  at  top,  115  feet — at  water-line^ 
100  feet— at  bottom,  64  feet 

The  depth  of  the  canal  is  12  feet 

A  slope  wall  on  the  sides  of  the  canal  is 
4,000  feet  in  length. 

There  are  two  locks,  each  360  feet  in 
length. 

Width  of  locks,  70  feet  at  top— 61)  feet 
at  bottom. 

The  widls  are  26  feet  high— 10  fbet  Oiiidr 
at  bottom. 

Lift  of  upper  lock,  8  feet— lower  do.,  10 
feet;  total  lockage,  18  feet 

Lower  wharf,  ISOfeetlong;  20feetwide. 
Upper  wharf,  830  feet  long;  ftora  16  to  80 
feet  wide. 

There  are  3  pahis  of  folding  gates,  each 
40  feet  wide. 

Upper  gate,  17  feet  high — lower  gate,  24 
feet  6  inches  high. 

There  are  also  upper  and  lower  oaisflon 
gates,  used  for  shutting  off  the  water  trotn 
the  canaL 

The  amount  of  lumber,  timber,  and  iron 
used  in  the  building  of  the  piem  and  gates 
is  enormous. 

There  were  103,437  Iha.  of  wrought  iron 
used  in  the  gates,  and  38,000  lbs.  oast  iron. 


100 


FROU   CniOAOO   TO   MAnKINAO    AHD    BAUT   8TK    MARIK. 


About  8,000  feet  of  oak  timber,  etc. 

The  tolls  on  the  canal  are  collected  by 
the  State— are  merely  nominal— and  only 
intended  to  defray  the  necessary  expenses 
of  repairs. 

Thb  St.  Mart's  Falls  Ship  Cakal, 
Uichigan,  now  forms  a  navigable  com- 
munication between  Lake  Superior  and 
Huron,  passing  through  the  St  Marys 
RiTer  for  a  distance  of  about  60  nutes. 


The  first  Steamer  which  passed  thrrugh 
the  locks  was  the  Illinois,  927  tons, 
commanded  by  John  Wilson,  oa  her  trip 
through  to  the  upper  port^  on  Lake  Su- 
perior, June  18,  1865.  The  lUinoia  WM 
followed  by  the  Steamer  Baltimore,  6U 
tons;  Samuel  Ward,  434  tons;  and  the. 
North  Star,  1,100  tons,  during  the  month 
of  June  of  the  same  year. 


Oprawo  AND  CLosraa  or  Natioatioh,  ttom  1866  to  1862,  toduBivo. 


98T  ton*. 

880  » 
MOO     ** 

600  " 
1,088     " 


Dkta  l^lnt  YeateL 

Jnn«  18,  18BB Illinol^ 

Mar     *,  1856 HuihatUn, 

May      »,  1857 North  SUn 

Aoril  1&  186S IronOfc 

May      8,  1869 1.«dy  Elgin, 

May    11,1860 Fountain  City,        ^ 

May     8,1881 Michigan,  «« 

ApHtST   1862 City  o7  Cleveland,   788 

April  28.  1888 Mineral  Boek.         866 

lUr     8,  »8«4 Cleveland,  574    - 

Average  season  of  navigation,  6^  months. 
Bate.of  IM,  6  cents  for  every  regfistered  ton, 


Not. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 
Nov. 


Date,  Last  Vessel 

88,1886 Wanet, 

88,  1868 Gen.  Taylor, 

80,  1867 Mineral  Rock, 

80,  1888 Lady  Elgin, 

S8,  1880 Forester, 

88,  ISflO Montgomery, 

88.  1861 Gen.  Taylor, 

87,  1868 Mineral.  Book, 

80,  1868 Metoor, 


1,1M  t0B» 

463  » 

685  " 

1,088  " 

884  ** 

87*  " 

468  " 

668  " 

789  " 


for  every  description  of  veaseL 


«ant  Ste.  Marie.— This  old  and 
mudi  neglected  town  canboastof  beautinu 
Bapida,  the  St.  Mary's  River  here  having 
a  descent  of  twenty  feet  within  one  mile, 
a  Ship  Canal,  with  two  locks,  overcoming 
the  fall  in  the  river,  some  dilapidated 
wharves,    and   the   grounds   on   which 
stand  Fort  Brady,  with  its  wooden  bar- 
racks and  officers'  quarters,  one  well-kept 
hotel,    of    modest    pretensions,    where 
thousands  have  been,  entertitoed  during 
the  past  twelve  years  shioo  ttie  com- 
pletton  of  the  canaL    Yet  it  has  not  pro- 
gressed for  that  period  either  in  popula- 
tion or  any  kind  of  improvement;  the 
streets,  stores  and   dwelling-houses   in 
many  cases  being  neglected  and  suffered 
to  go  to  decay.    This  apathy  ought  no 
tongar  to  bo  suffered  to  exist,  but  capital- 
ists should  be  induced  to  improve  the 
water-power  at  this  favored  point,  and 
build  up  a  town  like.unto  those  which 


surround  the  Vt)ia  of  St.  Anthony,  in 
Minnesota.  When  the  Lake  Superior  and 
Mississippi  Raikwtd,  now  in  progrew,  is 
completed,  then  its  available  position  and 
water-power  will,  no  doubt,  cause  it  to 
vie  with"  any  other  town  on  the  borders 
of  the  Great  Lakes.  Largo  quantities 
of  white-flsh  are  annually  taken  botow 
the  Falls  by  Chippewa  Indians,  residtag 
in  the  vicinity,  mostly  on  the  Canada  a^ 
Fish  pools,  connected  by  running  bnxm, 
could  here  be  easily  «>Mt">«^  f"»  ,™^ 
breeding  of  speckled  trout,  which  deUght 
to  gambol  in  the  cold  waters  of  Lake 
Superior.  ... 

On  the  Canadian  side  of  the  nver  ie  a 
small  scattered  setUement  and  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  post.  Clearings  extend 
for  only  a  few  mUesback  of  this  place; 
then  commences  an  endless  wilderness 
until  Hudson  Bay  is  reached  in  the  nortJi, 
some  three  or  four  hundred  miles. 


T< 


Btkahboa 
Forts,  etc 

COLLINOWOO 

Cape  Rich. . 
Cabot's  Heo 
Lonely  Islan 
Cape  Smythi 
She-ha-ipa-fu 
Man-i-tou-wi 
LitUe  Ourrei 
Great  Manit 
Glapperton  1 
Barrie  Islan 
Cockbum  L 
§TIA11I 


Colllni 

Toronto,  is  i 
near  the  h( 
indentation 
although  c< 
of  the  com{ 
and  Huron 
about  2,000 
ereasing.  ' 
ly  owing  to 
nus  df  the 

Georgian 
rVoronto.    ( 

einigraDts 
t'SMamersor 

Qreen  Bay 
.^  well  as  1 
'■tuperior. 
■'la  length; 
<- several    la 

four  hoteli 

''  tte  course 

The  ste 

'  Macldnao  i 

west  shor 
'  iMge  clasi 

tor  travelli 


RIK. 

Ii  passed  thrrugh 
iNOis,  927  tons, 
ilson,  oa  her  trip 
•rt^  on  Lake  8u- 
The  Illinoia  waa 
r  Baltimore,  6H 
'A  tons;  and  the 
during  the  month  ' 

^• 


induBlTe. 


lylor. 
Rock, 
Igin, 
r, 

mcry, 
•ylor, 
I  Book, 
r. 


1,1M  tOBfc 

4<3  » 

BBS  " 

1,088  " 

»84  ** 

8T»  " 

4«a  " 

6W  " 


snofTeaaeL 


f  St.  Anthony,  in 
I  LtAe  Sbpemr  and 
low  in  progreM,  is 
ailable  poaiuon  and 
donbt,  cause  it  to 
nnon  the  bordera 
Large  quantiti^ 
lually  taken  betow 
«  Indiana,  reaidteg 
on  the  Canada  aide, 
by  running  brooks, 
Bonstructed  for  Ae 
rout,  whidi  deUght 
id  waters  of  Lake 

le  of  the  river  to  a 
ament  and  Hudson 
Clearings  extMid 
jack  of  this  place; 
endless  wUdemOM 
eached  in  the  nortli, 
indred  miles. 


TOBOHTO  TO   OOILIHGWOOD   AHD   BAUT  8T«.   MAIUB. 

ToroUo  to  Colllncwood  and  taut  Ste.  Marie. 


101 


TOBOXTO  TO  CoiUMQWOOD  (JZoAvad  RctOe),  94  miles. 

GxoBOUN  Bat  and  I7okth  Chakkbl. 


BTKAMBOAT  ROUTX,  PA88»0  TTBOVaH 

Porta,  etc.  Miles. 

COLUNOWOOD * 

Cape  Rich 30 

Cabot's  Head 80 

Ix)nely  Island 100 

Cape  Smythe •  • .  125 

She-ba-iva-nah'iiing.. 1^5 

Han-i-tou-wah-ning  (26  m.) 

Little  Ourrent,             )            jijq 

Great  Manitoulln  Is.  ) 

Gtepperton  Island. 190 

Barrie  Island. 220 

Cockbum  Island. 266 

QlBAJlBOAT  FABB,  %S.60. 


Porta,  eta  Miles. 

Drummond's  Island,  Ifich 270 

Bnice  Mine$,  Can 290 

St  Joseph  Island 396 

Campement  D'Oura  la. 302 

The  Narrows 806 

Sugar  Isbnd,  Mich. 316 

Nebish  Baplds 316 

Lake  George 320 

Church's  Landing 326 

Garden  River  Set. 330 

Saut  Ste.  Mabib,  Canada 840 

(Hudson  Bay  Company's  Post) 
Usual  Tma,  36  hours. 


Colllngwood,  94  miles  north  from 
Toronto,  is  most  uuvantagooualy  situated 
near  the  head  of  Nottawassaga  Bay,  an 
indentation  of  Georgian  Bay.    The  town, 
although  commenced  in  1864,  at  the  time 
of  the  oompletiou  of  the  Ontario,  Simcoc, 
and  Huron  Railroad,  now  contains  (1861) 
about  2,000  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing.   The  surprising  growth  is  iniun- 
ly  owing  to  its  being  the  northern  termi- 
Bua  df  the  rwlway  which  connects  the 
Georgian    Bay    with    Lake    Ontario   at 
'  Itoronto.    Great  numbers  of  travellers  and 
■emigranta  are  at  this  point  transferred  to 
■leamers  or  propellers,  bound  for  Mackinac, 
Green  Bay,  Chicago,  and  the  Great  West, 
<iM  well  as  to  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie  and  Lake 
'  inperior.    Here  are  a  long  pier,  800  feet 
-la  length;  a  breakwater,  and  light-houae; 
V several    large    stores  and    storehouses; 
four  hotels,  and  two  or  three  churches  in 
''  the  course  of  erection. 

The  steamers  leaving  Collingwood  for 

'  Macldnao  and  Chicago,  runniug  along  the 

weat  shore  of  Lake    Michigan,  are  of  a 

l<uge  class,  affording  good  accommodations 

tot  travettera.    Steamers  run  every  day  to 


Owen's  Sound,  50  milea  distant;  ana 
weekly  to  Bruce  Mines,  tlie  Saut  Ste.  Ma- 
rio,  and  into  Lake  Superior,  affording  a 
delightful  steamboat  excursion. 

Immense  quantiiioa  of  flsh  are  taken  in 
the  waters  of  Nottawassaga  Bay,  being 
principally  carried  to  the  Toronto  nmrkot. 
The  whole  north  shore  of  U»e  Georgian 
Bay  abounds  in  white  flali,  salmon,  trout, 
maskalonge,  and  other  flah  of  tine  quality, 
affording  profltable  employment  to  the 
Canadians  and  Indians. 

"  Some  idea  of  the  value  and  extent  or 
the  fishing  operations  promiscuously  pur- 
sued in  Nottawassaga  Bay  may  be  formed 
from  the  knowledge  that  the  average 
daily  take  exceeds  one  thousand  fish, 
weighing  from.forty  pounds  down  to  one 
pound.  At  this  rate,  that  of  the  seaaon 
would  not  faU  short  of  £40,000.  At  the 
mouth  of  the  Nottawassaga  River  the 
white  fish  are  netted  in  perfect  shoals 
throughout  the  spawning  seaaon.  Most 
of  the  larger  kind  of  trout  spawn  about 
the  islands  upon  beds  of  calcareous  rock, 
over  which  a  shifting  drift  of  sand  or 
gravel  paaaes  by  the'aotion  of  tlie  wavas, 


103 


TRIP  TBROUOH  TBI  LAKI8. 


where  the  water  ie  shallow;  and  from 
being  exposed  to  the  sun,  the  temperature 
of  the  \ako  is  warmer  at  these  localities 


than  elsewhere.  Tliither  the  fishormeb 
resort,  and  net  the  flsli,  vapid  iind  placid 
as  they  are,  in  fabulous  amounts." 


OEOBQIAH  BAT. 


The  deeply  romantio  character  of  this 
pure  and  lovely  body  of  water  is  almost 
unknown  to  the  American  public— lying 
as  it  does  to  the  northeast  of  Lake  Huron, 
being  entirely  within  the  confines  of 
Canada.  The  northeast  shore  is  the  most 
romantio  and  liighly  interesting,  from  the 
fact  of  tliere  being  innumerable  islands 
and  islets  dong  the  coast,  greatly  exceed- 
ing in  number  the  "  Thousand  Islands"  of 
the  St.  Lawrence. 
From  Penetanguisheno,  northeast  to 
•  She-ba-wa-nali-ning,  where  commences  the 
picturesque  body  of  water  known  as  the 
North  Ohcmnd,  there  is  one  continued  suc- 


cession of  enchanting  scenery.  Here  the 
wild  fowl,  fur-bearing  game,  and  the  finny 
tribe  disport  in  perfect  freedom,  being  as 
yet  far  removed  from  tlio  busy  haunts  of 
civilization. 

Georgian  Bay  is  nearly  as  large  as  Lake 
Ontario,  while  the  Nnrtli  Channel,  connect- 
ing with  St.  Mary's  River  on  the  west,  may 
be  said  to  be  as  large  as  Long  Island 
Sound,  dotted  with  a  large  number  of  love- 
ly islands,  while*  to  the  south  lie*  the 
romantic  island  of  the  Grtat  ManitouUn, 
and  on  the  north  rises  La  Cloche 
Mountain — idtogetlier  forming  the  most 
grand  and  romantic  scenery. 


BOUTE  TEOM  COIIIHGWOOD,  C.  W.,  TO  THE  SAUT  STE. 

KABIE. 

THBOUGH  OBOROIAK  BAT  AND  KOBTS  CHANNBL. 


This  is  a  new  and  h'  ily  interesting 
steamboat  excursion,  bn  glit  into  notice 
by  the  completion  of  the  Ontario,  Simcoe, 
and  Huron  Railroad,  extending  from 
Toronto  to  C!ollingwood,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  Georgian  Bay. 

NoTTAW AS8A0A  BAY,  tiie  southern  termi- 
nation of  Georgian  Bay,  is  a  large  expanse  of 
water  bounded  by  Cape  Rich  on  the  west, 
and  Christian  Island  on  the  east,  each 
being  distant  about  30  miles  from  Colling- 
wood.  At  the  south  end  of  the  bay  lies 
a  small  group  of  islands  called  the  Een 
and  Chickens. 

Christian  Island,  lying  about  25  miles 
from  Peuetanguisheue,  and  25  miles  north- 


east of  Cape  Rich,  is  a  largo  and  fertile 
island,  which  was  early  settled  by  the 
Jesuits.  Tiiere  are  several  others  paaaed 
north  of  Cliristian  Island,  of  great  beauty, 
wiiilo  still  farther  nortliwest  are  encoun- 
tered innumerable  islands  and  islets,  form- 
ing labyrinths,  and  secluded  passages  and 
coves  as  yet  almost  unknown  to  the  white 
man,  extending  westward  for  upward  of 
one  hundred  miles. 

Penbtanouishene,  C.  W.,  60  miles 
north  of  Collingwood  by  steamboat  route, 
situated  on  a  lovely  and  secure  bay,  is  an 
old  and  very  important  settlement,  com- 
prising an  Episcopal  and  Roman  Cathoho 
church,  two  hotels,  a  custom-house,  eevera 


■tores  and 
inhabitants 
a  naval  a 
es  tablishe 
The  natui 
bor,  cow 
scenery  o 
of  rare  b 
native  In 
^Oaaadlan 
Englishma 
^communit; 
mouth  oft 
to  the  ni 
Bay,  Is  ni 
favorite  n 
mim,  as  w< 
of  pleasur 
On  leavi 
and  the 
usually  ru 
to  Lonely 
to  the  rigl 
the  broad 
is  the  roul 
voyage  t 
Oli'cago. 
trip  f^om 
Chicago  ai 
OwsN'e 
west  of 
direct  rou 
worthy  of 
thriving 
ibrtile  se< 
■bout  a,5( 
daily  froi 
which  wi 
ailroad. 

LONBLI 

miles   we 

east  of  t) 
largo  bod 
donso  fori 
few  ftshe 
seasons  ( 
taking  &s 
•r  uauaU 


it  the  fiBhormeta 
vapid  lAd  placid 
unounta." 


','1 


wneiy.  Hero  tl» 
ime,  and  the  fioB* 
freedom,  being  M 
10  busy  haunta  of 

y  as  large  as  Lake 
Channel,  oonnect- 
r  on  the  west,  may 
I  as  Long  Island 
ge  number  of  love- 
le  south  lie*  the 
Great  ifiiniUmlin, 
rises  La  Clorhe 
rorming  the  most 
lery. 


BAUT  STE. 


a  largo  and  fertile 
■ly  settled  by  the 
'eral  others  passed 
d,  of  great  beauty, 
iwest  are  encoun- 
ds  and  islets,  form- 
uded  passages  and 
nown  to  the  white 
ard  for  upward  of 

C.  W.,  60  niilcs 
y  steamboat  route, 
1  secure  bay,  is  an 
it  settlement,  com- 
id  Roman  Cathoho 
itom-house,  severa 


ROCTI   FROM    COLLIHOWOOD   TO   SACT  ««   MAKII. 


108 


(tores  and  storehouses,  and  has  about  500 
inhabitants.  In  the  immediate  yicinity  are 
a  naval  and  military  depot  and  bnrraclcs, 
established  by  the  British  government. 
The  natural  beauties  of  the  bay  and  har- 
bor, combined  with  the  picturesque 
scenery  of  the  shores,  make  up  a  picture 
of  rare  beauty.  Here  may  be  seen  the 
native  Indkn,  the  half-breed,  and  the 
Oanadian  Voyagenr,  with  the  full-blooded 
Englishman  or  Scotchman,  forming  one 
community.  This  place,  being  near  the 
mouth  of  the  River  Severn,  and  contiguous 
to  the  numberless  islands  of  Greorgian 
Bay,  Is  no  doubt  destined  to  become  a 
fuTorite  resort  for  the  angler  and  sports- 
mun,  as  well  as  for  the  invalid  and  seeker 
of  pleasure. 

On  leaving  Oottingwood  for  Bruce  Mines 
and  the  Saut  Ste.  Mario,  the  steamer 
usually  runs  direct  across  Georgian  Bay 
to  Lonely  Island,  passing  Cabot's  Head 
to  the  right,  and  the  passage  leading  into 
the  broad  waters  of^jake  Huron,  which 
is  the  route  pursued  by  the  steamers  in  the 
voyage  to  Mackinac,  Green  Bay,  and 
Oli'cago.  During  the  summer  months  tho 
trip  flrom  OoUingWood  to  Mackinac  and 
Chicago  affords  a  delightful  excursion. 

OwsN's  Sound,  or  Sydenham,  50  miles 
west  of  Oollingwobd,  although  off  the 
direct  route  to  tho  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  i^  weD 
worthy  of  a  passing  notice.  Here  is  a 
thriving  settlement,  surrounded  by  a 
fwtile  section  of  country,  and  containing 
about  2,500  mhabitants.  A  steamer  runs 
daily  from  C<dlingwood  to  this  place, 
which  will,  no  doubt,  soon  be  reached  by 
•Uroad. 

LONBLT  IstAND,  Situated  about  100 
miles  west  of  Collingwood  and  20  miles 
east  of  tho  Great  Manitoulin  Islands,  is  a 
largo  body  of  land  mostly  covered  with  a 
donso  forest,  nnd  uninhabited,  except  by  a 
few  fishermen,  who  resort  here  at  certain 
seasons  of  the  year  for  the  purpose  of 
taking  fish  of  different  kinds.  The  steam- 
er usually  passes  this  island  on  its  north 


side,  steering  for  Cbp<  Sn^fk,  A  bold 
promontory  Jutting  out  firom  the  Oreol 
Manitoulin,  aud  distant  from  Lonely  Island 
about  25  miles. 

Squaw  Island  and  Papoobb  IfOMKO 
are  seen  on  the  northeast,  while  farther 
inland  are  the  Fox  lalanda,  being  the  com- 
mencem°'  *  on  the  west  of  the  innunwra» 
ble  islan.  which  abound  along  the  north 
shore  of  Georgian  Bay.  , 

La  Cloohb  Modhtains,  rising  abonk 
2,000  feet  above  the  sea,  are  next  seon  in 
the  distance,  toward  the  north ;  these,  oom- 
bined  with  the  wild  scenery  of  the  islanda 
and  headlands,  form  a  grand  panoramic 
view,  enjoyed  flrom  the  deck  of  tho  passing 
steamer. 

Smyth's  Bat  is  passed  on  the  west, 
some  eight  or  ten  miles  distant.  At  the 
head  of  this  bay,  on  the  great  Manitoolin 
Island,  are  situated  a  village  of  Indiana, 
and  a  Jesuit's  mission,  called  We-quO'me' 
kong.  These  aborigines  are  noted  for 
their  industry,  raising  whea^  com,  oats, 
and  potatoes  in  large  quannties.  This 
part  of  tho  island  is  very  fertile,  and  th« 
climate  is  healthy. 

Sbb-ba-wa-nau-nino,  signifying,  in  tiw 
Indian  dialect,  "  Here  is  a  Channel,'*  is  » 
most  charming  spot,  40  miles  distant  from 
Lonely  Island  hemmed  in  by  mountains 
on  the  north  and  a  high  rocky  island  on 
the  south.  It  is  situated  on  the  north 
side  of  a  narrow  channel,  about  half  m 
mile  in  length,  which  has  a  great  depth  of 
water.  Here  are  a  convenient  steamboat 
landing,  a  churcli,  a  store,  and  some  ten 
or  twelve  dwellings,  inhabited  by  Oano- 
dians  and  half-breeds.  Indians  assemble 
here  often  in  considerable  numbers,  to  sell 
their  fish  and  furs,  presenting  with  thsir 
cauoes  and  dogs  a  very  grotesque  appear- 
ance. One  resident  at  this  landing  usuid- 
ly  attracts  much  attention — a  noUe  dog, 
of  tho  color  of  cream.  No  sooner  does 
the  steamer's  bell  ring,  than  this  animal 
rushes  to  the  wharf,  sometimes  assisting 
to  secure  the  rope  that  is  thrown  oshorv ; 


10« 


TBir  TUKOUOH  TUI   LAXXB. 


the  next  moTO  ho  naket  li  to  board  the 
retMlf  SR  though  he  were  »  cuitom-houae 
oflloer ;  but  on  one  oconHlon,  in  his  poRpr- 
neiis  to  get  into  tho  kitchen,  he  roll  over- 
board ;  nothing  daunted,  he  8wani  to  tho 
■horc,  end  tlien  again  boarding  the  Teeiol, 
■ucceeded  in  his  dcBire  to  fli)  his 
stomach,  ahowing  the  instinct  which 
prompts  many  a  biped  office-seeker. 

On  loaTing8he.ba-w»-nah-ning  and  pro- 
eeeding  westward,  a  most  beautiful  bay  is 
passed,  studded  with  islands ;  and  moun- 
Uins  upwards  of  1,000  feet  in  height,  pre- 
senting a  rocky  and  sterile  appearance, 
form  an  appropriate  background  to 
the  view  ;  thence  are  passed  I^gley  and 
Hoy  wood  Islands,  the  latter  lying  off  Hey- 
wood  Sound,  situated  on  the  north  side 
of  the  Great  Manitoulin. 

Mah-I-tod-wah-KINO,  25  miles  north- 
west of  fflie-ba-wa-nuh-ning,  is  handsome- 
ly situated  at  the  head  of  Ileywood 
Sound.  It  is  an  Indian  settlement,  and 
also  a  goTerament  agency,  being  the  place 
annually  selected  to  distribute  the  Indian 
annuities. 

LiTTLK  CuBMNT,  25  miles  west  of  She- 
ba-wa-nah-ning,  is  another  interesting 
landing  on  the  north  shore  of  tho  Great 
'  Manitoulin,  opposite  La'  Cloche  Inland. 
Here  the  main  channel  is  narrow,  with  a 
current  usually  running  at  the  rate  of  five 
or  six  knots  an  hour,  being  much  affected 
by  the  winds.  The  steamer  stops  at  tliis 
landing  for  an  hour  or  upward,  receiving 
»  supply  of  wood,  it  being  f\imiBhed  by 
an  inteUigent  Indian  or  half-breed,  who 
resides  at  this  pbioe  with  his  family.  In- 
diana are  often  seen  here  in  considerable 
numbers.  They  are  reported  to  be  indo- 
lent and  harmless,  too  often  neglecting 
tiio  cultiTation  of  the  soil  for  the  more 
uncertain  pursuits  of  fishing  and  hunting, 
although  a  considerably  large  clearing  is 
to  be  seen  indifi'erently  oultivated. 

Clapperton  Island  and  other  islands 
of  less  magnitude  are  passed  in  the  Nurth 
Ckamid,  which  ia  a  large  body  of  water 


about  120  miles  long  and  S6  milM  wid*> 
On  the  north  shore  is  situated  n  post  of 
the  Hudson  Bov  Company,  wl-.ich  may 
be  seen  from, the  deck  of  the  iiai<sittg 
steamer. 

Coi^KBURK  Island,  85  miles  >»egt  of 
Little  Current  lies  directly  west  of  tlM 
Great  Manitoulin,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  narrow  channel.  Jt  is  a  large 
island,  somewhat  elevated,  but  uninhabit- 
ed, except  by  Indians. 

Drummond  Island,  15  miles  farther 
westward,  belongs  to  the  United  States, 
being  attuched  to  the  State  of  Michigan. 
This  is  another  brge  body  of  land,  being 
low,  and  as  yet  mostly  uninhabited. 

The  next  Island  approached  before 
binding  at  Bruce  Mines  is  8t.  JoeiPH  Is- 
land, being  a  large  and  fertile  body  of 
land,  with  some  few  settlers. 

Bruce  Mines  Villaos,  C.  Vf.,  ia  situ- 
ated on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Huron, 
or  the  "Xortli  Channel,"  as  it  ia  here 
called,  distant  290  miles  fVom  CoUingwood, 
and  50  from  tho  Saut  Ste.  Marie.  Here 
are  a  Methodist  chapel,  a  public-house, 
and  a  store  and  storehouse  belonging  to 
the  Montreal  Copper  Mining  Company, 
besidea  extensive  bulKlings  used  for  crush- 
ing ore  and  preparing  it  for  the  market ; 
alttut  75  dwellings  and  CUO  inhabitants. 
Tho  copper  ore,  after  being  crushed  by 
powerful  machinery  propelled  by  steam, 
is  pat  into  puddling  troughs  and  washed 
by  water,  so  as  to  obtain  about  20  per 
cent,  pure  copper.  In  thfs  state  it  is 
shipped  to  the  United  States  and  England, 
bringing  about  $80  per  ton.  It  then  haa 
to  go  through  an  extensive  smelting  pro- 
cess, in  order  to  obtain  the  pure  metal. 
The  mines  are  situated  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  village,  there  being  ten 
openings  or  shafts  from  which  the  ore  is 
obtained  in  its  crude  state.  Horse-power 
is  mostly  used  to  elevate  the  ore:  the 
whims  are  above,  ground,  attached  to 
which  are  ropes  and  buckets.  This  mine 
gives  employment  to  about  300  workmen. 


The  capitii 

to  .'ii60«>,0( 

Tho  W^l 

tant,  is  all 

ing  Compi 

by  an   Kn 

the  presen 

the  Bruoe 

The  Lai 

following  I 

fi-om  whici 

faring  froD 

mines  of  tfa 

"Ten  y« 

and  large  i 

which  pro 

der  new  i 

yield  proflti 

opened,  on 

down  8om( 

men  are  en 

mines.    So 

ful  to  the  ey 

being  takei 

taken  upon 

house,  wht 

Urgo  iron 

fine  powdei 

'J'8g6r-wor 

Water  till  i 

washed  aw 

the  yard  rei 

the  sppeara 

is  DOW  mc 

Wales,  for 


Fbo 

Theoomn 
Steamers  w 
tho  year  18fi 
of  long  expe 
devote  then 
safety  of  pac 

No  one  a 


'■'•umismihMtum 


TRIP  rnoM  coLLiirowoOD  to  port  williau. 


105 


86  milM  wide- 
uated  n  poet  cif 
ly,  wl-.ich  may 
of  Uie  pui^Bing 

mileii  west  of 
tly  weot  of  Uw 
vbich  it  is  t^cpa* 
1.  Jt  is  a  lorKe 
I,  but  uniubabit- 

5  miles  fartb«r 
9  United  Statea, 
ite  of  Michigan, 
y  of  land,  being 
linhabited. 
ffoacbed  before 
I  Bt.  Joseph  is- 

fertile  body  of 
era. 

s,  C.  "W.,  ii  Bitu- 
of  Lake  Huron, 
"  as  it  ia  bere 
■om  CoUingwood, 
te.  Marie.    Here 

a  publiu-houge, 
iise  belunging  to 
ining  Company, 
^  uued  for  uruab* 
for  the  market; 
COO  inhabitanta. 
Bing  crushed  by 
pelled  by  steam, 
igha  and  washed 
lin  about  20  pet 

thia  state  it  is 
ites  and  England, 
ton.  It  then  haa 
ive  smelting  pro- 

the  pure  metal, 
in  tlie  immediate 
there  being  ten 
which  the  ore  ia 
te.  Horse-power 
ite  the  ore;  the 
iind,  attached  to 
skets.  This  min)) 
ut  300  workmen. 


The  capital  stock  of  the  company  amounts 
to  $80«,000. 

Tho  Wellington  .Vine,  about  one  mile  dis- 
tant, is  also  owned  by  tho  Montreal  Min- 
ing Company,  but  is  leased  and  worked 
by  an  English  company.  This  mine,  at 
the  present  time,  ia  more  productive  than 
the  Bruce  Mines. 

The  Lake  Superior  Journal  gives  the 
following  description  of  the  Bruce  Mine, 
from  which  is  produced  a  copper  ore  dif- 
fljring  from  that  which  is  yielded  by  other 
mines  of  that.ponin8ula. 

"Ten  years  ago  this  mine  was  opened, 
and  large  sums  otpendod  for  machinery, 
which  proved  useless,  hut  it  is  now  un- 
der new  management,  and  promises  to 
yield  profitably.  Twelve  shafts  have  been 
opened,  one  of  which  lias  been  carried 
down  some  330  feet.  Some  200  or  300 
men  are  employed,  all  from  the  European 
mines.  Some  of  the  ores  are  very  beauti- 
ful to  the  eye,  resembling  fine  gold.  After 
being  taken  out  of  the  shaft,  they  are 
taken  upon  a  rail-track  to  tho  crushing- 
house,  where  they  are  passed  between 
largo  iron  rollers,  and  sifted  till  only  a 
fine  powder  remains ;  from  thence  to  the 
'jigger- works,'  where  they  are  sbaken  in 
Water  till  much  of  the  earthy  matter  is 
washed  away,  after  which  it  is  piled  in 
the  yard  ready  for  shipment,  having  more 
the  appearance  of  mud  than  of  copper.  It 
m  """^  mostly  shipped  to  Swansea,  in 
Wales,  for  smelting.    Two  years  since, 


1,500  tons  were  shipped  to  Baltimore  ud 
Buffalo  to  be  smelted." 

On  resuming  the  voyage  after  leaving 
Bruce  Mines,  the  steamer  runs  along 
St.  Joseph  Island  through  a  bcautifiU 
sheet  of  water,  in  which  are  embosomed 
some  few  islands  near  the  main  shore. 

Caupbuent  D'0ur8  is  an  island  passed 
on  the  loft,  lying  contiguous  to  St  Joseph 
Island.  Hure  are  encountered  severid 
small  rocky  islands,  forming  an  intricate 
channel  colled  tho  "  ydrrowa."  On  some 
of  tho  islands  in  this  group  are  found  cop- 
per ore,  and  boautifm^  specimens  of  moss. 
The  forest-troos,  however,  are  of  a  dwarf- 
jsh  growth,  owing,  no  doubt,  to  tho  scant- 
iness of  soil  on  these  rocky  islands. 

About  10  miles  west  of  the  "  Narrows," 
the  main  channel  of  the  St.  Mary's  Riv- 
er is  reached,  forming  the  boundary  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada.  A 
rocky  island  lies  on  the  Canadian  side, 
which  is  reserved  for  government  pur- 
poses, as  it  commands  the  main  or  ship 
channel 

Sugar  leLANO  is  now  reached,  which 
belongs  to  the  United  States,  and  the 
steamers  run  a  further  distance  of  25 
miles,  when  tlip  landing  at  tho  Saut  Ste.  Ma- 
rie is  reached,  there  buing  settlements  on 
both  sides  of  the  river.  The  British  boata 
usually  land  on  tho  north  side,  while  the 
American  boats  make  a  landing  on  the 
south  side  of  tho  river,  near  the  mouth  of 
the  ship  canaL  . 


GRAND    PJ^ASIJRE    EXCVRSIOIV 

Fboh  Clkvxlahd  Ain>  Dxtboit  to  rat  Head  of  Laki  Svpbbiob. 


The  oommodiouB  Lake  Superior  Line  of 
Steamers  will  run  as  advertised  during 
tho  year  1 86.\  They  are  officered  by  men 
of  long  experience  on  the  route,  who  will 
devote  themselves  to  the  comfort  and 
safety  of  passengers. 

No  one  should  faO  to  viait  this  new, 


growing,  and  wondorfbl  country.  Its  im- 
mense mineral  deposits  are  attracting  the 
attention  of  the  whcde  scientiflo  world. 
Its  mountainB  of  almost  pure  iron,  its  in- 
exhaustible native  copper  and  silver 
mines,  the  new  discoveries  of  silver, 
lead,  and  that  magnificent  and  singukr 


106 


TUP  TBSOUOH  TBI  LAKBI. 


fonnatloB  the  piotumd  Kooxa,  form  % 
serioi  of  irrcRistiblo  attractions  to  the 
Bpoctator  and  urologist.  The  oool  and 
brAciiig  atmoBphero  suggesta  recovery  of 
perfect  health  to  the  iuvalid,  and  the 
Mportaman,  with  his  rod  and  line,  will 
And  abundant  recreation  in  angling  for 
the  beautiAil  speckled  trout  in  the  finest 
flailing  streanu  in  the  world. 


This  trip  of  orer  1,000  mtlca  embrae«i 
six  degrees  of  latitude  and  eleven  of 
longitude,  and  includes  in  its  circuit  Lalccs 
Erie,  St.  Clair,  Huron,  and  Superior,  and 
the  beautiful  Rivers  Detroit,  St.  Clair,  and 
Sto.  Marie.  During  the  months  of  Juljr 
and  August,  (iRAMD  Plbabubb  Kxcur- 
BIONB  will  be  made  around  Lake  Superior, 
visiting  Isle  Royole  and  the  north  shore. 


Table  or  inllliiv  Dlalaneet  from  Cleveland  to  taperlor  City. 

FoBTS,  etc.  Miles. 

Cleveland,  Ohio 0 

Dbtroit,  Mich 116 

Port  Hurok 63—178 

VoRT  OBAnOT  (foot  Lake  Hu- 
ron)   8—180 

Db  Todb  (St  Mary's  RiverV. .  225 — 106 

SaUT  Stb.  Mabib 66—460 

Uband  Island 126—686 

Mar  r<iette 45—630 

PoBTAuE  Lake 80—710 

COPPBB  Habbcb 70—780 

Kaolx  Habboe 16—796 

Eaolb  Rivbb 9—306 

Ontonaoom 66—861 

LAPoiNTB,Wi8 77-938 

BAYriKLD 3—941 

Saperior  City 8O-1021 


FoBTS,  etc. 
■aperlor  City,  Wis 

BAYriELD 

La  Pointb 

Ontohaoon,  Mich 

£aoui  River 

Uagle  Harbor 

Copper  Harbor ...^ 

Portage  Lake. 

Blarqaetle 

Grand  Island 

SautSte.  Marie 

De  Toub  (Lake  Huron) 

Fort  Gratiot  (St.  Clair  Riv- 
er)  

Port  Huron 

Detroit,  Mich 

Cleveland,  Ohio 


Milefl. 

0 

80 

3 8S 

77-160 
66—216 
9—226 
16—241 
70—311 
80—391 
46—436 
126—661 
65—616 

325—841 

2—843 

63—906 

115-1021 


TRIP  AR01J9ID   LAKE   SlIPERIOR. 


On  leaving  the  Ship  Canal,  at  the  Sant, 
the  steamer  ascends  a  beautiful  stretch 
of  the  St.  Mary's  River  for  10  miles  bo- 
fore  reaching  Waiska  Bay,  being  an  ex- 
pansion of  the  river  of  about  5  miles. 
Here  the  shores  assume  a  bold  appear- 
ance well  worthy  the  attention  of  the 
traveler  before  launching  out  on  the 
waters  of  the  broad  lake. 

Iboquois  Point,  on  the  American  side, 
and  Gbos  Cap,  on  the  Canadian  side,  are 


next  passed,  16  miles  firom  the  Saut  Bte. 
Marie.  The  latter  is  a  bold  promontoiy, 
rising  400  or  600  feet  above  the  water. 

Tonquambnoh  Bat  is  next  entered, 
and  a  scene  of  grandeur  is  presented  to 
the  view;  on  the  southwest  or  American 
shore  the  land  rises  to  a  moderate  height, 
while  on  the  northeast  or  Canada  shore 
the  land  rises  to  mountain  height,  being 
elevated  from  800  to  1,000  feet,  runuihg 
off  far  ra  the  distance  toward  the  north. 


P. 

Cam 
tioin 
brou 
Siipc 
viovi 
E. 
ofth 
Ing 
tude, 
west 
600  I 
<ista 

its    (J 

460) 
miloi 
avor 
feet 
belc 
lire  a, 

hUD( 

flow 
smitl 
cept 
follH 
ialan 
Isle 
near 
Islar 
Oaril 
Pie, 
Can! 
iC: 
blei 
Bum< 
rang 
abov 
uabl 
and  I 
side 
and 
liarfa 
char 
or  1 
Lakt 
moal 
Mari 
of  a 


1 


MO  mnet  mnbrMM 
lido  and  eleyen  of 
«in  it8  circuit  Lakes 

I,  and  Superior,  and 
)etroit,  St.  Clair,  and 
tiie  montiis  of  Jul/ 

PLKABlTttB    KXCUR- 

'Oiind  Lake  Superior, 
nd  the  north  shore. 


tapsrlor  City. 

llUefl. 

Wit 0 

80 

3 8S 

77-lGO 

56—216 

9—226 

„ 16—241 

70—311 

80—391 

45—436 

125— 5Cl 

on) 66—616 

Clair  Riv- 

926-841 

2—843 

63—906 

116-1021 


[OR. 

«  firom  the  Saut  Ste. 
■  a  bold  promontory, 
it  above  the  water. 
iT  is  next  entered, 
ideur  is  presented  to 
uthwest  or  American 
to  a  moderate  height, 
ast  or  Canada  shore 
tuntoin  height,  being 
to  1,000  feet,  runuihg 
E)  toward  the  north. 


■XCDRSION   AROUND   LAIS   SCPCRtOR. 


107 


Parisisn  and  other  islands,  attached  to 
Canada,  are  passed  on  the  right,  the  bay 
being  about  23  mileH  long  and  as  many 
broud:  in  fact,  forming  n  part  of  Lake 
Superior,  whose  pure  waters  are  in  full 
view  as  far  us  the  eye  can  reach. 

Lake  Superior,  by  far  the  largest 
of  the  Inland  Seas  of  North  America,  ly- 
ing between  46"  30'  and  49°  north  lati- 
tude, and  between  84"  30'  and  92°  30' 
west  longitude,  situated  at  a  height  of 
600  feet  above  the  sea,  from  which  it  is 
distant  about  1,600  miles  by  the  course  of 
its  outlet  and  the  St.  Lawrence  River,  is 
460  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  170 
miles  broad  in  its  widest  part,  with  an 
average  breadth  of  86  mUea.  It  is  800 
fee^  in  greatest  doptli,  extending  200  feet 
below  the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  Ciitimated 
area,  32,000  square  miles.  Near  two 
hundred  rivers  and  creeks  are  said  to 
ilow  into  the  lake,  the  greater  part  being 
small  streams,  and  but  few  navigable,  ex- 
cept by  canoes,  owing  to  their  numerous 
falls  and  rapids.  It  contains  several 
islands,  the  most  important  of  which  are 
JaU  Hoyode,  and  The  Twelve  Apostles, 
near  its  western  extremity,  and  Qrand 
Island,  all  attached  to  the  United  States ; 
Caribou  Island,  Michipicoten,  St  Ignace, 
Pie,  Slate,  and  other  islands  attached  to 
Canada. 

ICbweekaw  PoiirT  is  its  most  remarka- 
ble feature,  jutting  far  out  into  the  lake 
some  sixty  or  seventy  miles.  On  the 
range  of  hills  running  through  this  point, 
about  20  miles  wide,  are  found  the  most  val- 
uable copper  mines  in  the  world.  Its  good 
and  secure  harbors  are  but  few  on  the  south 
side  of  the  lake,  while  on  th^  north  shore 
•nd  islands  are  several  perfectly  safe 
harbors,  and  easy  of  access.  It  dis- 
charges its  surplus  waters  by  the  Strait, 
or  liivor  St.  Mary,  60  miles  long,  into 
Lake  Huron,  whioli  lies  27  feet  boluw, 
most  of  the  descent  being  at  the  Saut  Sto. 
Marie,  where  is  a  Ship  Canal  three-fourths 
of  a  mile  in  length,  with  two  looks  of  10 


feet  lesa  each,  overcoming  a  deioent  of  30 

feet. 

"  Th^.early  French  Jesuit  fathers,  who 
flrst  explored  and  described  this  great 
lake,  and  publiHlied  an  account  of  it  in 
Paris,  in  l(i3(!,  describe  the  form  of  its 
shores  us  similar  to  that  of  a  bended  bow, 
the  northern  shore  being  the  urc,  and  tlia 
southern  sliore  the  cord,  while  Keweenaw 
Point,  projecting  from  the  southern  shore 
to  near  the  middle  of  the  luke,  fa  the  ar- 
row." 

This  graphic  description  is  illustrated 
by  a  map,  prepared  by  them,  which  dis- 
plays the  geographical  position  of  its 
shores  with  as  much  fidelity  as  most  of 
the  maps  of  our  day,  and  proves  that 
those  early  explorers  were  perfectly  fa- 
miliar with  its  outline  and  shores. 

'*  The  coast  of  Lake  Superior  is  Siostly 
formed  of  rocks  of  various  kinds,  and  of 
different  guologicul  groups.  With  the  ex- 
(«ption  of  sandy  bars  at  the  mouth  of 
some  of  the  rivers  and  small  streftms,  the 
whole  coast  of  the  lake  is  rock-bound; 
and  in  some  places,  but  more  particularly 
on  the  north  shoro,  mountaiii  masses  of 
considerable  elevation  rear  thumttelvca 
from  the  water's  edge,  while  mural  preci- 
pices and  beetling  cragiS  oppose  themselves 
to  the  surges  of  this  mighty  lake,  and 
threaten  the  unfortunate  mariner,  who 
may  be  caught  in  a  storm  upon  a  lee-sboie, 
with  almoul:  inevitable  destruction." 

"  Father  of  T^kps  I  thy  waters  bend 
lieyond  the  eaiilo's  iitinnnt  vivw, 
Whuo,  tlinini'd  In  bfiivvn.  bo  teea  thM  Mod 
Back  to  the  »ky  lt«  wurld  u(  blue, 

"  BiinndteH  and  deep,  the  forests  weave 
Thvir  twlllKlit  shudu  thy  burders  o'er, 
And  threatening  cliffs,  like  ^ants,  heave 
Their  rugged  fornis  along  thy  shore." 

There  are  now  situated  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  Lake  Superior  twelve  light- 
houses, viz.,  on  Point  Iroquois;  White 
Fibh  Pymt;  Qrand  Island;  Marquette 
Harbor;  Portage  Entry;  Manitou  Island, 
uo^  Keweenaw  Point ;  Gopper  Harbor  ■ 


asaas 


108 


TRIP  THROUGH   THB   LAKKS. 


Eagle  Harbor;  Eagle  River;  Ontonagon, 
at  mouth  Ontonagon  River;  La  Pointe, 
onMadolino  Island;  and  lliouesot^ Point, 
mouth  of  St.  Louia  River. 

A  government  survey  of  the  Upper 
Lakes,  including  the  St.  Mary's  River 
and  Struts  of  Mackinac,  is  being  made 
by  a  corps  of  Topographical  Surveyors, 
which  when  published  will  furnish  accu- 
rate charts  of  these  Inland  Seas. 

White  Fish  Poiht,  and  Light-housb, 
40  miles  from  the  Saut,  lies  on  the  south- 
west or  American  shore,  forming  a  oon- 
Hpicuous  landmark,  while  Mamains  Point 
is  seen  on  the  northeast  or  Canada 
shore. 

On  passing  White  Fish  Point,  where 
m-ty  be  seen  a  number  of  "  sand-duneSj" 
or  bills,  and  a  light-house  76  feet  in 
beigh'i,  the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
are  reached.  The  steamers  usually  pur- 
sue a  westerly  course  toward  Grand 
Island  or  Marquette,  passing  Point  ou 
Sable,  80  miles  farther.  During  clear 
weather,  the  steep  sandy  hills  on  the 
south  shore,  ranging  from  300  to  500 
feet  in  height,  may  be  seen  from  the 
deck  of  the  steamer. 

Point  ac  Sable,  5C  miloa  from  White 
Fish  Point,  is  the  ft-,  at  object  of  interest 
seen  on  the  south  shore,  on  the  upward 
trip,  from  the  deck  of  the  passing  steamer, 
which  usually  runs  within  sight  of  land, 
affording  views  of  a  continued  succession 
of  interesting  points  and  bold  headlands. 

The  PiOTCRBD  Rooks,  20  miles  further, 
or  about  110  miles  from  the  Saut,  are 
next  passed,  presenting  a  magnificent  ap- 
pearance at  certain  times  of  the  day, 
when  favorpbly  seen  under  the  rays  of  a 
brilliant  sun ;  then  the  effect  is  height- 
ened by  the  constantly  changing  appear- 
ance of  these  almost  enchanted  rocks. 
The  steamers  occasionally  run  close  in 
shore,  when  the  weatfcar  is  favorable,  af- 
fording a  fine  opportunity  to  examine 
these  wonders  of  nature. 


Trip  to  liake  Superior. 

Retract  from  a  Letter,  dated 
"St.  Illinois,  off  Pictured  Rocks,  L.  S., 
"July,  31,  I8G2. 

"At  sunrise  this  morning,  we  ap- 
proached the  far-famed  Pictured  Rockt 
of  Lake  Superior,  and  were  favored  with 
one  of  the  most  grand  scenes  imaginable. 
The  sun  rose  clear,  reflecting  its  rays  in 
the  waters  of  the  lake,  presenting  a  gor-  • 
geous  appearance.  The  Sail  Rock,  and 
other  points  of  interest,  were  distinctly 
visible,  while  the  steamer  was  running 
for  the  '  Grand  PortaW  of  the  voyageurs, 
the  most  remarkable  feature  of  this  won- 
der of  nature,  varying  with  every  cloud 
effect  as  seen  from  the  passing  vessel. 

"  The  steamer  approached  cautiously  un- 
til she  had  run  her  bows  under  the  project- 
mg  cliff,  then  came  to  a  stand-still  as  quietly 
as  though  she  was  lying  at  a  pier  or 
wharf,  giviag  the  numerous  passengers  a 
fine  opportunity  to  examine  the  deep  re- 
cesses of  this  immense  cavern,  the  floor 
being  covered  with  clear,  transparent 
water  to  the  depth  of  10  or  20  feet.  In- 
side were  visible  two  lesser  openuigs, 
where  a  small  boat  might  pass  out  into 
the  lake  on  either  side— the  portail  beiug 
formed  at  the  termiuation  of  a  projecting 
cliff—rising  about  200  feet  above  the  lake 
sQrfftCO 

"The  Pictured  Rocks  are  thus  briefly 
described  by  Foster  and  Whitney,  in  their 
geological  report: — 'They  may  be  de- 
scribed, in  general  terms,  as  a  series  of 
sand-stone  bluffs,  extending  along  the 
South  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  for  eight 
or  ten  miles,  and  rising,  in  most  places, 
vertically  from  the  water,  without  any 
beach  at  the  base,  to  a  height  varying 
from  60  to  200  feet.' 

"Tours,  &c.,    J.  D." 


K< 


e  Superior. 

I  Letter,  dated 
\tred  Rocks,  L.  S.^ 
"July,  31,  18G2. 

morning,  we  ap- 
ned  Pictured  Rock$ 
.  were  favored  with 
.  scenes  imaginable, 
eflecting  its  rays  in 
:e,  presenting  a  gor- 
Dhe  Sail  Rock,  and 
est,  were  distinctly 
samer  was  running 
lit  of  Hie  vcyageura, 
feature  of  this  won- 
g  with  every  cloud 
i  passing  vessel, 
lached  cautiously  un- 
vs  under  the  project- 
,8tand-still  as  quietly 
lying  at  a  pier  or 
nerous  passengers  a 
[amine  the  deep  ro- 
se cavern,  the  floor 

clear,  transparent 
10  or  20  feet.  In- 
vo  lesser  openuigs, 
might  pass  out  into 
le— the  portail  beiug 
ation  of  a  projecting 
)  feet  above  the  lake 

iks  are  thus  briefly 
,nd  Whitney,  in  their 
'They  may  be  de- 
srms,  as  a  series  of 
(tending  along  the 
Superior,  for  eight 
3ing,  in  most  places, 
water,  without  any 
;o  a  height  varying 

rours,  4c.,    J.  D." 


The 

ulous  I 
one  of 
Here  i 
other 
phithe 
Portal 
picturi 
aeen  t 

Ext 
Repor 
riorL 

Fi 
of  clil 
ed  Ro< 
ed  as  I 
tif  ul  f( 
west, 
of  the 
beaiiti 
pheno 

"Al 
ellers, 
this  e: 
been  c 

"Til 
in  gen 
bluffs 
Superi 
in  mos 
withoi 
raryio 


•  fich 
nui^<  c 
(ketche 
■pot,  or 
the  scei 
M  weo 
or  the  I 

"It  1 
know.  I 
and  ifir 
■uBtrik 
be  fouii 
iin}  thi 
»n<l  ir  I 
iiirnetl 
able  to 
be  biiill 
the  Ohn 
■■  on«  I 


XXCDBSION    AROUND   LAKE    SUPBRIOR. 


100 


1 


n 

a 
o 

3 

Eh 


The  Pictured  Rocks,  of  which  ahnost  fab- 
ulous accounts  are  given  by  traTellers,  are 
oneof  tho  wonders  of  this  "Inland  Sea." 
Here  are  to  be  seen  the  Cascade  FaUi  and 
other  objects  of  great  interest  The  Am- 
phitheatre, Miners'  Oastle,  Chapel,  Qrand 
Portal,  and  Sail  Rock,  are  points  of  great 
picturesque  beauty,  which  requhre  to  be 
aeen  to  be  justly  appreciated. 

Extract  from  Foster  and  WiariraT's 
Report  of  the  Oeology  of  the  Lake  Supe- 
rior Land  District: 

Pictured  Rocks. — "  The  range 
of  clifl's  to  which  the  name  of  the  Pictur- 
ed Rocks  has  been  given,  may  be  regard- 
ed as  among  the  most  striking  and  beau- 
tiful features  of  the  scenery  of  the  North- 
west, and  are  well  worthy  the  attention 
of  the  artist,  the  lover  of  the  g^rand  and 
beautiful,  and  the  observer  of  geological 
phenomena. 

"Although  occasionally  visited  by  trav- 
ellers, a  f\iU  and  accurate  description  of 
this  extraordinary  locality  has  not  us  yet 
been  communicated  to  the  publia* 

"Tho  Pictured  Rocks  may  be  described, 
in  general  terms,  as  a  series  of  sandstone 
bluffs  extending  along  the  shore  of  Lake 
Superior  for  about  five  miles,  and  rising, 
in  most  places,  vertically  flrom  the  water, 
without  any  beach  t  the  base,  to  a  height 
varying  from  fifty   o  nearly  two  hundred 


*  Schoolcraft  has  nnclortaken  to  describe  this 
nuigv  of  oHffl^  snil  illastnits  the  soenery.  The 
sketchcit  ilo  not  appear  to  bare  been  made  on  the 
spot,  ur  finished  by  one  who  was  acquainted  with 
the  scenery,  as  they  bear  no  resemblance,  so  Ifcr 
as  we  obsorred,  to  any  at  tha  prominent  leatnres 
of  the  Pictured  Rooks. 

"  It  Is  a  matter  nf  surprise  that,  so  ihr  as  we 
know,  none  of  our  artists  have  visited  this  region, 
and  f^ven  tu  the  world  rcprescntatiou*  of  scenery 
BO  striking,  nnd  so  dilferent  from  any  wiiieh  can 
be  founii  vlwiwhoro.  We  can  hanlly  conceive  of 
an;  thing  mure  worthy  of  tho  artlxt's  pencil ; 
and  If  the  tide  of  plessure-trnvcl  should  once  be 
lumed  in  this  direction,  it  seems  not  unreason- 
able to  sup|K>8e  that  a  fiishionable  hutvl  mity  yet 
tie  built  undpr  the  shade  of  the  pino  {rrovxa  n-sar 
the  Oha|>ol.  and  a  trip  thither  iMscoiiie  us  ouiamun 
as  one  tu  Niagara  now  Is." 


feot.  Were  they  simply  a  line  of  difb, 
they  might  not,  so  far  as  relates  to  height 
or  extent,  be  worthy  of  a  rank  among 
great  natural  curiosiiies,  although  such 
an  assemblage  of  rocky  strata,  washed  by 
the  waves  of  the  great  lake,  would  not, 
under  any  circumstances,  be  destitute  of 
grandeur.  To  the  voyager  coasting  along 
their  base  in  his  frail  canoe  they  woul<^ 
at  all  times,  be  an  object  of  dread;  tho 
recoil  of  the  surf,  the  rockbound  coast, 
aitbrding  for  miles  no  place  of  refuge;  the 
lowering  sky,  the  rising  wind;  all  these 
would  excite  his  apprehension,  and  induce 
him  to  ply  a  vigorous  oar  until  the 
dreaded  wall  was  pa8&<>d.  But  in  the 
Pictured  Rocks  there  are  two  features 
which  communicate  to  the  scenery  a  won- 
deifUl  and  almost  unique  character.  These 
are,  first,  the  curious  manner  in  which  the 
cliffs  have  been  excavated  and  worn  away 
by  the  action  of  the  lake,  which  for  oen- 
turies  has  dashed  an  ocean-like  surf 
against  their  base;  and,  second,  the  equal- 
ly curious  manner  in  wUch  large  portions 
of  the  surface  have  been  colored  by  bands 
of  brilliant  hues. 

"It  is  fh>m  the  latter  circumstance  that 
the  name  by  which  these  cliffr  are  known 
to  the  American  traveller  is  derived ;  vhile 
that  applied  to  them  by  the  Frenoli  tH>ya- 
geura  ('Les  Portails'*)  is  derived  from  Uie 
former,  and  by  far  the  most  striking  pe- 
culiarity. 

"  The  term  Pictured  Rocks  has  been  in 
use  for  a  great  length  of  time,  but  when 
it  was  first  applied  we  have  been  imaUe 
to  discover. 

"  The  Indian  name  applied  to  these  oliiA,  i 
according  to  our  voyageurs,  is  Schkuee-\ 
archff>i-lnmg,  or  '  The  end  of  the  rocks,' 


*  Le  Portall  Is  a  French  term,  signifying  the 
principal  entrance  of  a  chnrch  or  a  portal,  and 
this  niune  was  given  to  the  Pictured  ISooka  by 
the  i'i>yti{r«urt,  evidently  in  allusion  to  tho  arched 
entroncos  whifih  constitute  the  moat  characteris- 
tic ft'iiture.  l.e  Ornnd  Portull,  is  the  great  arch- 
way, ur  Qrand  Portal. 


110 


TRIP  THROUGH   THB   LAKR8. 


which  Beema  to  refer  to  the  foot  that,  in 
dosoending  the  lnko,  after  having  passed 
them,  no  more  rocks  are  seen  along  tlie 
shore.  Our  voyageura  had  many  legends 
to  relate  of  the  pranks  of  the  Menni-boujou 
in  these  caverns,  and  in  answer  to  our  in- 
quiries seemed  disposed  to  fubricate  sto- 
ries without  end  of  the  achievements  of 
this  Indian  deity. 

"We  will  describe  the  most  interesting 
points  in  the  series,  proceeding  from  west 
to  east.  On  leaving  Grand  Island  harbor,* 
high  c'iffs  are  seen  to  the  east,  which  form 
the  commencement  of  the  series  of  rocky 
promontories,  w  ,h  rise  vertically  firom 
the  water  to  the  height  of  from  one  hun- 
dred to  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet, 
covered  with  a  dense  canopy  of  foliage. 
0o(»8ionally  a  small  cascade  may  be  seen 
falling  from  the  verge  to  the  base  in  an 
unbroken  curve,  or  gliding  down  the  in- 
clined face  of  the  cliff  in  a  sheet  of  white 
fbam.  The  rocks  at  this  point  begin  to 
assume  fantastic  shapes ;  but  it  is  not  un- 
til having  reached  Miners'  River  that 
their  striking  peculiarities  are  observed. 

•  The  treTS'ller  deairoas  of  visiting  this  scene 
should  take  sdviintogc  of  one  of  ths  steamers  or 
propellers  which  navlgste  the  Iiike  and  land  at 
Grand  Island,  from  which  he  can  proceed  to 
make  the  tour  of  the  Interesting  points  in  a  small 
biat.  The  largo  vessels  on  the  lake  do  not  ap- 
proach snfllolentlf  near  the  cliffs  to  allow  the  trav- 
•ller  to  gather  more  than  a  general  Idea  of  their 
position  and  outlines.  To  be  able  to  appreciate 
and  understand  their  oxtraordinorv  chamcter.  it 
is  Indispensable  to  coast  al')i  g  In  close  proximity 
to  the  clttfs  and  pass  beneath  the  Grand  Portal, 
which  Is  only  accessible  Avm  the  lake,  and  to 
land  and  enter  within  the  precincts  of  the  Chapel. 
At  Orand  Island,  boat^  men,  aud  provisions  may 
be  procured.    The  traveller  should  lay  In  a  good 

gh 


supply,  if  It  is  intonded  to  be  absent  long  enough 
to  malce  a  thorough  examination  of  the  whole 
series.  In  flict,  an  old  voyager  will  not  readily 
trust  himself  to  the  mercy  of  the  winds  and  waves 
of  tbe  lake  without  tliem,  as  he  may  not  unfre- 
qnently,  however  auspicious  tlie  weather  when 
Btortteg,  find  himself  weather-bound  for  days  to- 
gether. It  Is  possible,  however.  In  one  day,  to 
•tart  from  Orand  Island,  see  the  most  Interesting 

Soint^  and  return.    The  distance  fnun  William's 
)  the  ChaiHil— the  brthcst  f  olnt  of  intcrestr-ls 
•bout  ttfteon  miles.  . ' 


Here  the  ooast  makes  an  abrapt  turn  to 
the  eastward,  and  just  at  the  point  where 
the  roc<(S  break  oil'  mi  the  friendly  sand- 
i)each  begins,  is  seen  one  of  the  grandest 
works  of  nature  in  her  rock-built  archi- 
tecture. We  gtave  it  the  name  of '  Miners' 
Castle,'  from  its  singular  resemblance  to 
the  turreted  entrance  and  arclied  portal 
of  some  old  castle — for  instance,  that  Of 
Dumbarton.  The  height  of  the  advanc- 
ing mass,  in  which  the  form  of  the  Gtothio 
gateway  may  lie  recognized,  is  about  sev- 
enty feet,  while  that  of  the  main  waQ 
forming  the  background  is  about  one  hun- 
dred and  forty.  The  appearance  of  tiie 
openings  at  the  base  changes  rapidly  with 
«ach  change  in  the  position  of  the  spec- 
tator. On  taking  a  position  a  little  fbr- 
ther  to  the  right  of  that  occupied  by  the 
sketchor,  the  central  opening  appears 
more  distinctly  flanked  on  either  side  by 
two  lateral  passages,  making  the  resem- 
blance to  an  artifioial  work  still  more 
striking. 

"A  little  farther  east.  Miners'  River 
enters  the  lake  close  under  the  brow  of 
the  cliff,  which  here  smks  down  and  gives 
place  to  a  sand-bank  ne^Iy  a  third  of  a 
mile  in  extent.  The  river  is  so  narrow 
that  it  requires  no  little  skill  on  the  part 
of  the  voyager  to  enter  its  mouth  when 
a  heavy  sea  Is  rolling  in  from  the  north. 
On  the  right  bank,  a  sandy  drift  plain, 
covered  with'Norway  and  Banksian  pine, 
spreads  out,  affording  good  camping-ground 
— the  only  place  of  refhge  to  the  voyage* 
until  he  reaches  Chapel  River,  five  milefs 
distant,  if  we  except  a  small  sand-beach 
about  mid-way  lietween  the  two  jw'ntWj 
where,  in  case  of  necessity,  a  boat  may 
be  beached. 

"Beyond  the  sand-beach  at  Miner* 
River  the  cliffs  attain  an  eltitude  of  one 
hundred  and  seventy-three  feet,  and 
maintain  a  nearly  uniform  height  foracoB'' 
siderable  distance.  Here  one  of  those 
ca^'Mdes  of  which  we  have  before  spoken 
is       n  foamiug  down  the  rocK. 


."T 
but  I 
tweei 
worn 
whiol 
of  th< 
ed  w 
theat 
proj« 
likef 
aur&< 

"I 
the  pi 
fuUyi 
cann« 
■ketol 
the  ni 
on  a 
oombi 
reprei 
meani 
even 
displa 
portio 
Ampl 
face  ] 
or  rw 
oraar 
rarely 
feet  a 
third 
The  pi 
yellov 
Freno 

"Tl 
thottg! 
anttt 
monizi 
taken 
the  a 
whidi 
puieg 
awelU 
which 
truly  \ 

"Tl 
ly  ove 
arrang 


KXOUBSIOa   AROUKO  LAKB   SUPIRIOR. 


fit 


an  abrupt  turn  to 
at  the  |)oint  where 
I  the  friendly  sand- 
>ne  of  the  grande*t 
Br  rock-built  archl- 
lename  of  Miners' 
lar  resemblance  to 
and  arched  portal 
>r  instance,  that  Of 
fht  of  the  advano- 
I  form  of  the  Gothic 
nized,  is  about  sev- 
of  the  main  waQ 
id  is  about  one  hun- 
appearance  of  the 
hanges  rapidly  with 
>Bition  of  the  spec- 
)Osition  a  little  fhr- 
lat  occupied  by  the 
1  opening  appears 
d  on  either  side  by 
making  the  resem- 
E(l  work  still  more 

east,  Miners'  River 

under  the  brow  of 

inks  down  and  gives 

nevly  A  third  of  a 

river  is  so  narrow 

tie  skill  on  the  part 

ter  its  mouth  when 

in  from  the  north. 

t  sandy  drift  plain, 

and  Banksian  pine, 

^ood  camping-ground 

»fbge  to  the  voyage* 

«1  River,  Ave  miles 

a  small  sand-beach 

an  the   two  pointSi 

loessity,  a  boat  msy 

id-beach  at  Miner* 
I  an  altitude  of  one 
ity-three  feet,  and 
form  height  for  a  con- 
Here  one  of  those 
)  have  before  spoken 
t  the  rocK. 


."The  diA  do  not  form  straight  lines, 
but  rather  arcs  of  circles,  the  space  be- 
tween the  projecting  points  having  been 
worn  out  in  symmetrical  curves,  some  of 
which  are  of  large  dimensions.  To  one 
of  the  grandest  and  most  regularly  form- 
ed we  gave  the  name  of  'The  Amphi- 
theatre.' Looking  to  the  west,  another 
prcjeoting  point — its  base  worn  into  cave- 
like forms — and  a  portion  of  the  concave 
8ur&oe  of  the  intervening  space  are  seen. 

"  It  is  in  this  portion  of  the  series  that 
the  phenomena  of  colors  are  most  beauti- 
fully and  oonspicuously  displayed.  These 
cannot  be  illustra^  by  a  more  crayon 
■ketob,  but  would  require,  to  reproduce 
the  natural  effect,  an  eUborate  drcwing 
on  a  large  scale,  in  which  the  various 
combinations  of  color  should  be  carefully 
represented.  These  colors  do  not  by  any 
means  cover  the  whole  surface  of  the  diff 
even  where  they  are  most  conspicuously 
displayed,  but  are  confined  to  certain 
portions  of  the  cliffs  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Amphitheatre ;  the  great  mass  of  the  sur- 
face presenting  the  natural  light-yellow 
or  r»w  sienna  color  of  the  rock.  The  col- 
ors are  also  limited  in  their  vertical  range, 
rarely  extending  more  than  thirty  or  forty 
feet  above  the  water,  or  a  quarter  or  a 
third  of  the  vertical  height  of  the  cliff. 
The  prevailing  tints  consist  of  deep-brown, 
yellow,  and  gray — ^bumt  sienna  and 
French  gray  predominating. 

"  There  are  idso  bright  blues  and  greens, 
though  lees  firequent.  AU  of  the  tints 
an  Cresh,  brilliant,  and  distinct,  and  har- 
monize admirably  with  one  another,  which, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  grandeur  of 
the  arched  and  oavemed  surfaces  on 
whidi  they  are  laid,  and  the  deep  and 
piue  green  of  the  water  which  heaves  and 
swells  at  tb»  base,  and  the  rich  foliage 
which  w»ves  above,  produce  an  effect 
truly  wonderful 

"  They  are  not  scattered  mdiscruninate- 
ly  over  the  surface  of  the  rock,  but  are 
arranged  in  vertioal  and  parallel  bands. 


extending  to  the  water's  edge.  The 
mode  of  their  production  is  undoubt- 
edly as  follows:  Between  the  bands 
or  strata  of  thick-bedded  sandstone 
there  are  thin  seams  of  shaly  materials, 
which  are  more  or  less  charged  with  the 
metallic  crides,  iron  largely  predominv 
ting,  with  here  and  there  a  trace  of  copper. 
As  the  surface-water  permeates  through 
tlie  porous  strata  it  comes  in  contact  with 
these  shaly  bands,  and,  oozing  out  from 
the  exposed  edges,  trickles  down  the  face 
of  the  cliffs,  and  leaves  behind  a  sediment, 
colored  according  to  the  oxide  which  is 
contained  in  the  band  in  which  it  origi- 
nated. It  cannot,  however,  be  denied  that 
there  are  some  peculiarities  which  it  is 
difficult  to  explain  by  any  hypothesis. 

"  On  first  examining  the  Pictured  Rocks, 
we  were  forcibly  struck  with  the  brilliancy 
and  beauty  of  the  colors,  and  wondered 
why  some  of  our  predecessors,  hi  their 
descriptions,  had  hu^ly  adverted  to  what 
we  regarded  as  their  most  characteristic 
feature.  At  a  subsequent  visit  we  were 
surprised  to  find  that  the  effect  of  tite 
colors  was  much  less  striking  than  be- 
fore ;  they  seemed  faded  out,  leaving  only 
traces  of  their  former  brilliancy,  so  that 
the  traveller  might  regard  this  as  an  un- 
important feature  in  the  scenery.  It  ia 
difficult  to  account  for  this  change,  but  it 
may  be  due  to  the  dryness  or  humidity  of 
the  season.  If  the  colors  are  produced 
by  the  percolation  of  the  water  through 
the  strata,  taking  up  and  depositing  the 
colored  sediirents,  as  before  suggested,  it 
is  evident  that  a  long  period  of  drought 
would  cut  off  the  supj^y  of  moisture,  and 
the  colors,  being  no  longer  renewed, 
would  fade,  and  finally  disappear.  This 
explanation  seems  reasonable,  for  at  the 
time  of  our  second  visit  the  beds  of  the 
streams  on  the  summit  of  the  tid>le-land 
were  dry. 

"It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  the  colors 
are  so  firmly  attached  to  the  surfece  that 
they  are  vory  little  affected  by  rains  or 


lis 


TRIP  TUROCan  TBI  LAKB8. 


the  dashing  «»t"  the  surf,  since  they  were, 
in  numerous  Instances,  observed  extend- 
ing in  all  their  freBbnesa  to  the  very  wa- 
ter's edge. 

'■  Proceeding  to  the  eastward  of  the 
.Ampliitheatre,  wo  find  the  dill's  soooped 
out  into  caverns  and  grotesque  openings, 
of  tlie  most  strilcing  and  beautiful  variety 
of  forms.  In  some  places  huge  bloclcH  of 
sandstone  have  become  dislodged  and  ac- 
cumulated at  the  base  of  the  cliff,  where 
they  are  ground  up  and  the  fragments 
borne  away  by  the  ceaseless  action  of  the 
surge. 

"  To  a  striking  group  of  detached  blocks 
the  name  of  'Sail  Rock'  has  loeon  given, 
from  its  striking  resemblance  to  the  jib 
and  mainsail  of  a  sloop  when  spread — so 
much  so  that  when  viewed  from  a  dis- 
tance, with  a  full  glare  of  light  upon  it, 
while  the  cliff  in  the  rear  is  left  in  the 
shade,  the  illusion  is  perfect.  The  height 
of  tho  block  is  about  forty  feet. 

"  Masses  of  rock  are  frequently  dis- 
lodged from  the  cliff,  if  we  may  judge 
frt)m  the  freshness  of  the  fracture  and 
the  appearance  of  tlte  trees  invdved  in 
the  descent.  The  rapidity  with  which 
this  undermining  process  is  carried  on, 
at  many  points,  will  be  readily  apprecia- 
ted when  we  consider  that  the  cliffs  do 
not  form  a  single  unbroken  line  of  wall ; 
but,  on  the  contrary,  they  present  numer- 
ous salient  angles  to  the  full  force  of  the 
waves.  A  projecting  corner  is  undermin- 
ed until  the  superincumbent  weight  be- 
comes too  great,  the  overhanging  mass 
cracks,  and,  aided  perhaps  by  the  power 
<k  frost,  gradually  beoomes  loosened  and 
Anally  topples  with  a  crash  into  the  lake. 

"  The  same  general  arched  and  broken 
line  of  cliffs  borders  the  coast  for  a  mile 
to  the  eastward  of  Sail  Rock,  where  the 
most  imposing  feature  in  the  series  is 
reached.  Jhis  is  the  Grand  Portal — Le 
Grand  Portail  of  the  voyageura.  The  gen- 
eral dispositiou  of  the  arched  openings 
.vhich  traverse  this  great  quadrilateral 


mass  may,  perhaps,  be  made  intelligiUe 
without  the  aid  of  a  ground-plan.  The 
main  'xxly  of  the  structure  consists  of  a 
vast  mass  of  a  rectilinear  shape,  project* 
ing  out  into  the  lake  about  six  hundred 
feet,  and  presenting  a  front  of  three  hun- 
dred  or  four  hundred  feet,  and  rising  to 
a  lieight  of  about  two  hundred  feet.  An 
entrance  has  been  excavated  from  one 
side  to  the  other,  opening  out  into  larg€) 
vaulted  passages  which  communicate  with 
the  great  dome,  some  three  hundred  feet 
from  the  front  of  the  cliff.  The  Grand 
Portal,  which  opens  out  on  the  lake,  is 
of  magnificent  dimensions,  being  about 
one  hundred  feet  in  height,  and  one  bun« 
dred  and  sixty-eigitt  feet  broad  at  the 
water-leveL  The  distance  from  the  verge 
of  the  cliff  over  the  arch  to  the  water  is 
one  hundred  and  thirty-three  feet,  leaving 
thirty-three  feet  for  tlte  tliickness  of  the 
rock  above  the  arch  itself.  The  extrem* 
height  of  the  diff  is  about  fifty  feet  mor«, 
making  in  all  one  hundred  and  eighty" 
three  feet 

"It  is  impossible,  by  any  arrangement 
of  words,  or  by  any  combination  of  od- 
ors, to  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  this 
wonderful  scene.  The  vtet  dimensions 
of  the  cavern,  the  vaulted  passages,  the 
vari3d  effecte  of  the  light,  as  it  streams 
through  the  great  arch  and  falls  on  the 
diflbrent  objects,  the  deep  emerald  graeu 
of  the  water,  the  unvarying  swdl  of  the 
lidce,  keeping  up  a  suooeeaion  of  musical 
echoes,  the  reverberatioMs  of  one's  own^ 
voice  coming  back  with  atartling  eflbot, 
all  these  must  be  seen,  and  heard,  and 
felt,  to  be  fully  apprecintrd. 

"Beyond  the  Grand  Portal  the  ditti 
gradually  diminish  in  height,  and  the  gen*-, 
era!  trend  of  the  coast  is  more  to  the: 
southeast ;  hence  the  rock,  being  less  ex- 
posed to  the  force  of  the  waves,  beats 
fewer  marks  of  their  destructive  action. 
Tho  entrance  to  Chapel  River  is  at  the 
most  easterly  extremity  of  a  sandy 
I  beach  which  extends  for  a  quarter  of  a 


mile,  I 
pUos, 

about 
ing  an 
campii 
andoc 
pitch  1 
interei 
occur 
Portal 
"Ti 
gtwra- 
most  I 
here  il 
before 
ter's  e 
atalu 
thelai 
ed  ap* 
ceived 
roof  of 
in  tiiic 
umns 
apartn 
feet  ii 
height 
stratifl 
curiou 
them< 
cut,  to 
steps 
The  d 
to  rea 
ohnrol 
ousan 
towart 
witha 

tOftOC 

on  th( 
not-in 
ff  the 
fori 
the  hi 
beenii 


■Z0CB8I0II   AHOUVD   LAX*  SUPnUOB. 


m 


inade  inteUigiUe 
•round-plan.  The 
iture  cunaists  of  a 
lar  shape,  project- 
bout  8ix  hundred 
front  of  three  hun- 
reet,  and  rising  to 
tiundred  feet.  An 
oavated  from  one 
ing  out  into  large 
communicate  with 
Lhree  hundred  feet 

cUer.  The  Grand 
lut  on  the  lake,  is 
lions,  being  about 
light,  and  one  hun- 
feet  broad  at  the 
tnce  from  the  verge 
rch  to  the  water  ia 
'-three  foet,  leaving 
le  tliickness  of  the 
self.  The  extreme 
tout  fifty  feet  more, 
ndred  and  eighty- 

Y  any  arrangement 
K>robinatiuu  of  od- 
quate  idea  of  this 
le  vtet  dimensiona 
ilted  passi^s,  the 
ight,  as  it  streams 
li  and  falls  on  the 
eep  emerald  greea 
trying  swell  of  the 
ooession  of  musical 
ttioas  of  one's  own' 
ith  startling  eCbet, 
in,  and  heard,  aod' 
liotod. 

id  Porta!  the  oUfti 
height,  and  the  gen- 
ut  is  more  to  the 
rock,  being  less  ex- 
t  the  waves,  beats 

destructive  action. 
«1  Biver  is  at  the 
nity  of    a     sandy 

for  a  quarter  of  a 


mile,  sad  kflbrds  a  convenicDt  landing- 
jdaoe,  while  the  drift-terrace,  elevated 
about  thirty  feet  above  the  loke-level,  be- 
ing an  open  pine  plain,  affords  excellent 
camping-ground,  and  is  the  most  central 
and  convenient  spot  for  the  traveller  to 
pitch  his  tent,  while  he  examines  the  most 
interesting  localities  in  the  series  which 
occur  in  this  vicinity — ^to  wit,  the  Grand 
Portal  and  the  Ohapd.   {See  Engraving.) 

"The  Chapol— £a  ChapMt  of  the  voya- 
gewrt — if  not  the  grandest,  is  among  the 
most  grotesque  of  Nature's  architecture 
here  displayed.  Unlike  the  excavations 
before  described,  which  occur  at  tlie  wa- 
ter's edge,  this  has  l>een  made  in  the  rock, 
at  a  height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet  above 
tlie  lake.  The  interior  consists  of  a  vault- 
ed apartment,  which  has  not  inaptly  re- 
ceived the  name  it  bears.  An  arched 
roof  of  sandstone,  from  ten  to  twenty  feet 
in  thickness,  rests  on  four  gigantic  col- 
umns of  rock,  so  as  to  leave  a  vaulted 
apartment  of  irregular  shape,  about  forty 
feet  in  diameter,  and  about  the  same  in 
height.  The  columns  consist  of  finely 
stratified  rock,  and  have  been  worn  into 
curious  shapes. .  At  the  base  of  one  of 
them  an  arched  cavity  or  niche  has  been 
cut,  to  which  access  is  had  by  a  flight  of 
steps  formed  by  the  projecting  strata 
The  disposition  of  the  whole  is  such  ss 
to  resemble  very  much  the  pulpit  of  a 
(Anfoh;  since  there  is  overhead  an  arch- 
eti  canopy,  and  in  flront  an  opening  out 
toward  the  vaulted  interior  of  the  chapel, 
with  a  flat  tabular  mass  in  front,  rising 
to  a  convenient  height  fbradesk,  while 
on  the  right  is  an  udated  block,  which 
not-ini^Uy  represents  an  altar;  so  that 
if  the  whole  had  been  adapted  expressly 
for  a  place  of  worship,  and  fiuhioned  by 
the  hand  of  man,  it  could  hardly  have 
been  arranged  more  appropriately.    It  is 

8 


hardly  poniUe  to  describe  the  itegular 

and  unique  effect  of  this  estraorduuH7 
structure ;  it  is  truly  a  temple  of  nature— 
'  A  house  not  made  with  hands.' 

"On  the  west  side,  and  in  dose  prox' 
imity,  Cliapel  Uiver  enters  the  lake,  pre- 
cipitating itself  over  a  rocky  ledge  ten  or 
fifteen  feet  in  height* 

"  It  is  surprising  to  see  how  little  the 
action  of  the  stream  has  worn  away  the 
rocks  which  form  its  bed.  There  appears 
to  have  been  hardly  any  recession  of  the 
cascade,  and  the  rocky  bed  has  been  ex- 
cavated only  a  foot  or  two  since  the  stream 
Hssumed  its  present  direction. 

"It  seems  therefore  impossible  that  the 
river  could  have  had  any  influence  in  ex- 
cavating the  Chapel  itself,  but  its  exca- 
vation must  be  referred  to  a  period  when 
the  waters  of  the  lake  stood  at  a  higlier 
level. 

"Near  the  Grand  Portal  the  cliffs  are 
covered,  in  places,  with  an  efflorescence 
of  sulphate  of  lime,  in  delicate  crystalli- 
zations ;  this  substance  not  only  inorusts 
the  walls,  but  is  found  deposited  on  the 
moss  whicli  lines  tliem,  forming  singular 
and  interesting  specimens,  which  how- 
ever cannot  bo  transported  without  losing 
their  beauty. 

"At  the  some  place  we  found  numer- 
ous traces  of  organic  life  in  the  form  of 
obscure  fiicoidal  markings,  which  seem  to 
be  the  impressions  of  plants,  f  imilar  to 
those  described  by  Prof.  Hall  aa  ooourring 
in  the  Potsdam  sandstone  of  New  York. 
These  were  first  noticed  at  this  place  by 
Dr.  Locke,  in  1847." 

*  "  At  this  ftiil,  Mcordlng  to  Immemorial  aaaso 
•mong  the  voyagturt  In  Mceading  the  Uke,  tba 
mang»uri  dt  lard,  who  moke  their  first  trip,  r«- 
eeive  baptism ;  which  consists  In  giving  them  a 
sovere  ducking — a  ceremonjr  tomei*bat  similar 
to  that  practised  on  green-horns  wbaa  crossing 
tho  line. 


114 


TUP  TSRoron  mm  laku. 


Lake  ■■perior  BevloB. 

The  following  rersei  w«re  written  by 
J.  O.  WiilTTlUt,  on  reooiving  an  eaglt'a 
tnill,  when  on  »  viett  to  Lake  Superior  in 
1846. 

THE  SEER. 

I  haw  the  br«ff  rojager't  horn, 

I  lev  th«  YukM's  Uidl— 
Iltf  fuot  on  every  muautuln  pus, 

On  every  ■tretm  bli  mIL 

He'i  whtetllnr  nrand  8t  Mary'*  Faili, 

Upon  his  loaded  tmln ; 
He's  leiiTlng  on  the  Pictured  Bocki 

His  tteth  tobkceo  stain, 

I  tee  the  mattock  In  the  mine, 

The  axe-etruke  In  the  dell, 
The  rismor  fkvm  the  Indian  lodge. 

The  Jeuiit'i  chapel  bell  I 

I  Me  the  aworthy  trapprn  ooma 

From  MlMlaalpiil's  spring ; 
And  war-chiefs  with  their  painted  browi, 

And  oresta  uf  eagle  wings. 

Behind  the  seared  squaw's  birch  canoe. 
The  steamer  smokes  '.ml  raves ; 

And  tsity  lots  ore  staked  for  sola 
Above  old  Indian  graves. 

By  (brcst,  lake  nnd  water-fiill, 

I  tea  the  peddler's  show ; 
The  mighty  mingling  with  the  mean. 

The  lofty  with  the  low. 

I  hear  the  tread  of  ploneera 

Of  nations  yet  to  De ; 
The  Arst  low  wash  of  waves  where  toon 

Hball  roll  a  human  tea. 

The  mdlments  of  empire  hert 

Are  plastic  yet  and  warm : 
The  chaos  of  a  mighty  world 

Is  rounding  Into  form  I 

Each  rude  and  Jostling  fVagment  toon 

lu  fltting  place  ihalT  flnd— 
Tile  raw  matertala  of  a  stata, 

It*  muscle  and  its  mind  I 

And,  westering  silll,  the  star  which  Iaad.i 

The  new  world  in  Its  train. 
Has  tipped  with  Are  the  icy  speara 

Of  many  a  mountain  chain. 

Oband  Island,  125  miles  distant  from 
the  Saut,  ia  about  10  miles  long  and  6 
wide,  lying  dose  in  to  the  sou^  shore. 


This  ia  a  wild  and  romantio  iabnd ;  ttM 
diffa  of  sandstone,  inr>.'gular  and  broken 
into  by  the  waves,  form  picturesque  mr- 
orns,  pillars,  and  arches  of  immense  di- 
mensions. There  are  seToral  romantio 
bays  and  inlets  protected  from  ■torma, 
which  are  ft^uent  on  this  great  lake, 
where  the  brook  trout  of  a  lai^  size  can 
be  caught  in  quantities.  The  forests  also 
afford  a  delightdil  retreat,  while  all  nature 
seems  hushed — save  by  the  mtjaning 
winds  and  billowy  surges  of  the  surround- 
ing waters. 

A  few  families  reside  on  the  south 
shore,  facing  the  mainland,  where  is  a 
clearing  of  considerable  extent  The 
main-shore  in  full  sight,  and  the  Pictured 
Rocks,  visiblo  flrom  its  eastern  shore,  alto- 
gether add  a  charm  to  this  truly  Grand 
Island,  unsurpassed  by  no  other  spot  in 
this  interesting  region. 

MuNisiMO,  formerly  called  Orand  Island 
City,  lies  on  the  south  side  of  Orand  Island 
Bay,  here  about  3  miles  in  width.  Here  is 
a  steamboat  wharf  and  hotel,  togetlier  with 
a  few  dwellings,  being,  >io  doubt,  destined 
to  become  a  favorite  place  of  resort,  as 
from  this  place  the  Pictured  Rocks  can  be 
easily  reached  by  canoes  or  small  boats 
during  calm  weather.  Trout  fishing  is 
also  good  in  Ann's  River,  which  enters 
Orand  Island  Bay,  and  in  Itiner's  River, 
near  the  Pictured  Rooks. 

The  bay  or  harbor  is  capacious,  dsep, 
and  easy  of  access  flrom  the  east  or  west, 
being  6  miles  m  length  by  flrom  S  to  4 
in  width,' with  a  depth  of  water  of  100 
feet  and  unwards.  It  is  perfbcfly  land- 
locked by  hills  risfaig  firom  100  to  300  feet 
high,  and  capacious  enough  to  contain  the 
entire  fleet  of  the  lakes. 

The  Sdwolcrafi  Iron  World,  near  Mu- 
nising,  have  recently  been  erected  close  to 
the  water's  edge,  for  the  mnnufacture  of 
pig  iron,  wliere  is  a  landing  for  tainrrs. 

Miveb's  Point,  a  most  remarkable  head- 
land, lies  6  miles  east  of  Munising,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  small  stream  of  the  same  name. 


md  romMitio  isUmd;  flM 
ne,  irr>.'gular  and  broken 
38,  form  picti'reBquo  mr- 
d  arches  of  immeaae  di- 
tre  are  gevonil  romantio 

I  proteotod  ttom  itonaa, 
uent  on  this  great  lake, 
:  trout  of  a  lai^  size  can 
intities.  The  forests  also 
111  retreat,  while  all  nature 
-save  by  the  moaning 
¥jr  surges  of  the  surround- 

es  reside  on  the  south 
le  mainland,  where  is  a 
laiderable   extent      The 

II  sight,  and  the  Pictured 
cm  its  eastern  shore,  alto- 
larm  to  this  truly  Grand 
ssed  by  no  other  spot  in 
region. 

merly  called  Orand  Island 
south  side  of  Grand  Island 
3  miles  in  width.  Here  is 
rf  and  hotel,  together  with 
being,  kio  doubt,  destined 
vorite  place  of  resort,  as 
;he  Pictured  Rocks  can  be 
by  canoes  or  small  boats 
eathor.  Trout  fishing  ia 
nn's  Rirer,  which  enters 
ty,  and  in  Miner's  River, 
id  Rooks. 

larbor  is  capacious,  doep, 
188  flrom  the  east  or  west, 
t  length  by  from  S  to  4 
a  depth  of  water  of  100 
ds.  It  is  perfbcay  Ind- 
fsfaig  from  100  to  300  feet 
ous  enough  to  contain  the 
e  lakes. 

ft  Iron  Work$,  near  Mu- 
intly  been  erected  close  to 
e,  for  the  manufacture  of 
is  a  landing  for  taimnra. 
r,  a  most  remarkable  hend- 
i  east  of  MuniRing,  at  the 
i  stream  of  the  same  name. 


RBMARKABLI   PimOlllllA   ON   tAH   flVPBRIOR. 


If6 


<>the  aotion  of  the  waters  has  here  dis- 
integrated portions  of  the  sand-stone 
formation,  forming  romantic  caverns  and 
grottoes  where  the  waters  of  the  lake 
penetrate,  making  strange  mueic  in  the 
•ubterranean  passages. 


iMMviiairr  aooa. 


UoMumirr  Rook,  about  one  mile  west 
of  Miner's  Point,  is  another  strange  ftvak 
of  nature,  being  an  upright  oolumn  stand- 
ing in  full  view,  near  the  water's  edge, 
elevated  some  80  or  100  feet  above  Uie 
lake.  iSte  Engraviag.)  AU  tliese  points 
can  easily  be  readied  fVom  Munising,  or 
Grand  Island,  by  a  sail  or  row  boat 


Renarkable  PhenoineHa  •■ 
Ijake  Superior. 

The  sudden  and  singubir  changes  of  the 
weather  on  Lake  Superior,  in  connection 
with  its  healthy  influence,  during  the  sum- 
mer and  fall  months,  present  one  of  the 
phenomena  of  nature  which  seems  almost 
unaccountable.  The  sun^  frequently  rises 
clear  and  cloudless,  giving  indications  of 
continued  sunshine,  when  suddenly  tha 
sky  becomes  overoast  with  white,  fleecy 
clouds,  scudding  low  and  giving  out  a 
chilly  atmosphere,  not  unfrequently  ac- 
companied witli  rain, — the  clouds  as  sud- 
denly disappear,  and  a  pleasant  afternoon 
nsuidly  follows,  with  light  winds.  This 
influence,  causing  a  fluctuation  of  several 
deg^rees  of  the  thermometer,  seems  to 
have  an  injurious  effect  on  most  kinds 
of  fruit  and  vegetables  requiring  a  warm 
sun  throughout  the  day  in  order  to  arrive 
at  maturity ;  the  country  a  few  miles  in- 
lanu,  however,  being  less  subject  to  these 
frequeub  changes. 

On  the  6th  of  August,  1860,  there  oo> 
curred  a  remarkable  phenomenon,  as  wit- 
nessed on  Grand  Island  Bay,  near  the 
Pictured  Rocks — Lake  Superior  being  here 
about  170  miles  wide.  I)uring  the  fore- 
noon of  a  pleasant  summer's  day,  the  wa- 
ter was  observed  suddsnly  to  fall  some 
three  or  four  feet  perpendicularly  on  the 
south  shore,  then  rise  in  about  half  an 
hour,  as  suddenly  again  to  recede  and 
rise  several  times;  exposing  the  bed  of 
the  lake  for  aoonsiden^le  dutoaoe  where 


lid 


TMP   TIIMOl'OH   TUB   LAKES. 


th«  water  wm  ihallow,  tflbrding  %  fine  op- 
portunity to  ooUect  pebbles  of  diflbrent 
ouea,  and  precious  stones. 

At  noon  the  wind  blew  moderately  from 
tbe  southward,  wliile  the  thermometer 
ranged  at  about  74"  Fahr.  This  appa- 
rently oalm  and  pleasant  weather  was  ta- 
ken advantage  of  by  a  party  of  pleasure  to 
cross  the  bay  in  a  sail-boat  troia  Munising 
toQrand  Island,  3  miles  distant,  affording  a 
delightful  excursion.  On  looking  eastward 
at  about  4  o'clock,  p.  u.,  a  dense  fog  or 
low  cloud  was  seen  rapidly  to  enter  the 
east  channel  of  the  bay,  from  the  north- 
ward, rolling  on  in  m^estic  grandeur,  and 
presenting  apparently  the  smoke  caused 
by  the  diwihaige  of  a  park  of  artillery,  ob- 
acuring  every  object  in  the  far  distance, 
while  the  1  badlands  within  one  or  two 
miles  v/ere  distinctly  visible.    As  it  ap- 

S reached,  the  thermometer  fell  several 
egrees,  and  rMn  followed,  attended  with 
Ugntning  and  thunder.  Soon,  however, 
tbe  wind  lulled,  or  entirely  ceased,  while 
the  rain  poured  down  in  torrents.  The 
mist  or  fog  seemed  meetly  to  ascend  as  it 
passed  over  tbe  high  lands  on  the  main 
land,  and  assumed  the  appearance  of 
clouds,  while  portions  remained,  in  low 
and  wet  localities,  above  the  forest-treea, 
—presenting  altogether  a  most  magnifl- 
oent  appearance.  The  rain-storm  and 
cloud  effect,  after  continuing  some  two 
liiour&  aa  suddeply  ceased,  followed  by  a 
aplendid  rainbow, — ^being  the  harbinger 
of  a  pleasant  evening  and  calm  weather 
for  a  time. 

JCackende,  who  wrote  in  1789,  relates 
a  very  similar  phenomenon,  which  oo- 
curmd  at  Qrand  Portage,  on  Lake  Supe- 
rior, and  for  which  no  obvious  cause  could 
be  assigned.  He  gays :  "The  water  with- 
dcew,  leaving  the  ground  dry  -  'hich  had 
never  before  been  visible,  the  fall  being 
equal  to  four  perpendicular  feet,  and  rush- 
ing back  with  great  velocity  above  the 
eommon  mark.  It  continued  thus  rising 
•Bd  fldling  for  aaveral  hours,  gradually 


decreasing  until  it  stopped  at  its 
height." 

To  the  mariner  these  sudden  stoma 
and  fluctuatious,  accompanied  by  fcg,  are 
attended  w<th  mucli  danger,  more  partic- 
ularly if  near  tbe  land,  when  the  sun  and 
all  objects  in  sight  suddenly  disappear  as 
if  in  darkest  night,  the  terrific  noise  of 
the  waves  and  wind  akme  being  heard. 
When  followed  by  snow  the  danger  is 
still  more  increased,  iyeq?iently  causing 
the  most  disagtrous  shipwrecks.  In  this 
high  latitude  a  perfect  calm  seldom  contin- 
ues but  for  a  short  time;  the  wind  will  oc- 
casionally lull,  when  fitftal  gusts  disturb 
the  waters,  to  be  followed  by  a  breeae 
or  storm  from  some  quarter  of  (he  compass. 

On  examining  the  matociological  record 
kept  at  Fort  Mackinac,  rboot  100  miles 
distant  in  a  southeast  direction  flrom  Orand 
Island,  it  was  found  that  tbs  thermome- 
ter ranged  at  78**  Fahisnhett  at  3  p.  M. 
on  Cte  above  day;  the  wind  being  ftt>m 
the  south.  At  7  p.  H.  a  heaVy  rain  and 
thunder  storm  commenced,  which  lasted 
two  hours,  the  same  aa  on  Lake  Superior, 
terminating  with  a  gorgeous  snnset  view, 
exceeded  only  by  the  magnificent  aurora, 
which  flrequently  illuminates  the  nordiera 
bearens  in  this  high  latitude,  or  the  beau- 
tiful mirage  of  mid-day,  which  rafleota 
with  remarkable  distinotaeaa  the  invisible 
landscape,  and  vessels  floating  on  (he  bo- 
som of  tUa  vast  inland  sea. 

How  br  the  receding  of  the  wstcrs 
had  (o  do  with  the  above  coming  storm, 
must  be  left  (o  ooqjecture  or  Airther  in- 
vestigation—no doubt,  however,  it  CBueod 
a  displaceoMnt  of  water  at  soSh.  remote 
parts  of  the  lake,  whkih  was  almost  im- 
mediately felt  at  other  and  (kr  distant 
points.  So  with  the  vapory  douda  whidi 
suddenly  rise  over  Lake  Superior ;  they, 
no  doubt,  being  caused  by  cold  ourrenta 
of  air  from  tbe  higher  regions  or  north- 
west, passing  over  warmer  portions  along 
the  south  shore,  when  im'jiediately  a  mist 
or  fog  is  CTMted,  whiolt  aaoenda  in  tbS 


il  it  stopped  at  its  woU 

iner  these  sudden  storms 
18,  aooompanied  by  teg,  mn 
mwch  dangfer,  more  panic- 
ho  land,  when  the  sun  and 
ght  suddenly  diasppear  as 
Tght,  the  terrific  noise  of 
wind  alone  being  heard, 
i  by  snow  the  danger  is 
rcased,  freqnently  causing 
irous  shipwrecks.  In  this 
porrect  calm  seldom  contin- 
lorttime;  tho  wind  will  oe- 
when  fltfbl  gusts  disturb 
be  followed  by  a  breese 
amo  quarter  of  tiie  compasn. 
K  the  moteoiological  reonrd 
llaokinac,  (bout  100  miles 
theast  diroction  flrom  Orand 
found  that  tba  thermome- 
18"  Fahronheit  at  3  p.  u. 
daj;  the  wind  being  fVom 
;  T  p.  M.  a  heaVy  rain  and 
commenced,  which  lasted 
same  as  on  Lake  Superior, 
itii  a  gorgeous  sunset  view, 
by  tbe  magnificent  anrora, 
tly  illuminates  the  nortiiem 
I  high  latitude,  or  tbe  beau- 
f  mid-day,  which  raflecta 
le  distinotaesa  the  inrisiMe 
vessels  floating  on  tbe  bo- 
it  inland  sea. 

e  receding  of  the  wMaia 
.  the  above  ooming  storm, 
o  ooqieoture  or  Airther  in- 
0  doubt,  however,  it  CGUsed 
;  of  water  at  boIik  remote 
ke,  which  vras  almoat  im- 
at  other  and  far  distant 
th  the  vapory  clouds  which 
over  Lake  Superior;  they, 
g  caused  by  cold  ourrenta 
e  higher  regions  or  north- 
>ver  warmer  portions  alon^t 
B,  when  imuiediately  a  mist 
led,  whioli  aaoends  in  tiM 


MMARKABLS  PBIHOmWA   OIT  lAKI  BCPBUOB. 


11) 


Hxrm  of  douda  into  the  npper  regkma; 
not,  liowevcr,  at  first  very  far  above  the 
lake  level — thus  giving  out  tlie  cold  in- 
fluence above  referred  to  as  pocullar  to 
the  south  sliore  of  tlie  lake  wiien  the 
uortliwest  winds  prevail:  thin  coM  in- 
ttuenoe  being  most  probably  wafted  far  to 
the  east  and  suuthward,.  producing,  no 
doubt,  ftn  efl'uot  on  the  weather  along  the 
Atlantic  coast  several  hundred  miles  to 
the  southeast.  The  northwest  winds 
which  mostly  prevail  in  the  States  of  New 
York  oud  I'ennHylvanla  have  a  modified 
oharacter,  similar  to  the  winds  from  the 
some  quarter  passing  over  the  upper 
lakes  of  North  America — affording  a  oool 
and  bracing  influence  on  the  human 
^stem. 

Another  remarkable  feature  in  the  cli- 
mate of  Lake  Superior,  is  its  healthy  and 
invigorating  inHuenoe  on  residents  and 
invalids  suffering  from  incipient  pulmo- 
nary and  tliroat  complaints — the  sudden 
changes  of  hot  and  cold,  or  wet  weather, 
seem  to  brace  the  constitution,  without 
producing  any  other  injurious  effects  than 
rheumetism,  when  too  much  exposure  is 
endured. 

While  the  balmy  southern  clime  too 
ollen  disappoints  the  invalid,  Uiis  north- 
eria  dimate,  its  influeuoe  extending  west- 
ward toward  the  Rocky  Mountains,  seems 
to  give  strength  to  the  respiratory  and 
digestive  organs — thereby  often  effecting 
.nost  miraculous  and   permanent  oures, 


witliout  the  aid  of  medicine,  other  than 
that  afforded  by  nature — pure  air  and 
water.  The  intense  colds  of  winter  are 
here  represented  as  being  far  more  endu- 
rable than  in  more  southern  latitudps, 
along  the  Atluntic  coast,  where  damp 
northeast  storms  prevail. 

In  Foster  ami  Whitney's  Report  on  the 
Oeology  of  Lake  Superior,  the  phenome- 
na of  these  fluctuations  are  elaborately 
discussed;  and,  for  the  most  part,  thoy 
are  found  to  be  the  premonition  of  an  ap- 
proaching gale.  They  remark,  that  the 
earth  may  be  regarded  as  surrounded  by 
two  oceans — ono  atrial,  the  other  liquid, 
fiy  the  laws  which  regulate  two  fluids 
thus  relatively  situated,  a  local  distur- 
bance in  the  one  would  produce  a  corre- 
sponding disturbance  in  the  other. 

Every  rise  or  fall  of  one-twentieth  of  an 
inch  in  the  mercurial  column,  would  be 
attended  with  an  elevation  or  depression 
in  the  surface  of  the  water  equal  to  one 
inch.  A  sudden  change  of  the  atmos- 
pheric pressure  over  a  large  body  of  wa- 
ter would  cause  a  perpendicular  rise  or 
fall,  in  the  manner  of  waves,  greater  than 
the  mere  weight  itself,  which  would  prop- 
agate themselves  in  a  series  of  undula- 
tions ft-om  the  centre  of  disturbance. 
Those  undulations  result  fk'om  an  unusual 
disturbance  of  the  atmosphere  ooourring 
around  the  margin  of  the  storm,  and  its 
effects  are  perceived  before  the  storm  oc 
tuaily  breaks. 


-■;>\ 


Blae  and  Fall  mt  the  Waters  of  EAke  Superior. 


From  a  series  of  careful  observations 
Oontinued  through  a  period  of  eight  years, 
from  1854  to  1862,  by  Dr.  G.  H.  Blaker,  of 
Marquette,  L.  S.,  it  has  been  found  that  the 
wnial  rise  and  fall  of  the  surface  of  Lake 
•Yaperior  ranges  between  30  and  38  indies. 
jbVom  the  first  of  May,  when  the  snow 
hVgius  to  molt  fredy,  untU  the  first  of 


September,  the  surface  of  the  lake  level 
continues  to  rise  constantly,  about  six 
inches  a  month,  until  it  gains,  on  an  aver- 
age, two  feet  by  the  middle  of  August ; 
—and  by  the  first  of  September  it  begins 
to  fall,  and  so  continues  through  the  win- 
ter, until  about  the  middle  of  April  The 
permanent  riite,  however,  was  found  to 


Hi 


TMP  TMmovaa  thi  lasm. 


hav«  be«n  abmit  two  inrhm  mora  than  (h« 
fall  for  the  lirat  «iz  yearg,  from  1854 
to  end  of  1869,  thus  making  a  total  riM 
of  some  12  incliea  in  the  lake  lefol  at  the 
latter  period. 

During  the  yearn  1860  and  1861,  the 
waters  of  Lnkn  Superior  fell  about  two 
inches  annually,  making  a  fall  of  four 
inchea  since  1868,  at  which  period  they 
were  at  their  higKut  point. 

During  the  winter  of  1861-'63,  then 
fell  at  Jitarquette  only  /omt  feet  and  two 
inohoi  of  snow,  being  about  one-quarter 
the  usnal  amount, — ond  for  the  spring 
months  of  1862  thore  fell  only  Ave  inchea 
of  moisture,  beinx  about  one-half  the  usual 
quantity.  Those  well-autlienticated  and 
singular  facts,  continued  to  July,  1862, 
show  that  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior  at 
Marquette  are  twenty  inclies  lower  than 
thoy  were  in  1861 — thus  showing  an  un- 
usual depression  in  the  waters  of  this  great 
Inland  sea. 

When  thesA  interesting  obserrntiona 
shall  have  been  extended  over  a  longer 
period  and  at  different  stations,  thoy  will, 
no  doubt,  solve  the  mystery  which  has 
heretofore  involved  tbu  annual  and  period- 
lad  rise  and  fall  of  these  great  waters  in 
oiMourity. 

A  caref\il  survey  of  the  gnat  lakes  by 
a  corps  of  engineers  attached  to  the  Topo- 
graphical Bureau  is  now  nearly  comple- 
ted, which  will  give  meteorological  "esulta 
and  tidal  obsertations  of  the  great  a- 
portanoe  to  the  mariner,  agricidtviiat,  and 
intelligent  traveller. 


Blar^aette,  the  county  seat  of  Mar- 
quette County,  and  a  port  of  entry  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  south  shore 
of  Lake  Superior,  in  N.  latitude  46°  32', 
W.  longitude  ST"  33',  having  a  mean  an- 
nual temperature  of  41°  Fahr.  The  har- 
bor, formed  by  the  fiay  of  Marquette,  is 
Bufo  and  commodious,  being  fully  pro- 
tected from   all  but   northeast   winda; 


when  blowing  in  that  direction  vessels  ar« 
obUgcd  to  anchor  off  the  xhore  fbr  safetv. 
The  Government  is  about  erecting  sub- 
stantial piers,  or  breakwaters,  for  tho 
further  protection  of  the  numerous  steam- 
ers and  aailing  vessels  which  frequent  tlio 
harbor.  A  light-houso.  also,  Is  erected  to 
guide  the  mariner,  standing  on  a  point  uf 
Und  immediately  north  of  the  anchorage. 

The  settlement  of  Marquette  was  com- 
menced in  July^  1849,  and  incorporated 
as  a  village  in  June,  18B!>.  It  now  con- 
tains a  court-house  and  Jail ;  a  public  hall; 
1  Episcopal,  1  Presbyterian,  1  Baptist, 
1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Catholic 
church ;  0  public-houses,  the  NmihuMBtim 
Bottl,  the  Trtmoni  Houae,  and  the  Ameri- 
can Bimie  being  the  most  frequented  by 
atrangera ;  1  bank ;  20  or  30  stores  and 
■torehouses;  8  printing-offices;  besides  a 
large  foundery,  a  rolling-mill  and  blast- 
furnace, and  machine-shop.'i  and  factories 
of  different  kinds.  Popuhtion  in  I860, 
l.eeS;  at  present  (1861)  eutimatod  at 
3,000.  There  are  four  extensive  piers, 
arranged  fbr  the  transhipment  of  iron  ore 
and  pig  metal,  on  which  the  railroad 
trains  deliver  and  receive  freight  Here 
is  the  terjiinus  of  the  Marquette  and 
Ontonagon  Railroad,  finished  for  about  40 
miles,  passing  along  the  south '  shore  of 
Lake  Michigammi,  and  of  the  Penin- 
aula  Railroad  of  Michigan,  extending  to 
Eacanaba,  on  Green  Bay,  66  milea  die- 
tant. 

This  flourishing  lake  city  is  closely 
identified  with  the  extensive  Iron  minea 
in  the  vicinity,  being  from  12  to  30  milea 
distant,  situated  on  an  elevated  ridge,  soma 
700  or  800  feet  above  the  waters  of  Laka 
Superior,  being  known  as  the  Iron  Mounn 
tain.  There  are  now  eight  mines  exr 
tensively  and  profitably  worked,  bein|^ 
owned  by  separate  companies ;  the  Jack;. 
son  Iron  Company,  the  Cleveland  Iro4 
Company,  and  the  Lake  Superior  Com- 
pany having  separate  docks,  fVom  which' 
the  ore  is  shipped  to  the  Eastern  marketa. 


that  direction  ~cMeti  tr4 
T  off  the  sliore  for  safety, 
t  is  about  erecting  Bun- 
or  brealcwaters,  for  tho 
n  of  the  mimerous  steam- 
'easels  which  frequent  tlio 
t-house,  also,  is  erected  to 
er,  standing  on  a  point  of 
f  nortii  of  the  anchorage, 
it  of  Marquette  was  com- 
r,  1849,  and  incorporated 
Tune,  1 859.  It  now  con- 
ise  and  Jail ;  a  public  hall; 

Presbyterian,  1  Baptist, 
»nd  1  Roman  Catholto 
c-houses,  the  IforihtMttern 
mt  ffotue,  and  the  Ameri- 
:  the  most  ft«queuted  by 
nk ;  30  or  30  stores  and 
printing-offlces;  besides  a 

a  rolling-mill  and  blaat- 
ichine-shopii  and  factories 
ds.  Popuhtion  in  18GQ, 
lent  (1867)  eOimatod  at 
tre  four  extensive  piers, 
)  transhipment  of  iron  ore. 

on  which  the  railroad 
.nd  receive  freight  Here 
s  of  the  MarqueUe  ami 
oad,  finished  for  about  40. 
ilong  the  south  shore  of 
ami,  and  of  the  Penin- 
f  Michigan,  extending  to 
Glreen  Bajr,  66  miles  dia- 

ing  lake  city  is  closely 
the  extensive  Iron  mines 
being  from  12  to  30  miles 
on  an  elerated  ridge,  soma 
above  the  waters  of  Lakot 
known  as  the  Iron  ifotxn^ 
re  now  eight  nvines  Ki-^ 
profitably  worked,  beingr 
■ate  companies ;  the  Jack^ 
[>any,  the  Cleveland  Iroii 
tlie  Lake  Superior  Com- 
parate  docks,  fVom  whksh' 
cd  to  the  Eastern  markets. 


IKO>  MUlIlia   COMVAinM. 


u« 


The  iron  works  and  blast  Aimaoes  la  the 
Ticinity  of  the  mines  manufacture  an- 
nually large  quantities  of  pig  iron  of  a  su- 
perior quantity.  The  iron  business  now 
gives  employment  to  about  200  sail- 
vessels  and  a  large  number  of  propellers 
navigating  the  Upper  Lakes. 

Marquette — with  all  its  commanding  ad- 
vantages as  a  commercial  and  manufao- 
turing  town,  as  well  as  a  favorite  resort 
for  invalids,  being  surrounded  by  a 
healthy,  invigorating  atmosphere — locks  a 
supply  of  pure  and  wholesome  water,  it 
now  being  mostly  obtained  from  reser- 
voirs and  wells,  of  an  impure  oharaoter 
when  compared  with  the  sparkling  pure 
waters  of  Lake  Superior  with  which  it  is 
almost  surrounded.  The  hotel  aocomrao- 
dations  ara  also  a  subject  of  complaint. 
Such,  however,  is  the  bracing  and  health- 
restoring  infiuenoe  of  the  climate  of  this 
region,  that  invalids  ara  generally  bene- 
fited on  a  short  sojourn^  and  laborers  in 
the  mines  can  work  the  whole  year  round 
without  discomfort,  aooomplishing  much 
more  work  in  a  given  time  than  in  more 
southern  latitudes. 

Carp  River,  on  the  east,  and  Dead 
River,  on  the  north,  both  flow  into  Lake 
Superior  ne<ir  Marquette,  on  each  of  which 
ara  rapids  and  falls  of  great  beauty, 
affording    good    water   power.      These 


streams  abound  in  speckled  trout,  while 
the  lake  in  the  vicinity  of  their  mouths,  at 
most  seasons  of  tho  year,  is  alive  with 
while-flab,  and  the  Mackinac  trout  of 
largo  dirocnflioDS,  weighing  fh>m  five  to 
forty  pounds.  Ohocoial  Hiver  also  flows 
into  Luke  Superior  some  3  or  4  miles  east 
of  Marquette,  but  running  through  a  dif- 
ferent geotogieal  formation  fi-om  tlie  above 
streams,  rising  to  the  south  in  a  Mudy 
region  of  conntry. 

Habvit,  three  miles  east  of  Marquette, 
is  a  new  settlement,  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Chctoolat  River.  Hero  are 
located  the  Iforthem  Iron  Mam^aetitring 
Qmtpany'i  works,  giving  employment  to 
a  number  of  operatives. 

NiOAimn,  situated  on  the  line  of  the 
MarijueUe  and  Ontonagon  Raiiroad,  13 
miles  west  of  Marquette,  and  in  tlie  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  the  Ikon  MoDtrraur, 
where  ends  the  Ptnintula  Raikoad,  is  a 
new  and  houriahing  village,  oontaining 
about  3,000  inhabitants.  It  contains  2  or 
3  churches,  a  good  hotel,  B«veral  sttves 
and  manufacturing  establishments.  lo 
the  immediate  vicinity  are  the  Jackson 
and  Cleveland  iron  mines,  also  several 
extensive  iron  works,  giving  profitable 
employment  to  a  great  number  of  me- 
chanics and  laborers.  Thousands  of  tIs- 
itors  annually  visit  these  celebrated  minea. 


Name. 

CuniiAHD, 
InOM  MOOKTAIN, 

IBOK  Curwe, 
Sackbos, 
Lass  Sufeeiob, 
ItAONsnc, 

tfARQUVr^ 

xxw  exolard^ 
New  York, 

PlTTSBUROH  t  L. 
WASHEiaTOIl, 


Aira., 


IROH  MiNIMO  OOHFANIIS. 

President.  Sieretary.  Ojffiee. 

Oeorge  Worthington,  S.  L.  Mather,  develand,  Ohio. 

George  E.  Hall,  T.  D.  Ells,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

T.  B.  Brooks,  V.  P.,  Chas.  E.  Cauda,  New  Toik. 

David  Stewart,  S.  P.  Uoyd,  New.  York. 

Jos.  S.  Fav,  &  P.  Ely,  Marquette^  Mich. 

John  C.  McKenzie, Marquette,  Mich. 

John  Outhwaite,  8.  L.  Mather,  Cleveland,  OUa 

E.  RWard,  Detroit  Mich. 

Samuel  J.  Tilden,  New  York. 

Jas.  Laughlin,  .  T.  D.  Ells,  Cleveland,  Ohk>. 

i  Edwin  Parsons,  S.  P.  Ely,  llarquette. 

U.  B.  Tuttle  k  Son,  Ager^  Cleveland,  Ohio. 


jao 


nop  TBBOrOH  THB  uins. 


IbOK  MANirrAOTURIXO  OOMTARnS. 


llame. 

President. 

Secretary. 

Offiee. 

BANORorr, 

Wm.  E.  Dodge, 

Peter  Tniite, 

Marquette. 

Champion, 

L.  H.  Morgan, 

8.  P.  My, 

Marquette. 

C!otu>rs, 

C.  A.  Trowbridge^ 

New  York. 

Orbbxwood, 

Jos.  S  Pay, 

a  P.  Ely, 

Marquette. 

MlCHiaAN, 

A.  B.  Meeker, 

A.  G.  Clark, 

Marquette. 

MOBOAK, 

L.  H.  Morgan 

a  P.  Ely, 

Marquette, 

NOBTHEBSr, 

0.  T.  Harvey, 

M.  Hoppook, 

New  York. 

PlOKKKB, 

John  C.  McEenzie, 

Henry  :  Jaldwln, 

New  York. 

SOUOOLCKAIT, 

Peter  White, 

Henry  R.  Mather, 

Marquette. 

SiLVEB  LKAD  MrniNO  COUPANIBS. 

Name. 

Preaident. 

Seer^my. 

Office. 

HOIiYOKE, 

H.  R.  Mather, 

S.  B.  Church, 

Marquette. 

Lakb  Supebiob, 

A,  H,  Sibley, 

A.  S.  KeUogg, 

New  York. 

Sedowiok, 

H.  R.  Mather, 

a  E.  Church, 

Marquette. 

.iiC$ 


MARQUxm  County.— IBON  Minis. 

Setrad  fVom  the  Lake  Superior  Mining 
Journal,  dated  Feb.  8,  1868. 

Rapid  as  has  been  the  development  of 
the  iron  interest  of  Lake  Superior,  the  year 
1867  stands  out  in  its  history  aa  unpre- 
cedented. A  decade  has  scarcely  passed 
since  the  first  shipment  of  iron  ore  from 
the  mines  of  Marquette  County  was  made, 
&ad  yut  the  grand  result  of  the  year  just 
c*38ed  is  a  tuU/  mOhon  toM— equal  to 
about  one-fourth  of  the  entire  product  of 
the  Uniced  States.  ^ 

These  iron  mines  are  situated  on  the 
line  of  the  Marquette  and  Ontonagon  Bail- 
road,  distant  from  Lnke  Superior  fh>m 
13  to  30  miles.  The  Peninsula  XaOroad 
of  Michigan  conneets  with  the  above  road, 
affording  additional  facilities  for  tranship- 
ment, via  Escanaba,  situated  on  Green 
Bay,  65  miles  distant  from  the  mines. 

The  completion  of  the  railroad  runnitiK 
fh>m  Marquette  to  Ontonagon,  about  120 
miles  distant,  passing  Lake  Michigammi, 
will  greatly  increase  the  trade  of  Mar- 
quette, and  facilitate  the  transhipment  of 
b9tt)  copper  ai^  )rou  ore. 


<f 


sniaiABT  or  ibon  obb  and  pia  ibon 

PBODUOEO    IN    1867. 

Iron  Ore.        Gross  tons. 

Cleveland  Iron  Co 76,822 

Marquette  Iron  Co 7,82'J 

New  York  Iron  Co 47,000 

Lake  Superior  Iron  Co 120,178 

Jackson  Iron  Co. .' 1 26,391 

Pittsburgh  t  L.  A.  Iron  Ca 46,607 

New  England  Mine 9,075 

Edwards  Mine 4,980 

Washington  Iron  Co.. 25,440 

Iron  Mountain  Iron  Co 5,000 

Iron  Cliff  (estimated). ]  ,000 

Total  Iron  Ore 469,320 

Pig  Iron. 

Greenwood  Furnace 6,381 

Morgan  Furnace 6,059 

Michigan  Furnace 4,131 

Collins  Furnace 4,e3« 

Bancroft  Furnace 3,051 

Pioneer  Furnace  (2  stacks) 6,980 

Northern  Furnace l,73» 

Total  Pig  Iron 30,91t 

Total  Iron  Ore  ap4  Pig  Iron . .  600,231 


tL 


M. 

1^- 

Office. 

Marquette. 

Marquette. 

•  •  •  • 

New  York. 

Marquette. 

Marquette. 

Marquette, 

New  York. 

In, 

New  York. 

ther, 

Marquette. 

■& 

• 

Office. 

Marquette. 

f 

New  York. 

Marquette. 

'    IBON    OBB    AND    PIO    IBOS 
IDUOKD    m    1867. 

Jron  Ore.        Groutona. 

nCo 15,822 

•n  Co 7,827 

on  Co 47,000 

r  Iron  Co 120,178 

Co.." 126,301 

L.  A.  IronCa 46,607 

Mine 9,07S 

» 4,980 

ron  Co 25,440 

1  Iron  Co ...  5,000 

imated). ],000 

nOre 469,320 

Pig  Iron. 

umace 6,381 

aoe 6,05A 

oaoe 4,131 

oe 4,630 

lace 3,051 

SCO  (2  stacka) 6,980 

nace 1,730 

ron 30,01t 

)re  ap4  Pig  Iron. .  600,231 


ntoH  mms— KiwBBRAw  i>oiirr. 


121 


OomperatiTe  ^aiemmt  of  the  produc- 
tion of  Iron  Ore  and  Pig  Iron  in  Marquette 
County  fW>m  1865  to  1867  inclusive. 


TaxB. 


Iron  Ort. 

Pig  Iron. 

1,447 

•  •  •  • 

11,697 

•  ■   ■   • 

26,184 

•    •   •   • 

31,035 

1,629 

65,679 

7,258 

116,998 

6,.;60 

45,430 

7,970 

115,721 

8,690 

183,267 

9,813 

236,123 

13,832 

195,256 

13,283 

296,872 

18,437 

469,320 

30,911 

rahn. 


1855 
1856 
1867 
1858 
1869 
1860 

•1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 

fl865 
1866 
1867 


*  Brglnnlns  of  the  war. 
t  CloM  of  Om  war. 


249,203 

675,629 

736,496 

419,401 

984,977 

1,416,936 

1,867,216 

1,690,430 

2,405,960 

3,476,720 


THB  SBIPFINa 

firom  our  port  has  manifested  an  activity 
corresponding  to  the  increase  of  business. 
The  great  iron  docks  have  been  crowded 
to  almost  their  fullest  extent.  The  total 
number  of  clearances  have  been  as  fol- 
lows; 

Steamboats 621 

Vessels 404 


Tonn'ge. 
442,431 
381,346 


Total 926 

dearancea  for  1866 765 

Increase 160       61,086 

The  Marquette  and  Ontonagon,  as  also 
the  Peninsula  Railroad  has  been  taxed  to 
its  utmost  tc  furniBh  transportation  for 
the  immense  amount  of  flight  pressed 
upon  it.  It  has  moved  as  many  as  3,000 
tons  in  a  single  day. 

The  active  capital  employed  in  mining 
and  manufacturing  has  bieen  increased 
not  less  than  $1,000,000.  The  aggregate 
sum  invested  in  the  iron  business  is  now 
about  $5,000,000. 


SUIOIABT  or   THB  TOTAX.   PB0DU0T8    ANB 
IHPBOTBUINTB  Or  IIABQUKTTE    COUKTT 

roa  1867. 


I       Tom.       I    Value. 


Iron   oiw  prodneed... 

Elg  iron  " 
umber  ** 
L»th  ** 
Bblnglea  " 
ARrieoltankl  prodneta. 
Blast  ftamaega  ereeted. 
Bnlldtnga 


Total  value. 


4«»,8iO 

80,911 

»,8Wi,000ft 

1,200,000 

1,400,000 


« 

too 


$3,84^e00 
1,180,120 

900,000 

8fi,»58 
600,000 
400,000 

4,718,678 


Harqaette  to  Keweenaw 
Point. 

On  leaving  Marquette  the  coast  tends 
northwestward,  passing  Presque  Isle  and 
other  bold  headlands,  the  coast  here  pre- 
senting a  roclqr,  iron-bound  appearance 
for  many  miles,  with  high  hills  in  tho 
distance,  being  elevated  from  800  to  1,000 
feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 

Gbanrb  Island,  12  miles  north  of 
Miurquette,  is  passed  on  the  right,  having 
on  one  sido  two  vertical  walls  of  trap,  20 
feet  high  and  12  apart,  forming  a  secure 
boat  tMrbor.  On  the  inainland  opposite 
is  seen  Oranite  Point,  rising  from  120  to 
130  feet.  Due  north  Oom  the  above 
island  lies  StanarcPs  Rock,  a  most  dan- 
gerous projection,  discovered  by  Captain 
Stanard  hi  1836,  while  in  the  employ  of 
ttie  American  Fur  Company,  sailing  the 
Bohooiter,  John  Jacob  Astor.  The  rock 
may  be  seen  on  the  direct  route  of  steam- 
ers fW)m  Marquette  to  Maniton  loland  or 
Copper  Harbor. 

The  Htmoir  Isles,  lying  abcut  20  miles 
east  of  Portage  Entry,  numbering  fivo  or 
six  rocky  Islands  or  islets,  form  a  moat 
picturesque  group,  covered  in  part  with  If 
stunted  growth  of  trees. 

Huron  Bay  and  Point  Abbetb  arii 
next  passed,  and  the  upward  bound  steam- 


189 


VBIP  THBOUOH  IBM  LAKU. 


li'l 


er  enters  a  large  expanse  of  v;ater  oalled 
L'Anoe,  or  Keweenaw  Baj,  extending  far 
inland. 

L'Ance  is  an  excellent  harbor  where  ia 
a  small  settlement  situated  at  the  head 
of  Keweenaw  Bay.  A  short  distance  north 
are  locstod  a  Roman  Catholic  and  Metho- 
dist mission-house  and  church,  the  Cath- 
olio  being  on  the  west  shore  of  tlie  bay 
and  the  Methodist  on  the  east  Both  are 
aurrounded  hy  Indian  tribes  and  settle- 
■enta.  Thia  locality,  at  no  distant  day, 
must  become  an  important  point,  being 
favorably  situated  between  the  iron  and 
oopper  regions  of  Lake  Superior. 

PoRTAOi  Entry,  70  miles  above  Mar- 
quette, is  an  important  p'>rt  of  entrv 
here  being  the  mouth  of  the  outlet  to 
Portage  Lake,  where  stands  a  light-house 
to  guide  the  manner. 

The  land  here  is  low  and  the  shore  un- 
interesting, except  being  lined  with  va- 
liegaled  sandstone,  worked  into  almost 
every  variety  of  shape  by  the  action  of 
water. 

The  EtUry  and  Lake^  is  an  extensive 
and  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  extending 
to  within  a  mile  of  the  entire  breadth  of 
the  peninsula  of  Keweenaw  Poiut,  in  the 
county  of  Houghton.  It  receives  a  num> 
ber  of  smaU  streams,  draining  the  rich 
oopper  region  of  Lake  Superior. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  lake 
are  found  rich  deposits  of  oopper,  yiel^ng 
great  returns  to  thetminer  and  capitalist. 

Houghton,  Mich^  the  county  seat 
of  Houghton  County,  and  a  port  of  entry, 
ia  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Por^ge 
Lake,  14  miles  above  Portage  Entry,  and 
10  miles  from  Lake  Superior,  lying  on  the 
northwest  By  means  of  a  river  improve- 
ment and  ship  canal,  steamers  can  run 
through  Portage  Lake  into  Lake  Superior 
on  both  sides  of  Keweenaw  Point,  thus 
forming  one  of  the  most  capacious  and 
secure  harbors  in  the  Upper  Lakes,  it 
being  land-locked  and  protected  by  high 
IkiUa  on  both  sides.    The  settlement  of 


Houghton  WHS  commenced  in  1864,  md 
inoorporatea  aa  a  viila.To  in  1861.  It  now 
contains  a  court-h'iuM  rnd  jail;  1  Epis- 
copal, 1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Catholic 
church;  1  bank;  6  publio-houaes,  the 
Dougbu  Uoute  and  the  ButierfteU  Uouu 
being  the  most  frequented  by  visitors; 
12  or  16  stores  and  several  extensive 
warehouses;  2  large  stamp  mills,  iis^ng 
steam  power;  2  steam  saw-::kills;  % 
breweries,  and  several  other  manu&c 
turing  establishments.  The  populatirat 
of  the  town  is  estimated  at  3,000. 
This  new  and  flourishing  placf^ 
ymg  on  a  side-hill  rising  300  or  400  feeti 
is  identified  with  the  oopper  mines  in  it^ 
':^anediate  vicinity.  There  are  several 
mines  worked  to  a  Urge  ej^nt,  besides 
ethers  of  less  note  which  will,  no  doubt, 
soon  be  rendered  productive.  The  min- 
eral range  of  Keweenaw  Point,  some  4 
to  6  miles  in  width,  extends  through  aL 
this  section  of  country,  being  as  yet  only 
partially  explored.  The  Isle  Royal,  Hu- 
ron, and  Portage,  are  the  prindpal  mines 
worked  on  the  south  side  uf  tlie  lake. 

FoBTAOE  Lake  is  an  irregular  body  of 
water  about  20  miles  in  length,  extend- 
ing nearly  across  Keweenaw  Point  to 
within  2  miles  of  Lake  Superior.  Steam- 
ers and  sail-vessels  drawing  12  feet  can 
pass  through  Portage  Entry,  and  navi- 
^te  the  lake  with  safety.  This  body  of 
water  was  an  old  and  favorite  thorough- 
fare for  the  Indians,  and  the  Jesuit  Far 
there  who  first  discovered  and  explored 
this  section  of  ouuntry.  A  canal  of  two 
miles  in  length  would  render  thia  portage 
route  navigable  for  steamers  and  sa^ 
vessels  navigating  Lake  Superior,  there- 
by reducing  the  distance  over  100  mileft 
During  the  winter  months  the  atmoaphe^ 
is  very  clear  and  transparent  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Houghton,  and  all  through  Ke- 
weenaw Point ;  objects  can  be  seen  at  a 
great  distance  of  a  clear  day,  wliile  sounds 
are  conveyed  distinctly  through  the  atr, 
mosphere,  presenting  a  phenomenon  pf-, 


jJHfti'yilg;^ 


oommenoed  in  1864^  and 
a  viilaiTo  in  1861.  It  now 
rt-b9UM  rnd  jail;  1  £pi» 
list,  and  1  Roman  Catholic 
ik;  5  publiohottaes,  tlie 
and  the  BiMerfieU  Uouu 
frequented  by  viaitora; 
38  and  several  extensive 
large  stamp  mills,  •:£i|ig 
2  steam  Baw-:;^ills;  .1 
several  other  manu&c* 
hmenta.  The  populating 
is  estimated  at  3,000. 
and  flourishing  plact^ 
hill  rising  300  or  400  feel^ 
h  the  copper  mines  in  itii 
nitjr.  There  ue  sevaral 
to  a  large  e^nt,  besidea 
note  which  will,  no  doubt, 
9d  productive.  The  min- 
Keweenaw  Point,  some  4 
idth,  extends  through  aL 
country,  being  as  yet  only 
vd.  The  I»le  Royal,  Hu^ 
(e,  are  the  principal  mine* 
south  side  uf  tlie  lake. 
£E  is  an  irregular  body  of: 
)  miles  in  length,  extend- 
rose  Keweenaw  Point  to 
or  Lake  Superior.  Steam- 
SBels  drawing  12  feet  can 
Portage  Entry,  and  navi* 
rith  safety.  Tliis  body  of 
Did  and  favorite  thorough- 
idians,  and  the  Jesuit  Fftp 
t  discovered  and  explored 
country.  A  canal  of  two 
would  render  this  portage 
e  for  steamers  and  ss^ 
ing  Lake  Superior,  then- 
>e  distance  over  100  mileK 
iter  months  the  atmosphe^ 
ud  transparent  in  the  vi'< 
iton,  and  all  through  Ke- 
objects  can  be  seen  at  a 
>f  a  clear  day,  wlule  sounds 
distinctly  through  the  a^ 
enting  a  pbenomeuon  pf^ 


■XOVBSIOW  ARODITD  LAKB  SCPBKIOR. 


US 


enliar  to  all  northern  latitudes.  This  it 
the  season  of  health  and  pleasure  to  the 
permanent  residents. 

Hancock,  Houghton  County,  Michi- 
gan, is  siti  Bted  on  the  north  side  of  Port- 
age Lake,  opposite  to  the  village  of  Hough- 
ton, with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  steam 
ferry.  Tlie  town  was  first  bid  out  in 
1868,  and  now  oontaiks  about  4,000  in- 
habitants, including  the  mining  pooola- 
tion  on  the  north  side  of  the  lake :  its 
•odden  rise  and  prosperity  being  identi- 
fied with  the  rich  deposit  of  native  copper, 
in  which  this  section  of  country  abounds. 
Tlie  site  of  the  village  is  on  a  side-hiH 
rieing  from  tlie  lake  level  to  a  height  of 
about  600  feet,  where  the  opening  to  the 
mines  is  situated.  Here  is  1  Congrega- 
tional,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Catholic 
church;  3  publio-houses ;  the  Hancotk 
nine  and  stamping-mill;  a  number  of 
stores  and  warehouses ;  1  steam  saw-miU, 
1  barrel  factory,  1  foundery  and  machine- 
abop,  and  other  manufacturing  esti>b!ish- 
meuts ;  also,  in  the  vicinity  are  4  exten- 
sive steam  atampiug-mills,  worked  by  the 
difiisrent  mining  companies.  The  Portage 
Lake  SmeUmg  Woriu  is  an  incorporated 
company,  turning  ont  annually  a  large 
amount  of  pure  merchantable  copper. 
The  buainess  of  the  company  oouBists  of 
flising  and  converting  uie  mineral  into 
tjflned  metal  for  manubcturing  purposes. 

Portofe  Lak«  and  Laht  Superior  Ship 
CmuU  Con^pany,  incorporated  by  the 
Legislature  of  Michigan  in  1864,  for  the 
purpose  of  constructing  a  ship  canal  from 
Pwtage  Loke  to  Lake  Superior,  extending 
■ercos  Keweenaw  Point  and  lessenmg  the 
navigation  through  Lake  Superior  about 
no  miles.  The  canal  is  to  be  about  3 
miles  in  length,  13  feet  deep,  and  100  f^t 
in  width  at  the  bottom.  It  has  a  land 
grant  of  400,000  acres,  appropriated  by 
acts  of  Congress,  dated  respectively  March 
9,  1886,  and  July  3,  1866.  The  entire 
distance  through  Portage  Lake  and  the 
■hip  canal  la  S4  milea.    At  the  west  end 


terminus  there  is  to  be  oonitmcted  »  sub- 
stantial pier  or  breakwater  and  a  light- 
house erected  for  the  safety  of  vesse  s 
making  the  entrance.  It  is  alM  honied 
that  it  will  afford  a  supply  of  pum  and 
wholesome  water  to  the  towns  on  its 
borders,  which  is  now  discolored  and 
rendered  impure  by  the  stamp  mills  at 
Hancock  and  Houghton,  which  are  in 
Almost  constaqt  operation.  , 

This  important  work,  in  connection  with 
the  Lake  Superior  and  Mieeiteippi  RaUroad, 
nowin  progress  of  construction,  will  revo- 
lutionise the  carrying  trade  of  Minneac  a 
and  Northern  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  here- 
tofore finding  a  market  at  Chicago^  Mil- 
waukee, or  St.  Louis. 

The  Poriage  Lake  and  River  Improve- 
mettt  Company  was  chartered  in  1861,  for 
t'o  improvement  of  Portage  River,  enter- 
ing Keweenaw  Bay  14  miles  below 
Houghton.  An  entrance  was  cut  fVom 
the  bay  into  the  river,  1,400  feet  long,  100 
feet  wide,  and  12  feot  deep,  and  a  pier 
built  out  into  the  bay  on  the  east  side  of 
the  channel  entrance.  The  channel  of  the 
river  was  also  dredged  so  as  to  give  a 
depth  of  12  feet  iuto  Portage  Lake,  thua 
enabling  the  largest  clasi)  of  lake  steamers 
to  land  at  the  wharves  in  Houghton  and 
Hancock. 

On  the  completion  of  the  Portage  and 
Lake  Superior  ship  canal  on  the  north- 
west, 3  miles  in  length,  steamers  and 
sail  vessels  can  sail  direct  through,  avoid- 
ing the  passage  around  Keweenaw  Point 

Lao  La  Bilu,  lying  on  the  south- 
east side  of  Keweenaw  Point,  near  its 
termination,  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water, 
its  outlet  flowing  into  BAte  Oris  Bay.  It 
ia  about  two  and  a  half  milea  long  and 
half  a  mile  wide.  In  the  vicinity  of  the 
lake  are  veins  of  oopper  ore  of  a  rich 
quality. 

The  town  of  Mendota  is  a  new  mining 
settlement,  situated  on  the  shore  of  Lac 
La  Belle,  whare  has  been  erected  smelting 
works,  a  warehouse,  and  dwelling-houses. 


124 


tKtP  TiiRoran  rns  laku. 


In  the  Tidnlty  are  located  the  Mendota, 
Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware  copper  min- 
ing companies.  A  ship  canal,  about  one 
mile  in  length,  has  been  constructed, 
•rhich  enables  steamers  of  the  largest 
class  to  enter  the  lake,  affording  one  of 
the  most  secure  harbors  on  the  south 
shore  of  Lake  Superior. 

It  is  propo^  to  construct  a  railroad,  to 
rnn  from  Lake  La  Belle  across  £eweenaw 
Point,  in  a  westerly  direction,  to  the  cop- 
per min<>7.  on  Bagle  Rirer,  a  distanoo  of 
22  miibo.  When  completed,  this  road 
will  afford  a  reliable  and  safe  harbor  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  Keweenaw 
district,  that  will  be  accessible  in  all 
weathers. 

Mount  Emtghton  and  Jfbtm<  Bohemid  are 
two  prominent  eminences,  lying  a  few 
miles  west  of  Lake  La  Belle,  the  former 
being  elevated  about  1,000  feet  above  the 
lake. 


Kenreenaw  Point*  is  a  large  ex- 
tent of  land  jutting  out  into  Lake  Superior, 
from  10  to  25  miles  wide  and  about  60 
miles  in  length.  This  section  of  country 
for  upward  of  100  miles,  running  ttom 
■outhwest  to  northeast  abounds  in  silver 
and  copper  ores,  yielding  immense  quan- 
tities of  the  latter;  much  of  it  being  pure 
nktive  copper,  but  often  in  such  large 
masses  as  to  render  it  almost  impossible 
to  be  separated  for  the  purpose  of  trans- 
portation. Masses  weighing  from  1,000 
to  6,000  pounds  are  aften  sent  forward 
to  the  Eastern  markets.    The  geologica* 

*  "  On  many  maps  spellad  JCetee«u>aiaoHa,  u>d 
otherwtM.  Fronounced  bjr  oar  Indians,  '  Kl-wl- 
wst-noo-tng,'  now  written  ud  prononooed  M 
above ;  meaning  a  portage,  or  place  wliere  a  jport- 
age  li  made — the  whoie  distance  of  some  eightjr 
or  ninety  miles  around  tlie  Point  being  saved  by 
enteriBg  Portage  Lake  and  Ibilowing  op  a  kmaU 
stream,  leaving  a  portage  of  only  aboat  a  half 
ml\i  to  Lake  Buporior  on  the  other  side,''— #W- 
Utand  Whiki»n't  Rtport. 


formation  ii  very  interesting,  producing 
specimens  of  rare  beai\r,y  and  much  value. 

Makitod  Island  Ues  off  Keweenaw 
Point,  on  which  is  a  light-house  to  ^lide 
the  mariner  to  and  firom  Copper  Harbor. 
The  island  is  about  7  miles  in  length  and 
four  wide. 

OOPPBB  Harbor,  Mich.,  is  situated  near 
the  extreme  end  of  Keweenaw  Point,  in 
N.  lat.  4'(«'  30',  W.  long.  88»  00';  the  har- 
bor, although  somewhat  difficult  to  enter, 
is  one  of  the  best  on  Lake  Superior,  being 
distant  250  miles  ttom  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie. 
The  settlement  contains  about  200  inhabi- 
tants, a  church,  a  hotel,  and  two  or  three 
stores,  ibrt  Wilkina,  formerly  an  U.  S. 
military  post,  has  been  converted  into  a 
hotel,  being  handsomely  situated  on  Liike 
Fanny  Hoe,  about  half  a  mile  distant 
from  the  steamboat  landing.  In  the  vicin- 
ity are  copper  mines  which  have  been 
extensively  wortced,  and  are  well  worthy 
or  a  visit. 

AoATK  Harbor,  10  miles  west  of  Cop- 
per Harbor,  is  the  name  of  a  small  settle- 
ment. This  port  is  not  as  yet  much  fre- 
quented by  steamers. 

Eaglb  Harbor,  16  miles  west  of  Cop- 
per Harbor,  is  a  good  steamboat  landing. 
Here  are  two  diurohes,  a  good  public- 
house,  together  with  several  stores  and 
storehouses.  Population  about  tOO,  be- 
ing mostly  engaged  in  raining.  Th* 
Central,  Copper,  Falls,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Amygdialoid  are  the  principal  working 
copper  mines. 

Eaou  Bivir  Harbor  and  Village,  eight 
miles  Author,  are  favorably  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  a  stream  of  the  same  nam* 
Hery  are  two  churches,  a  well-kept  hotel 
four  stores  and  several  storehousee.  P«>^ 
ulation  800.  This  is  a  thriving  settlement, 
it  being  the  outport  of  the  celebrated 
Olit^  or  Pittsburgh  and  Boston,  and  otiier 
mines.  The  copper  (bund  in  this  vicinity 
is  of  the  purest  quality,  where  is  found 
silver  in  small  quantities,  novae  of  th« 
specimens  being  highlv  prised.    Off  this 


nj  interesting,  producing 
re  beai\r,,v  and  much  value. 
4AND  lies  off  Keweenaw 
1  is  a  light-houee  to  guide 
und  from  Copper  Harbor, 
out  1  miles  in  length  and 

SOR,  Mich.,  is  situated  new 
>d  of  Keweenaw  Point,  in 
W.  long.  880  00';  the  har- 
imewhat  difficult  to  enter, 
st  on  Lalce  Superior,  being 
8  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie, 
contains  about  200  inhabi- 
a  hotel,  and  two  or  three 
VHkina,  formerly  an  U.  S. 
u  been  converted  into  a 
idsomely  situated  on  Luke 
tout  half  a  mile  distant 
loat  landing.  In  the  vicin- 
mines  which  have  been 
■Iced,  and  are  well  worthy 

lOB,  10  miles  west  of  Cop- 
:he  name  of  a  small  settle* 
Tt  is  not  as  yet  much  fre> 
oners. 

QB,  16  miles  west  of  Cop- 
t  good  steamboat  landing, 
diurohes,  a  good  publio- 
■  with  several  stores  and 
'opulation  about  100,  be- 
gaged  in  mining.  Th« 
',  Falls,  Pennsylvania,  and 
«  the    principal  working 

:  HiJtDOR  and  Village,  eight 
re  favorably  situated  at  the 
ream  of  the  same  nam* 
liurohes,  a  wcll-lcept  hotel 
several  storehouses.  Pofi 
:iis  is  a  thriving  settlement, 
utport  of  the  celebrated 
rgli  and  Boston,  and  otlter 
ipper  (blind  in  this  vicinity 
t  quality,  where  is  found 
1  quantities,  some  of  th« 
g  highlv  prized.    Off  thif 


IXOURSION  ABOUND  LAKK  BUPXBIOK. 


125 


harbor  the  lamented  Dr.  Houghton  was 
drbwned,  October,  184S,  while  engaged  ib 
exploring  this  section  of  country :  Ke- 
weenaw Point  and  adjacent  country  be- 
ing very  appropriately  named  Houghton 
tteunty  in  honor  of  his  memory. 

On  the  north  side  of  Keweenaw  Point 
bold  shores  extend  to  near  Ontonagon, 
<with  high  lands  in  the  distance,  forming 
the  ricli  copper  range  of  this  region. 

Ontonagon,  Ontonagon  Co.,  Mich., 
386  miles  from  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  is  advan- 
tageously situated  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  of  the  same  name.  The  river  is 
about  200  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  with  a 
•nfficient  depth  of  water  over  the  bar  for 
large  steamers.  The  village  contains  S 
churches ;  a  good  liotel,  the  Bigelow  Bmue ; 
■melting  worlcs;  2  steam  tanneries ;  1  grist- 
mill; 2  steam  saw-mills,  and  10  or  12  stores 
and  storehouses,  and  1,200  inhabitants. 

In  this  vicinity  are  located  the  Minne- 
■Ota,  the  National,  the  Boclcland,  and 
several  other  very  productive  copper 
mines.  The  ore  is  found  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  miles  from  the  landing,  being  im- 
Isedded  in  a  range  of  high  liilla  traversing 
Keweenaw  Point  fVom  N.  E.  to  S.  W.  for 
about  100  miles.  Silver  is  here  found  in 
small  quantities,  beautifully  intermixed 
with  the  cdpper  ore,  which  abounds  in 
great  masses. 

A  good  plank  road  runs  from  Ontona- 
gon to  near  the  Adventure  Mine,  and 
otlMr  mines,  some  twelve  or  fourteen 
mUes  distant,  where  commences  the  cop- 
per range  of  hills. 

The  PoRoupnra  MonirrAiN,  lying  some 
16  or  30  miles  west  of  Ontonagon,  is  a  bold 
headland  that  can  distinctly  be  seen  at  a 
great  distance,  rising  some  1,300  feet 
above  the  lake  surface. 

^-  T 

Lake  Sdpkriob  LiaHT-HoirsKB. 

1.  Bound  Island  Idght,  visible  13  mfles; 
■ttuated  near  the  entrance  to  St.  Mary's 
ftiver,  6}  miles  W.  Saut  Ste.  Made. 


2.  AMAufMoiiZ^MLvWblelOmnat; 
24  miles  E.  White  Fish  Point. 

3.  White  FM  Poita  Light,  visible  13 
miles,  with  Fog  Horn. 

4.  Eiut  Channel  Light,  Grand  IsLind, 
8  miles  W.  Pictured  Bocks. 

6.  Grand  Island  Light  (north  side), 
visible  IS  miles';  being  236  feet  above  tlie 
level  of  the  lake;  distant  45  miles  K 
Marquette. 

6.  Marquette  Light,  visible  10  milea ; 
situated  on  the  north  point  of  Marquette 
Harbor. 

7.  OranUe  Iikmd  Light,  elevated  100 
feet;  12  miles  N.E.  Marquette. 

8.  West  Huron  Island  Light,  elevated 
126  feet;  25  miles  E.  Portage  entry. 

9.  Portage  Entry  Light,  visible  1 3  mUes ; 
situated  on  the  western  shore  of 
Keweenaw  Point 

10.  ChUl  Boek  LigU,  situated  on 
Keweenaw  Point 

11.  Manitou  Island  Light,  visible  14 
miles. 

12.  Day  Beacon,  on  Stannard'a  Bock, 
23  miles  S.E.  Manitou  Island. 

13.  Copper  Harbor  Light,  visible  10 
mfles,  with  Fog  Horn. 

14.  Eagle  Harbor  Light,  visible  13  mUes. 

15.  Eagle  Biver  Liyhl,  visible  11  miles. 

16.  i2l9cA;.&ariorJ:^Hviaible  14 miles; 
situated  on  the  N.E.  end  on  Isle  Royal*. 

11.  Ontonagon  Light,  vmhieHmOM. 

18.  La  PovfUe  Light,  visible  14  milea; 
situated  on  the  Point  Chawawegan,  oppo- 
site the  &  W.  end  of  Madeline  Island. 

19.  /^Mpterry  Mmd  Light,  visible  14 
miles;  situated  on  one  of  the  Apoatl* 
Islands,  13  miles  from  Bayfield.  ' 

20.  Minnesota  Point  Light,  visible  13 
miles;  situated  at  the  mouth  of  St 
Louis  Biver,  near  Superior  Cify. 

Lekoth  or  Miles. 

An  English,  or  statute  mile,  is  6,280 
fe«t 

A  geographical,'  or  nantlcai  mile  ia 
6,140  feet 


J 


€OPPEB  MINlifO  COr.T*Alf lEf  OF  LAKE  SVPEBIOB. 

Compiled  from  Ofliclal  Source*— IMT. 


*  Portage  District,    f  Ontonagon  District.    X  Keweenaw  District 


NAim. 


Adams  *   

Adventure  f 

.£tna  X 

Albany  k  Boston  * 

Algomaii  f    

Alloues,  I 

American  | 

Amyi{daloid  X  ... 

Arnold  t    

AUasI 

Astec  f 

Bay  State! 

Bohemian  f 

Boaton  t 

Caledonia  f 

Calumet  * 

Central  ( 

Concord 

Copper  Creek  .... 
Copper  Falls  ) . . . . 
Copper  Harbor  |  . 

Dana| 

Dacotah* 

Delaware  X , 

Devon  

Dorchester  * 

DouglaSb* 

Dover  • 

Dudley* 

Eaglet  Harbor  |. . . 

Eagle  River  | 

Edwards  Copper  * 

Empire  X 

Evergreen  Bluff  f. 

Everett 

Flint  Steel  River  f 

Franklin  * 

Frue 


Office. 

Am't 
paid  in. 

Boston. 

$70,0J0 

New  York. 

100,000 

Philadel'a. 

140,000 

Boston. 

616,000 

It 

60,000 

11 

^B,000 

Pittsburith. 

20,000 

Philadel'a. 

460,000 

BostOii. 

30,000 

u 

40,000 

u 

160,000 

II 

3*6,000 

Philadel'a. 

343,000 

Boston. 

46,000 

New  York, 

140,000 

Boston. 

300,000 

New  York. 

100,000 

Boston. 

100,000 

New  York. 

30,000 

Boston. 

490.000 

11 

20,000 

It 

65,000 

Pittsburgh. 

56,500 

PhiUdel'a. 

360,000 

Boston. 

20,000 

Philadel'a. 

30,000 

New  York. 

130,000 

ii 

20,000 

Boston. 

20,000 

New  York. 

80,000 

Boston. 

85,000 

New  York. 

52,500 

Piiiladel'B. 

16,000 

New  York. 

110,000 

Boston. 

20,000 

New  York. 

204,000 

Boston. 

2T0,000 

New  York. 

50,000 

Oarden  City  |... 

Girard  t 

Grand  Portage  ♦ 
Great  Western  f 

Hamilton  f 

Hancock  * 

Hanover  * 

Hartford* 

Hecia* 

Highland  f 

Hilton  t 

Hope  X  . .   

Uulbert 

Humbolt* 

Hungarian 

Huron  • 

Indiana  f 

Iroquois 

Isle  Royale  *  . . . 

Kearsarge  * 

Keweenaw  X 

Knowlton  f 

Lake  Superior  f .. 

Madison  t 

Mandan  X 

Manhattan  1 . . . . 

Massf 

Medora  '^ 

Mendotaf 

Merrimac 

Mesnard  * 

Michigan  X 

Milton  

l^innesota  f  . . . . 

National  t 

Native 

Naumkeag  *. , . . 
North  CIiffe«... 


Cliicago. 

Philadol'a. 

New  York. 

Pittsburgh. 

New  York. 

Boston. 
II 

New  York. 

Boston. 

li 

New  York. 

II 

Boston. 


yfew  York. 
Boston. 
New  Yoi;k. 
Boston. 
New  York. 


Boston. 

Philadel'a 

Boston. 

Pittsburgh. 

II 

New  York. 
Philndel'a 
Boston. 
NowYork. 


Pittsburgh. 

Boston. 

II 

Pittsburgh. 


Am*!"' 
paiditfi' 


15«,000 

43,300 

60,000 

40,000 

40,000 

4T0,000 

30,000 

30,000 

320,000 

20,000 

60.000 

22,800 

16,000 

100,000 

'  20,000 

600,000 

200,000 

20,000 

840.000 

000 

1 .0,000 

160,000 

40,000 

120,000 

66,300 

110,00» 

98,800 

38,400 

147,500[ 

117,900 

169,000 

40,000 

30,000 

416,000 

110,000 

89,000 

20,000 

100,000 


MB  tVPEBIOB. 

•— iMr.  — 

«'eonaw  District. 


Offloi. 

Ami 
paidiiti 

... 

Cliicago. 

156,000 

•  •  • 

Philadol'a. 

43,300 

1 

Xcw  York. 

50,000 

\-- 

Pittsburgrh. 

40,000 

New  York. 

40,000 

Boston. 

470,000 

i( 

30,000 

New  York. 

30,000 

Bostcn. 

320,000 

li 

20,000 

New  York. 

60.000 

u 

22,800 

Boston. 

15,000 

a 

100,000 

i( 

20,000 

11 

500,000 

New  York. 

200,000 

Boston. 

20,000 

New  York. 

840.000 

Boston. 

000 

New  York. 

i  .0,000 

II 

160,000 

.. .  . 

II 

40,000 

Bon  ton. 

120,000 

Pliiladel'a 

65,300 

Boston. 

110,00fr 

Pitubnrgh. 

98,800 

«i 

38,400 

New  York. 

147,500 

Philndel'a 

117,900 

Boston. 

159,000 

NowYork. 

40,000 

u 

30,000 

II 

416,000 

Pittsburgh. 

110,000 

Boston. 

89,000 

II 

20,000 

Pittaburgb. 

100,000 

ooPFKB  Mnmro  ooiiPAaiio — lmmm  ocpsbior. 


lil 


IKTimB. 


North  western*. . . . 

Norwich  f 

Ogimaf 

Ogaipee* 

PepnuylTania (  ... 

Petheriok  t 

Pewabic  * 

PhiladeraABoa'n^ 

Phoenix  ^ 

Pitta'b  t  Bos'n  %  . . 

Pootiao* 

Qiiincy  * 

Reliance  t 

IteMoIutel 

Ridgef 

Bocklaodf 

Rhode  laland 

Snint  Clair  ....... 


Office. 


Pittsburgh. 
New  York. 

u 

Boston. 
Philadel'x 

Boston. 

II 

Fhiladel'a. 

Boston. 

Pittsburgh. 

Boston. 

New  York. 
II 

Phikdel'a. 

New  YoA. 

II 

II 
Boston. 


Am't 
paid  in. 


227,300 
230,000 
140,000 

70,000 
600,000 

70,000 
136,000 

24,300 
560,000 
110,000 
104,900 
200,000 

20,000 

61,000 
200,000 
280,000 
100,000 
110,000 


Kaiob. 


8a!ut  Louis  * 

Saint  Mary's  * . . . 

Salem 

Senooa  

Sliaron  f 

Shelden  AOolumb'n* 
South  Pewabio  *  . . 

SonthSide* 

Start 

Superior  f 

Tolteof 

Tremontf 

Victoriaf 

Vulcan 

Washington 

West  Minnesota  f . 

Winona  f 

Winthrop  | 


Office. 


Boston. 


New  York. 


Boston. 


Now  York. 

Boston. 
II 
II 

Fliladel'a. 

Boston. 

II 

Phfladel'a. 
Boston. 


Amt 
paid  in. 


$20,000 

110,000 

10,000 

40,000 

2,000 

460,000 

260,000 

90,000 

266,000 

210,000 

440,0001 

22.000 

85,000 

30,000 

30,000 

45.000 

20,000 

90,000 


Recafitulation  : — ^Tbe  wiiole  "amount  paid  in'  is  $16,615,600.  This  does 
not  include  the  original  oott  of  Minino  Looatiok,  nor  the  sums  derived  Trom  the 
sale  of  Copper  which  have  been  expended  in  dereloping  the  Mines.  The  aggregate 
of  Ctuh  Dividaidt  is  $6,880,000. 

LAKE  SVPSBIOB: 

nS  CUHATE.  AND  HKALTH-BESTORIKQ  INFLUENCE. 
[Extract  trom.  a  letter  dated  MA>«onTa  (Hiou.),  September  1, 1861] 


"  The  number  of  visitors  to  this  health- 
restoring  region  during  the  past  summer 
has  been  very  great,  and  I  wish  to  record 
my  testimony  of  its  benefit  to  myself  and 
others.  The  great  mistake,  however,  is, 
with  most  invalids,  that  they  do  not  come 
early  enough  in  the  season,  and  remain 
too  short  a  period  to  feel  the  full  effects 
on  the  system ;  still  the  beneficial  results 
are  usually  felt  immediately  on  arriving 
in  this  region. 

"  The  following  statement,  made  by  a 
H^iqrsioian,  may  be  lelied  on  aa  sU  jtly  oor- 
reot: 


"  Dr. ,  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 

was  induced  to  leave  home  for  the  benefit 
of  his  health,  being  reduced  in  physical 
strength  ftom  cvei  application  to  his 
practice,  and  the  heai^  weather  of  the 
past  summer  producing  nuscular  debi'.itj, 
arterial  acceleration  of  th>  systen.,  loss  of 
appetite  and  nervous  irriubili.,y,  causing 
restless  and  disturbed  sleep  vA  occasionu 
conftision  of  the  mental  faculties. 

"On  the  12th  of  August,  1863,  he 
started  for  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  proceed- 
ed  directly  by  steamer  to  Marquette,  Lake 
Superior,  whore  ho  arrived  ou  the  16th  of 


liV 


128 


THIP  THROUOU   TBI   tAKBS. 


lil 


tho  •nine  month.  The  Toyago  ■was  con- 
tinued to  Ontonagon  and  thenoe  back  to 
Marquette,  where  he  remained  until  tlie 
prexent  date. 

"  The  result  of  this  rfiort  Toyage  and 
stay  on  the  lakes  was  truly  gratifying,  ho 
beinggreatly  invigorated  in  general  hoi  1th, 
and  now  able  to  endure  any  amount  of 
fatigue  desirable— flailing,  hunting,  or  ex- 
ploring the  mines  in  this  rich  mineral  re- 
gion, and  at  all  times  finding  the  atmo- 
sphere    tnily    invigorating,     producing 
buoyancy  of  spirits.    In  his  opinion  the 
atmosphere  of  I«ke  Superior  and  the 
surrounding  shore  is  WfU  calculated  to 
rastore  those  who  are  in  any  way  ener- 
vated by  unhealthy  climate  or  disease; 
the  belief  being,  in  his  opinion,  that  tho  at- 
mosphere of  this  northern  region  possesses 
an  excess  of  oxygen,  together  with  a  pe- 
culiar dryness  and  liKhtiiess  which  admi- 
rably adapts  it  to  the  purposes  of  free 
respiration.    The  lowncss  of  tho  temper- 
ature, ranging  from  40'  to  70'  Fahrenheit 
during  the  summer  months,  although  not 
tending  to  provoke  colds  or  coughs,  causes 
a  disposition  to  sleep  as  easily  and  quietly 
as  a  healthy  babe  in  its  cradle. 

"  Invalids  suflforing  from  asthma,  bron- 
chial, pulmonary  affections,  or  general 
debility,  are  diroctl/  relieved  and  invig- 


orated—these benefloial  results  being  ao- 
knowiedged  by  all  patients  who  give  tha 
wonderful  recuperating  influence  of  this 
clhnate  a  fair  trial  It  is  not  unusual  for 
invalids  to  gain  half  a  pound  of  flesh 
daily,  and  in  the  summer  of  1862  an 
officer  firom  the  army  of  West  Tennessm, 
on  furlough  on  account  of  sickness,  stated 
that  he  had  gained  thirty  pounds  withta 
as  many  days,  although  his  strength  had 
not  as  yet  returned,  but  no  doubt  he  only 
wanted  time  to  feel  the  full  recuperating 
eflbcts  of  the  Lake  Superior  region. 

"  Although  the  winters  are  long,  thejr 
are  considered  the  most  healthy  perion 
of  the  year,  the  extreme  cold  not  bdng; 
greater  than  is  sometimes  felt  in  the 
Northern  and  Eastern  States  near  the 
seaboard.  There  is  usually  a  heavy  fcU 
of  snow,  often  continuing  daily,  at  intep» 
vals  for  some  weeks,  wiA  bututtle  thaw- 
ing weather.  The  cases  of  invalids  being 
relieved,  and  taking  up  their  permanent 
residence  in  this  region,  is  yearly  in- 
creasing, they  being  nving  witnesaos  of 
its  health-restoring  qualities. 

"  I  may  add  my  own  individual  expe- 
rience to  the  above,  during  the  past  eight 
years,  having  four  times  visited  Lake  Su- 
perior. Y°"^*°-'..ji,„ 


La  Poiutk,  11  mDes  west  or  Ontonagon, 
utuated  on  the  south  end  of  Madeline 
Island,  the  largest  of  the  Apostle  Islands, 
is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  on  Lake 
Superior;  it  was  first  peopled  by  the 
French  Jesuits  and  traders  m  1680,  being 
420  mUes  west  of  tlio  Saut  Ste.  Marie, 
which  was  settled  about  the  same  time. 
The  mamland  and  islands  in  this  vicinity 
have  beat  for  many  ages  tho  favorite 


abode  of  the  American  Indian,  now  Us* 
gerhig  and  fading  away  as  the  country  it 
being  opened  and  settled  by  tho  whita 
race.  . 

The  village  now  contains  300  inhabw 
tants,  most  of  whom  are  half-breeds  and 
French.  Here  is  an  old  Roman  Cutliolio 
churtsh,  and  one  Methodist  church;  2  ho- 
tels, 2  stores,  and  several  ooopering  eflUb< 
lishments  for  the  making  of  flah-barrBlik 


XXCURSIOH    AROUND    LAKK    SVPKRIOR. 


M 


m 


ene&clBl  raaulta  bein;  ao- 
all  pat<«ntB  who  give  the 
peratibg  influence  of  this 
iaL    It  ia  not  unusual  for 
n  half  a  pound  of  fledi 
the  Bumraer  of  1862  an 
army  of  Weat  TenneaaeA  ' 
iccount  of  aidcness,  atated  ' 
ned  thirty  ponnda  withta 
ftlthough  hia  Rtrensth  had ' 
Tied,  but  no  doubt  ho  only 
feel  the  full  recuperatinj 
»ko  Superior  region, 
he  winters  are  long,  thejr 
the  most  healthy  peiion 
e  extreme  cold  not  being; ' 
a  sometimes  felt  in   thct 
Eastern  States  near  th* 
ire  is  usually  a  heavy  faft 
continuing  daily,  at  Intai*-' 
feekn,  with  but  little  thaw 
rhe  cases  of  invalida  being 
iking  up  their  permanent 
ihis   region,  is  yearly  in- 
being  living  witneaaea  of 
ring  qualities, 
my  own  individual  oxpe- 
bove,  during  the  past  eight 
four  times  visited  Lake  8u- 
Yours,  &0., 

"J.  D  » 


:  ,   'I 


American  Indian,  now  to* 

ling  away  aa  the  country  ia 

and  settled  by  the  whits 

now  contains  300  inhabU 
f  whom  are  half-breeds  and 
e  is  an  old  Roman  Cutkolio 
DO  Itethodist  church ;  2  ho- 
and  aeveral  ooopering  eatab' 
the  making  of  fiah-barrekk 


The  harttor  and  steamboat  landing  are  on 
tbe  south  end  of  the  ialand,  where  may 
uaually  be  seen  fishing-boats  and  other 
orafl  navigating  this  part  of  Lake  Superior. 

Wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  poas,  potatoes 
and  other  vegetables,  are  raised  in  large 
qiuuitities.  Apples,  cherries,  (gooseberries 
and  currents  are  raised  in  the  gardena  at 
LaPointe.  The  wild  fruits  are  plunM,cran- 
barries,  strawberries,  red  raspberriea,  and 
whortleberries.  The  principal  forest-trees 
od  the  islands  are  maple,  pine,  hemlock, 
bircl.,  poplar,  and  cedar  trees.  ' 

BAvnaLD,  capitalof  La  I'ointe  Co.,  Wis., 
is  favorably  situated  on  the  southern 
shore  of  Lalce  Superior,  80  miles  east  of 
its  western  terminus,  and  3  miles  west  of 
j£k  Pointe,  being  80  miles  west  of  Onton- 
agon. The  harbor  is  secure  and  capa- 
cious, bein^  protected  by  the  Apostle 
Islands,  lymg  to  the  northeast.  The 
town  plot  rises  fh>m  60  to  80  feet  above 
ttie  waters  of  the  lake,  affording  a  splen- 
did view  of  tlie  bay,  the  adjacent  islands 
and  headlands.  Its  commercial  advan- 
tages are  surpassed  by  no  otiier  point  on 
Lake  Superior,  being  on  the  direct  route 
to  8t  Paul,  Minn.,  and  the  Upper  Missis- 
sippi. Hero  are  situated  a  Presbyterian, 
d  Methodist,  and  a  Roman  Catholic  churcli ; 
a  hotels,  4  stores,  2  warehouaes,  1  steam 
saw-mill,  and  several  mechanics'  shops. 
Population  in  1860,  300. 

The  Hudson  and  Bayfldd  RaUroad,  164 
milea  in  length,  has  been  surveyed  and 
will  most  probably  be  completed  within 
a  few  years,  there  being  a  favorable  land 
gmnt  conceded  to  the  company.  This 
will  afford  a  speedy  route  to  St.  Paul  and 
other  porta  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

La  Poimtk  Bat,  on  the  west  side  of 
which  is  situated  the  port  of  Bayfield,  is  a 
krge  and  safe  body  of  water,  being  pro- 
tected ttom  winds  blowing  from  every 
point  of  the  compass.  The  shores  of  tlie 
islands  and  mainland  are  bold,  while  the 
harbor  affords  good  anchorage  for  the 
wholo  fleet  of  the  lakes. 


The  Indian  Agency  for  the  Chippewa 
tribe  of  Indians  residing  on  the  borders 
of  Lake  Superior,  have  their  headquarters 
»i  Bayfield.  The  vnnual  annuitiea  are 
iisually  paid  in  August  of  each  year,  when 
large  numbers  flock  to  the  Agency  to  ob- 
tain their  pay  in  money,  proviaiuns,  and 
clothing. 

Ashland,  12  miles  south  of  La  Pointe,  at 
the  head  of  Chagwamegon  Bay,  is  another 
new  settlement  no  doubt  destined  to  rise 
to  some  importance,  it  having  a  very  spa- 
cious and  secure  harbor. 

Mask  EG  River,  a  conlidorablo  stream, 
the  outlet  of  several  small  lakes,  enters 
Lake  Superior  about  15  miles  east  of  Ash- 
land; some  10  miles  farther  eastward  en- 
ters Montreal  Rivkr,  forming  the  boun- 
dary, in  part,  between  the  States  of  Mich- 
igan and  Wisconsin. 

The  Twelve  Apostles'  Isles  consist 
of  the  Madeline,  Cap,  Lino,  Sugar,  Oal<, 
Otter,  Bear,  Rock,  Cat,  Ironwood,  Outer, 
and  Presque  Isle,  besides  a  few  sm^r 
islands,  being  grouped  together  a  short 
distance  off  the  mainland,  presenting  du- 
ring the  summer  months  a  most  picuresque 
and  lovely  appearance.  Here  are  to  be 
seen  clay  and  sandstomt  oliflk  rising  from 
100  to  200  feet  above  The  waters,  white 
most  of  the  islands  are  dothed  with  a  ridi 
foliage  of  forest-trees. 


The  Twkltr  Apostles'  Islanim. 

The  following  description  of  these  ro- 
mantic is'  inds  IS  copied  from  Owen's  Geo- 
logical  Survey  of  Wisconsin,  &c 

"  When  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior 
assumed  their  presentrlevel,  these  idaods 
were  doubtless  a  part  of  the  promontory, 
which  I  have  described  as  occupying  tiie 
space  between  Chagwamegon  Bay  and 
Brute  River.  They  are  composed  of 
drift-hois  and  red  day,  resting  on  sand- 
stone which  is  occasionally  visible.  In  tbs 
lapse  of  ages,  the  winds,  waves,  and  oar* 


180 


TRir   TUnOCOH  TU>  LAKM. 


rrata  of  the  lakes  out  away  channels  in 
these  soft  materials,  and  finally  separated 
the  lowest  parts  of  the  promontory  into 
islands,  and  island-rocks,  now  twenty- 
three  in  number,  which  are  true  outUers 
at  the  drift  and  sandstone. 

"  At  a  distance  thoy  appear  like  main- 
land, with  deep  bays  and  points,  gradually 
I  becoming  more  elevated  to  the  westward. 
'  lie  au  OMne,'  or  Oak  Aland,  which  is 
next  the  Detour  (or  mainland),  is  a  pile 
of  detached  drift,  260  or  300  feet  high, 
iind  is  the  highest  of  the  group.  Made- 
itns,  ■  Wau-ga-b»me'  Iskind,  is  the  lar- 
gest (on  which  lies  La  Points),  being  13 
miles  long,  fh>m  northeast  to  southwest, 
and  has  an  aTerage  of  3  miles  in  brendth. 
"Muk-quaw"or  Bear  Inland,  and  "Esh- 
quagendeg"  or  Outer  ItUmda,  are  about 
equal  in  size,  being  six  miles  long  and  two 
and  a  half  wide. 

"They  embrace  in  all,  an  area  of  about 
400  square  miles,  of  which  one-half  is 
water.  The  soil  is  in  some  places  good, 
but  the  m^jor  part  would  be  difficult  to 
clear  and  cultivate.  The  causes  to  which 
I  have  referred,  as  giving  rise  to  tliickets 
of  evergreens  oiong  the  coast  of  the  lake, 
operate  here  on  all  sides,  and  have  covered 
almost  the  whole  surface  with  oeds-; 
birch,  aspen,  hemlock,  and  pine.  There 
are,  however,  patches  of  sugar-tree  land, 
and  natural  meadows. 

"The  waters  around  the  islands  afford 
excellent  white  fish,  trout,  and  siskowit, 
wliich  do  not  appear  to  diminish  after 
many  years  of  extensive  fishing  for  the 
lower  lake  markets.  For  trout  and  sis- 
kowit, which  are  caught  with  a  Une  in 
deep  water,  the  l)est  ground  of  the 
neighborhood  is  off  Bark  Point  or  '  Point 
Eoorce'  of  the  French.  Speckled  or 
brook  trout  are  also  taken  in  sJl  the  small 
■treams. 

"  That  portion  of  the  soil  of  the  islands 
fit  for  cultivation,  produces  potatoes  and 
all  manner  of  garden  vegetables  and  roots 
in  great  luxuriance.      In  the  flat  wot 


parts,  both  the  soil  and  climate  are  tnvp- 
able  to  grass ;  and  ttv^  crop  is  certain  and 
stout  Wheat,  oats,  and  barley  do  well 
on  good  soil  when  well  cultivated. 

"In  regard  to  health,  no  portion  of  the 
continent  surpasses  the  Apoatle  lalanda 
In  tihe  summer  months  they  present  to 
the  residents  of  the  South  the  most  cool 
and  delightful  resort  that  cmi  be  imagined, 
and  for  invalids,  especially  such  as  arc 
affected  in  the  lungs  or  liver,  the  uniform 
bracing  atmosphere  of  Lake  Superior  pro- 
duces the  most  surprising  and  iMneikdal 
effects." 


Healtliy  Inflnence  of  Lak« 
Superior. 

No  better  evidence  can  be  given  of  the 
healthy  climate  of  the  Laka.  Superior  re- 
gion than  the  following  extracts  from  let- 
ters, written  by  woll-known  individuals: 

"Bayfield,  July  28th,  1860. 

"Dear  Sir: — Perhaps  it  would  bo  inter- 
esting to  you  to  state,  in  a  few  words,  the 
happy  effects  that  this  climate  has  pro- 
duced for  me. 

"Previous  to  my  coming  here  I  consulted 
with  three  physicians  in  Philadelphia, 
one  in  the  central  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
one  in  Washington,  D.  C,  and  one  in 
Gieorgetown,  D.  C.  It  was  the  opinion  of 
all  that  consumption  was  tightening  her 
grasp  upon  me,  and  that  soon  I  would  be 
laid  in  the  grave.  Under  medical  advice 
I  made  use  of  an  inhaling  apparatus,  drank 
cod-Uver  oil  and  whiskey,  but  all  without 
any  beneficial  results.  Through  the  ad 
vice  of  friends,  and  m  hopes  of  saving  my 
life^  I  came  to  this  place,  June  6tb,  liiil, 
bringing  with  me  three  gallons  of  cod- 
liver  oU  and  three  gallons  of  old  rya 
whiskey.  This  bracing  atmosphere  seem- 
ed to  give  me  immediate  relief,  and  ui  a 
short  time  it  seemed  as  if  a  heavy  loftd 


il 


■oil  and  dlBiate  an  fltro^ 
and  th'4  crop  ia  oertain  and 
,  oats,  and  barley  do  well 
hen  well  cultivated. 
to  health,  no  portion  of  the 
asaea  the  Apoatle  lalanda 
ir  months  they  present  to 
if  the  South  the  most  cool 
resort  that  c^n  be  imagined, 
is,  especially  luoh  as  arc 
lungs  or  liver,  the  uniform 
)here  of  Lalce  Superior  pr»- 
t  surprising  and  beneildal 


[nflnence 
inperior. 


of  lAke 


ridence  can  be  given  of  the 
e  of  the  Lalcfti  Superior  re- 
following  extracts  from  let- 
ly  woll-known  individuals: 

lATriELD,  July  28th,  1860. 
—Perhaps  it  would  bo  inter- 
to  state,  in  a  few  words,  the 
that  tbia  climate  haa  pra- 

i  my  coming  here  I  consulted 
)hyaicians  in  Philadelphia, 
itral  part  of  Pennsylvania, 
ington,  D.  C,  and  one  in 
D.  C.  It  was  the  opinion  of 
mption  was  tightening  her 
e,  and  that  soon  I  would  be 
tve.  Under  medical  advice 
an  inhaling  apparatus,  draalt 
,nd  whiskey,  but  all  without 
I  results.  Through  the  ad 
>,  and  in  hopes  of  Bavintf  my 
I  this  place,  June  6tb,  18&V, 
1  me  three  gallons  of  cod- 
three  gallons  of  old  rye 
ua  bracing  atmosphere  seem- 
)  immediate  relief,  and  in  a 
i  seemed  as  if  a  heavy  load 


nup  THBOVOH  TM  LAKU. 


:1M 


I  TMBored  from  1117  dwat    I  naad  tiw 

cod-liver  oil  in  feed  (br  young  chickens 
and  greaaiug  my  boots,  and  gave  the  most 
of  the  whisky  away.  I  am^ow  (three 
yaani  after  my  arrival  here)  enjoying 
azoellsnt  health.    Bespeotfully  yours, 

"J.H.N." 

Batvuld  to  SupnttoB  Omr. 

On  proceeding  ftom  Bayfleld,  west- 
ward, the  steamer  passes  round  Point  de 
Tour,  ten  miles  north,  and  soon  enters  J/imd 
du  Lae,  a  noble  bay  situated  »t  the  head 
of  Lake  Superior.  It  may  be  8k;"<  to  be 
60  miles  long  and  20  miles  wide,  abound- 
ing in  good  fishing-grounds,  as  does  the 
ndghborhood  of  the  Twelve  Apostles. 

The  Qroup  of  Islands  known  as  the 
"TwKLVii  AFO8TLES,"  are  desigoated  by 
the  flowing  names : — 
Line,  or  Mlchigaa.*  Ironwood. 
Madeline.*  Otter. 

8ugar,(»  Baaswood.*  Rock. 
Cap*  Two  Islaada. 

Oak.*  Bear.  [house). 

Outer.  Raspberry*  (Light- 

Presque  Isle.  York.* 

Ifanitou.  Little  Fishing.* 

Cat.  Eagle.* 

DeviL  Steamboat.* 

•  sighted  In  patttng  La  Poiata  and  Bayflald 
Channal. 


The  City  of  Soperior,  the  county 
■eat  of  Douglas  County.  It  is  in  N.  lat. 
46*38';  W.  long.  92°03';  mean  annual 
temperature  41  *Fahr.  It  is  advantageously 
Situated  on  the  south  side  of  the  Bay  of 
Superior,  formed  by  the  Minnesota,  and 
Wisconsin  Points;  between  these  points 
■ia  the  entry  to  the  harbor  through  which 
S»  discharged  the  waters  of  the  St  Louis 
and  the  Nema^i  rivers ;  the  former  being 
the  largest  tributary  of  Lake  Superior. 
The  United  Sutes  Government  has 
recently  made  an  appropriation  of 
$189,000,  which,  in  the  opinion  of  compe- 


tent ragineera,  is  lufllolmt  to  mako  ilM 
harbor  of  Superior,  what  it  waa  tf 
nature  derigned  to  be,  one  of  the  flnest 
harbors  on  the  oontiBent;  it  is  eight 
miles  in  length  and  three-ftmrtha  of  a 
mile  in  width,  aflbrding  a  anffldent  depth 
of  water  for  the  largest  dass  ci  Lake 
steamers.  Standing  at  the  west  end  of 
Lake  Superior,  80  milea  west  of  Bayfield, 
160  milea  north  of  St.  Paul,  and  130 
milea  east  of  Crow  Wing,  on  the  Upper 
Mississippi;  to  both  the  latter  places  a 
railroad  ia  being  surveyed,  and  ere  hmg 
will  be  completed.  T\»a  NorOtem  JPae^ 
RaOroad  ia  also  intended  to  terminate  at 
this  place,  thas  forming  through  lines 
of  railroad  from  the  navigable  waters  of 
the  Missiasippi  and  the  Red  River  of  the 
North,  and  from  them  to  Puget  Sound 
and  the  Padflc  Ooean. 

Superior  waa  surveyed  and  laid  out  in 
June,  1864,  rapidlv  inoreaaiog  in  popu- 
lation until  the  year  18ft7 ;  ainoe  that 
period  it  haa  slowly  increased  hi  numbers, 
there  now  being  about  800  inhabitaata. 
Here  is  a  court-house  and  Jail,  four 
churohea,  one  hotel,  ten  or  fifteen  storea 
and  atore-houses,  five  steam  saw-mills,  one 
steam  planing  mill  and  aaah  factory,  one 
printing  office,  one  tannery,  and  several 
mechanic  shops.  The  fisheries  off  the 
Minnesota  and  Wisconsin  Points  are 
extenaively  and  profitably  carried  on, 
where  are  annually  taken  large  quantitiea 
of  white-flah,  Mackinac  trout,  and  Siakowit. 
Steamers  run,  through  the  season  of  navi- 
gation, firom  May  to  yovember,  firom 
Cleveland,  Detroit,  and  Chicago,  carrying 
lumber,  fiah  and  agricultural  >r>ducta  to 
the  lake  and  river  porta  betow.  Stages 
run  tri-weekly  flrom  SupeK-ir  to  St.  Paul, 
Mfain.,  oonnectfaig  with  steamers  on  the 
MissisaippL  In  the  vicinity  of  Superior 
and  the  river  St  Louis  are  copper  minea, 
and  a  valuable  deposit  of  slateVhioh  ia 
extensivKy  quarried  by  two  or  three 
oompaniiv),  and  shipped  to  eastern  and 
southern  marketa. 


132 


BZOUBSIOir  AROCWD  LAKI  BCPSIUOIk 


fe'l 


The  bMthv  and  nnying  batlnen  at 
Superior,  and  along  the  North  Short,  ia 
moatly  performed  bjr  Indinnii  and  half- 
breeda,  who  usually  can  be  hired  at  from 
two  to  three  dollars  a  day ;  the  charges 
usually  corresponding  to  the  standing  or 
appearanee  of  the  party  requiring  thnir 
assistance.  After  sn  agreement  is  made 
they  usually  want  an  advance  of  wages, 
on  one  pretext  or  another,  but  almost 
inTariably  for  the  purpose  of  procuring 
whisky,  which,  ifoomplied  with,  generally 
ends  in  their  getting  intoxioatixl,  when  a 
delay  of  a  day  or  two  is  necessary  to  give 
them  time  to  become  sober.  Often 
threats  hare  to  be  made  in  order  to 
make  them  fUthftil  by  telling  them  that 
the  party  they  are  serving  is  a  "  mighty 
great  man,"  and  that  if  they  get  drunk 
and  deoeire  him  he  will  never  allow  them 
to  oome  back  alive. 

IMl  liHtby  Minn.,  the  county  seat  of 
8t  Louis  County,  is  advantaseously  situ- 
ated on  the  north  side  of  Lake  Superior, 
at  the  baae  of  Minnesota  Point,  being 
seven  miles  from  the  City  of  Superior, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  boat 
ferry.  Here  is  kioated  the  United  States 
lAnd  Office  for  the  Northern  District  of 
Minnesota,  a  public-house,  two  stores, 
and  about  100  inhabitants.  It  is  the 
point  designated  in  the  charter  as  the 
terminus  of  the  Lake  Superior  and 
Missiamppi  Railroad.  A  stone  quarry 
is  worked  at  this  place  producing  building 
stone  of  a  good  quality. 

Mmnaola  Point  is  s  strip  of  land  jutting 
out  into  the  lake  some  seven  or  eight 
milea,  on  the  end  of  which  is  a  light-house 
to  guide  ttie  mariner  into  the  Bay  of 
Superior. 

St.  Lovu  Rrrsi,  forming  the  head 
waters  of  Lake  Superior,  together  with 
its  many  tributaries,  wind  their  course 
among  the  Syenite  hills  of  the  Misaaba 
range  and  the  coast  ranges  of  trap  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  draining  a 
valley  distinct  fh>ro  the  above  lake.    The 


tribntaries  oome  In  ttom  all  points  of  th^ 
oompaaa  except  the  southeaat,  and  uniting, 
form  a  riv  ■  at  the  junction  of  the  Cloquel, 
the  largeK'  tributary  of  no  mean  dimen- 
sions ;  with  alternating  rapids  and  pladd 
waters,  running  through  alluvial  bottom 
hinds,  productive  in  character  and  pior 
turesque  in  appearance.    No  settlements 
now  disturb  the  quiet  stillness,  snd  the 
observer's  attention  is  disturbed  by  oo^ 
thing,  save  the  oocaaional  rapid  or  the 
padtSie  of  a  transient  voyageur.    It  riae^ 
nearly   north  of  ita  mouth,  in  Seven- 
Beaver  Lake;  ita  general  course  being 
first  southwest,  then  south  and  aoutheastl 
being  libout  176  miles   in  length.    Itf 
prindpal  tributariea  are  Upper  Embarraa* 
River,  Floodwood  River,  and  Big  White- 
face  River.    Three  or  four  miles  below 
the  mouth  of  the  Cloquet  River,  you  reach 
the  head  of  the  Grand  Rapids.    Here 
huge  bowlders  are  piled  ^p  in  the  channel, 
and,  from  geologior^  indications,  rest  upoQ 
the  upturned  edgi.s  of  the    slste  ttiat 
underlie   this   whole   region.     For   six 
mUes  this  character  of  rapids  continues, 
psising  around  the  east  end  of  a  range  of 
hUls  that  appear  tb  bear  nearly  westeri^y, 
then,  taking  a  sweep  to  the  westward,  it 
passes  r round  the  west  end  of  an  exten- 
sive range  that  extends  to  the  northeast, 
forming  the  summit  of  the  trap  ranges 
between  the  Cloquet  River  and  Lake  Su- 
perior.   This  range  of  hills  nfiTords  a  vast 
field  for  the  explorer  and  mineralogist. 
Five  or  six  miles  below  the  foot  of  Orand 
Rapids,  the  river  rushes  between  perpen- 
dicular walls  of  slate,  vahiable  for  roofing 
purposes,  and  after  widening  to  the  4r 
mensions  of  a  small  lake,  below,  contain- 
ing a  number  of  slate  islands  thickly 
wooded,  for  a    distance  of  a  couple  ot 
miles  it  contracts  again,  gathering  all  its 
force  for  its  final  rush  down  the  Grand 
Rapids  or  Falls,  to  a  level  with  Lake  Su- 
perior.   Here,  in  a  course  of  eight  miles 
by  the  stream,  tlie  fUl  amounts  to  about 
four  hundred  feet.    At>  every  point  you 


[OB. 

» In  from  all  points  of  &£ 
th«  Mutheut,  and  uniting; 
the  junction  of  the  Gloquet, 
uteiy  of  no  mean  dimen- 
irnating  rapids  andpladd 
;  through  allurlal  iMttom 
re  in  cliaracter  and  plor 
Marance.  No  settlements 
M  quiet  stillness,  snd  the 
Qtioa  is  disturbed  by  no< 
9  oocasional  rapid  or  the 
Dsient  Toyageur.  It  riaef 
of  its  mouth,  in  Seven- 
its  general  course  bein^ 
then  south  and  southeast, 
76  miles  in  length.  It# 
aries  are  Upper  Embarrass 
od  River,  and  Big  White- 
hree  or  four  miles  below 
le  Cloquet  River,  you  reach 
;he  Grand  Rapids.  Her* 
are  piled  ^p  in  the  ehsnnel, 
gior'  indications,  rest  upon 
edgi.s  of  the  slste  that 
whole  region.  For  six 
racter  of  rapids  oontinne^ 
the  east  end  of  a  range  of 
sr  tt>  bear  nearly  wester)^, 
sweep  to  the  westward,  it 
the  west  end  of  an  ex  ten - 
;  extends  to  the  northeast, 
iimmit  of  the  trap  ranges 
loquet  River  and  Lake  sii- 
ange  of  hills  sfiTords  a  vast 
izplorer  and  mineralogist. 
es  below  the  foot  of  Grand 
er  rushes  between  perpenr 
f  slate,  valuable  for  roofing 
after  widening  to  the  4r 
small  lake,  below,  oontato- 
'  of  slate  islands  thickly 
distance  of  a  couple  of 
tcts  again,  gathering  all  its 
Inal  rush  down  the  Grand 
I,  to  a  level  with  Lake  Sm- 
in  a  course  of  eight  miles 
,  the  foil  amounts  to  about 
feet.    At>  every  point  you 


TBXr  THBOVOB  TBS  LAKM. 


Ill 


•M  bk  dght  or  hMilBg  of  tb*  never- 
oeuing  roar  of  rapids,  and  the  thundering 
of  ftiUs  and  cascades.  From  Fond  du  Lao 
to  the  City  of  Superior,  23  miles,  the  river 
aflbrds  good  navigation. 

Okkta,  Minn.,  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  St  Louis  Bay,  eight  miles 
above  the  City  of  Superior.  Here  is  a 
•team  saw-miu,  a  planing  mill,  a  publto 
.  house,  a  atore,  and  about  300  inhabiUnt*. 
Steamers  of  a  large  class  can  aaoend  to 
this  i^  in  safety;  the  bay  being  an 
expansion  of  the  St.  Louis  River. 

Fond  dn  L»c,  Minn.,  situated  at 
ttie  head  of  navigation  on  St.  Louis  River, 
20  miles  above  the  City  of  Superior,  is 
one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  the 
vicinity  of  Lake  Superior.  The  American 
Fur  Company  here  had  iU  head-quarters, 
and  is  now  the  payment  ground  of  the 
Chippewa  Indians  living  westward.  <t 
novr  contains  about  100  inhabitants  ^  d 
is,  no  doubt,  destined  to  become  a  place 
of  considerable  importance.  Within  10 
miles  of  Fond  du  Lao  are  two  extensive 
slate  quarries  ttom  which  quantities  of 
•late  of  superior  quality  are  being  mined 
•nd  exported.  Here  are  a  succession  of 
fUls  in  the  river  of  about  60  feet  descent, 
affording  an  iinmense  water-power. 

NoBTB  Shou  or  Laki  Scphuob. 

The  natural  objects  of  interest  on  the 

Vorth  Shore  of  Lake  Superior  almost  vie 

vrith  the  Pictured  Rocktf  of  the  South 

Shore.     The   Oreat  Paiuades,   between 

iBeaver  B»y  and  Baptism  River,  are  a 

b«maifcable  formation.   "  The  rook  rises 

'fhxn  the  margin  of  the  lake  to  the  height 

of  over  300  feet,  presentfaig  perpendicular 

columns  from  sixty  to  one  huAdred  feet 

hi(^  and  ttom  one  to  six  fsetin  diameter. 

It  is  almost  entirely  detaolied  fVom  tbe 

main  land   by  a  ravine,  through  which 

Palisade  Greek  comes  from  the  westward. 

From  the  top  of  this  rode  a  magnifloent 

View  was  affinrded  of  tbe  Apostle  Idands 


about  SO  Biles  distant,  ud  tbe  ootline  of 
the  high  ranges  south  of  the  lake,  fVom 
tlio  Porcupine  Mountains  to  Fond  du  I^c. 
"The  Fall,  Gorge,  and  Areh,  on  Spirit 
River,  are  a  combination  of  the  fl«aks  of 
nature.  Here  are  a  succession  of  falls 
and  rapids;  within  forty  or  fifty  ysrds 
the  water  falls  a  distance  of  78  feet  At 
the  mouth  of  the  river  an  arch  has  been 
out  throngh  the  Amygdsloidal  beds,  on 
the  lea  side,  through  which  the  river 
enters  the  lake,  when  its  mouth  becomes 
blocked  up  by  sand  and  gravel  during 
the  prevalence  of  storms. 

"The  Falls,  Gorge,  snd  Potholes  of 
KnWimbash  or  Temperance  River.  So 
called  owing  to  there  being  no  bar  at  its 
entrance,  thus  affbrding  a  good  boat 
harbor.  The  Upper  and  Lower  Falls, 
about  half  a  mile  distant,  are  of  the  moat 
interesting  and  romsntic  character.  The 
Lower  Fall  is  composed  of  two  perpen- 
dicular pi'  Jies,  presenting  an  almost  un- 
broken sheet  of  water,  about  30  feet 
descent,  being  about  200  feet  from  th« 
Lake  shore." — Owen's  Geological  Report 

Tourists  desirous  of  visiting  tbe  North 
Shore  for  fishing  or  pleasure  sre  advised 
to  procure  the  services  of  experieuced 
voyageure,  who  can  be  most  conveniently 
procured  at  the  City  of  Superior  at 
from  one  and  a  half  to  three  dollars  a  day. 
The  numerous  rivers  and  creeks,  faiUng 
into  Lake  Superior  along  the  North  Shore, 
from  the  City  of  Superior  to  Fort  William, 
Canada,  for  a  distance  of'160  miles,  are 
gener^y  rapid  streams  of  moderate 
length.  They  are  mostly  pure  water, 
abounding  in  speckeled  trout  and  other 
kinds  of  fish.  Many  of  the  largest  sflbrd 
good  boating  facilities,  with  occasioiiid 
portages,  until  you  reach  the  divide  which 
separates  the  waters  flowing  into  Lake 
Superior  fW>m  those  which  flow  into  the 
Mississippi  River  and  the  Lake  of  the 
Woods.  It  is  said  that  for  hundreds  of 
miles  in  a  northwest  direction  the 
streams  and  lakes  afford  almost  uninter- 


184 


TUP  TBmOVO-H  THt  LAKIB. 


rupted  nitaoe  nayigation — thus  flMtUtsting 
travel  throuf^  tl  is  whole  region  of 
country  extending  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  and 
Hudson  Bay,  lying  some  600  or  600  miles 
north  of  Lidce  Superior. 


Tabu  or  EuirATioNS. 

FectiboT* 
the  Ocean. 

Lake  Superior, 600 

Summit  of  Grand  Portage, 1,066 

Bammit  of  Sandy  Lalce  Portage, . .  1,400 
:-i08sabi  Range,  head   St.  Louis 

River, 1,160 

Bummit,  18  milea  south  of  Superior 

City, 1,212 

Trap  Range,  9  miles  above  the 

Falls  of  St.  Croix  River, 1,016 

llississipi  River,  above  Falls  of 

St  Anthony, 118 

Ditto,  mouth  of  Crow  Wing, 1,130 

Ditto,  ditto  Sandy  Lake, 1,263 

Ditto^  Pokegama  Falls, 1,340 

Ditto^  Caaa  Lake, 1,400 

J^tasoa  Lake, 1,632 


OurroN,  St  Louis  Co,  Minn.,  situated 
11  miles  N.  E.  of  the  head  of  Lake 
Superior,  is  a  new  settlement.  In  the 
▼icinity  are  rich  copper  mines  and  good 
ftrmlng  lands. 

BcoHAKAN  '^  another  new  settlement, 
situated  northeast  of  Clifton,  posoessing 
similar  advantages. 

LiTTLK  AOATK  Bat,  35  miles  from 
Superior,  is  a  beautiful  siieet  of  water 
where  are  found  large  quantities  of 
Agate. 

BuRLiiroTON  is  a  new  settlement,  situ- 
ate! near  Agate  Bay. 

BN0AMPICE5T  is  the  name  of  a  river, 
island,  and  village,  where  is  a  good  har- 
bor, the  mouth  of  the  river  iMing  pro- 
tected by  the  iaknd.    On  the  river,  near 


its  entrance  into  the  lake,  are  fidla  aflbrt> 
iug  fine  water-power.  Oliffii  of  green* 
stone  are  to  be  aeeu,  rising  fh>m  200  to 
300  feet  above  the  water's  edge,  presenting 
a  handsome  appearance.  To  the  north  of 
Ulncampment,  along  the  lake  shore,  abound 
porphyry  and  greenstone.  This  locality 
is  noted  fbr  a  great  agitation  of  the  mag 
netio  needle ;  the  depth  of  water  in  the 
vicinity  is  too  great  for  vessela  to  anchor; 
the  shores  bei^  remarkably  bold,  and  la 
some  places  rising  from  800  to  1,000  feet 
above  the  water. 

HuwATBA  is  another  new  settlement, 
situated  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
^rior,  where  are  found  copper  ore  and 
other  valuable  minerals,  precious  stones, 
etc. 

BxAVSB  Bat,  on  the  N.  lake  shore, 
at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  River,  affords  n 
good  harbor,  where  is  a  small  settlement 

OrakdPobtaob,  Minn.,  advantageously 
situated  on  a  secure  bay,  near  the  mouth 
of  Pigeon  River,  isan  old  station  of  the 
American  Fur  Compcny.  Here  are  a  Ro- 
man CathoUc  Mission,  a  block-house,  and 
some  12  or  16  dwellings.  Mountains  {torn 
800  to  1,000  feet  are  here  seen  rising  ab- 
ruptly from  the  wa'ter's  edge,  presenting 
a  lK>ld  and  sublime  appearance. 

FioxoN  Bay  and  Rivkb  ibrms  the  north- 
west boundary  between  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  or  the  Hudson  Bay  Compa- 
ny's territory.  Pigeon  River  is  but  a 
second-class  stream,  and  by  its  junction 
with  Arrow  River  continues  the  boundary 
through  Rainy  Lake  and  River  to  tlie  Lake 
of  the  Woods,  where  the  40th  degree  of 
north  latitude  is  reached.  The  mouth  of 
Pigeon  River  is  about  48  degrees  north 
latitude,  and  89  degrees  30  minutes  west 
from  Greenwich. 

Along  the  whole  vrtiai,  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  from  St  Louis  River  to  Pigeon 
River,  are  alternations  of  metamorphosed 
schists  and  sandstone,  with  volcanic  grits 
and  other  imbedilud  traps  and  porphyry, 
with  elevations  rising  from  600  to  1,200 


KXOURUIOH   ABOUND   LAKE   8UPIRI0B. 


185 


to  the  lake,  we  fUto  «flbi^ 
f-power.  GUA  of  green* 
n  Beeu,  rising  trom  200  to 
the  water's  edge,  preaentittg 
pearance.  To  the  north  of 
long  the  lake  shore,  abound 
greenstone.  This  locality 
(reat  agitation  of  the  mag 
the  depth  of  water  in  the 
great  for  vessels  to  anchor.; 
ig  remarkably  bold,  and  is 
ing  from  800  to  1,000  feet 
r. 

8  another  new  settlement, 

west  shore  of  Lake  Su- 

tre  found  copper  ore  and 

minerals,  precious  stones, 

r,  on  the  N.  lake  shore, 
of  fieaver  River,  affords  a 
rhere  is  a  small  settlement. 
AOK,  Minn.,  advantageouslr 
ecure  bay,  near  the  mouth 
er,  is' an  old  station  of  the 
P/ompany.  Hew  are  a  Bo- 
lission,  a  block-house,  and 
Iwellings.  Mountains  fhun 
3ct  are  here  seen  rising  ab- 
10  wa'ter's  edge,  presenting 
ilime  appearance, 
and  UivER  fbrms  the  north- 
bcvween  the  United  States 
'  the  Hudson  Bay  Comp%- 
Pigeon  River  is  but  a 
ream,  and  by  its  junction 
ver  continues  the  boundary 
Lake  and  River  to  tlie  I^ke 
where  the  40th  degree  of 
s  reached.  The  muuth  of 
iS  about  48  degrees  north 
9  degrees  30  minutes  west 
sh. 

vhole  TTuav  shore  of  Lake 
St.  Louis  River  to  I^geou 
nations  of  metamorphosed 
IstoDo,  with  volcanic  grits 
ddod  traps  and  porphyry, 
I  rismg  from  800  to  1,200 


iMk  above  the  lake,  often  presenting  a 
grand  appearance. 

lata  Hoy  ALE,  Houghton  Co.,  Mich.,  be- 
ing about  45  miles  in  length  from  N.  E. 
to  S.  W.,  and  from  8  to  12  miles  in  width, 
la  a  rich  and  important  island,  abounding 
tn-SMpper  ore  and  other  minerals,  and 
also  precious  stones.  The  principal  har- 
bor and  only  settlement  is  on  SiikowU 
Bay,  being  on  the  east  shore  of  the  island, 
•bout  50  miles  distant  from  Bagle  Harbor, 
on  the  main  shore  of  Michigan. 

The  other  harbors  are — Washington 
Harbor  on  the  southv,-?iit,  Todd's  Harbor 
on  the  west,  and  Rock  Harbor  and  Chip- 
pewa Harbor  on  the  northeast  part  of 
tiie  island.  In  some  places  on  the  west 
are  perpendicular  cliffs  of  green-stone, 
very  bdd,  rising  fron  the.  water's  edge, 
while  on  the  eastern  shore  con^omerate 
rock  or  coarse  sandstone  abounds,  with 
occasional  stony  boaoh.  On  this  coast 
are  many  islets  and  rocks  of  sandstone, 
rendoruig  navigation  somewhat  danger- 
ous. Good  fishing-grounds  abound  all 
around  this  island,  which  will,  no  doubt, 
before  many  years,  become  a  fVivorito 
summer  resort  for  the  invalid  and  sports- 
man, as  woU  as  the  sciontilic  tourist. 

SiSKOWiT  Lake  is  a  considerable  body 
of  wa^r  lying  near  the  centre  of  the 
island,  which  apparently  has  no  outlet. 
Other  small  lakes  and  picturesque  inlets 
and  bays  abound  in  all  parts  of  the 
island.  HiUs,  rising  from  300  to  400 
feet  above  the  waters  of  the  hike,  ox-.:t 
in  many  localities  throughout  the  island, 
whio    is  indented  by  bays  and  inlota. 


Northern  Shore  of  liake  Su- 
perior. 

Extract  frrnn  Report  on,  the  Otology  of  the 
Lake  Supnior  Counii-y,  by  Fosteb  ond 
Whitnky  : 
NoBTiiBBif    BnoRK.  — "Begintlny    at 

Pigeon  Bay,  tie  boundary  between  the 


United  States  and  the  British  Posaeariona 
(north  latitude  M"),  we  find  the  eastern 
portion  ctf  the  peninsula  abounds  with 
bold  rocky  clifl)^  consisting  of  trap  and 
red  granite. 

"  The  FaUs  of  Pigeon  River,  eighty  or 
ninety  feet  in  height  are  occa^ned  by  a 
trap  dyke  which  cuts  through  a  aeries  of 
slate  rooka  highly  indurated,  and  very 
similar  in  mineralogical  charaotorc  to  the 
old  graywacke  group.  Trap  dykes  and 
interlaminated  masses  of  trapa  were  ob- 
served in  the  slate  near  the  falls. 

"  The  base  of  nearly  all  the  ridges  and 
cliffy  between  Pigeon  River  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam (situated  at  the  mouth  of  Kaministe- 
quoi  River,  the  western  boundary  of  Up- 
per Canada)  is  made  up  of  these  slates, 
and  the  overlaying  trap.  Some  of  the  low 
islands  exhibit  only  ihe  gray  grits  and 
slates.  Welcome  Islands,  in  Thunder  Bay, 
display  no  traps,  although,  in  tho  distance, 
they  resemble  igneous  products,  the  Joints 
being  more  obvious  than  the  planaa  of 
atratiflcation,  thus  giving  a  rude  mui- 
columnar  aspect  to  the  cliffls. 

"At  Prince's  Bay,  and  also  along  the 
chain  of  Islands  which  lines  the  ooast,  in- 
cluding Spar,  Victoria,  and  Pie  islands,  the 
slates  with  the  crowning  traps  are  adxair*' 
biy  displayed.  At  the  British  and  North 
American  Compauy'a  works  the  slates  an 
traversed  by  a  heavy  vein  of  oattyapar 
and  amethystine  quartz,  yieldhig  gray  aul- 
phuret  and  pyritous  copper  and  galenik. 
From  the  vein  w^re  it  cute  the  overlay- 
ing  trap  on  the  main  shore,  oonsideralM 
silver  has  been  extracted. 

-'At  Thunder  Cape,  the  slates  form  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  headlands  on  the 
whole  coast  of  Lake  SuperkMr.  They  are 
made  up  of  variously  colored  beds,  aucL 
as  compose  the  upper  group  of  Mr.  Logun, 
and  repose  in  a  nearly  horUsontal  position. 
Those  detrital  rocks  attein  a  thicknesa  of 
neariy  a  thousand  feet,  and  are  crowned 
with  a  sheet  of  trappean  rooka  three  hun- 
dred feet  hi  thickness. 


186 


TRIP  TBBOUOH  THK  LAKES. 


"At  L'Auae  &  U  Bouteille  (opposite 
tKe  SUte  Idanda,  on  the  north  ■here  of 
Lake  Superior)  the  slates  reappear,  with 
tho  granite  protruding  through  them,  and 
occupy  the  coast  for  fifteen  miles:  numer- 
ous dykes  of  greenstone,  bearing  east  aid 
west,  are  seen  cutting  the  rooks  vertically. 
The  Slate  Uands  form  a  part  of  thia  group, 
and  derite  their  name  from  their  geologi- 
cal structure. 

'■They  are  next  seen,  according  to  Mr. 
Logan,  for  about  seven  miles  on  each  side 
of  Uie  Old  Pick  River.  Near  Otterliead  a 
gneissoidal  rock  forms  the  coast,  which 

S resents  a  remarkably  regular  set  of  strata 
I  which  the  constituents  of  eienite  are 
arranged  in  thin  sheets  and  in  a  highly 
crystalline  condition.  From  this  point  to 
the  Hiofaipiooten  River  the  slates  and 
granite  occupy  alternate  reaches,  along 
the  coast,  for  the  distance  of  fifty  miles. 
•With  t'.ie  exception  of  a  few  square  miles 
of  the  upper  trap  of  gargantua,  these  two 
rocka  appear  to  hold  the  coast  all  the  way 
to  the  Tldni^  of  Poin.e  aux  Mines,  at  the 
extremity  of  which  they  separate  from  the 
■hofe,  maintaining  a  nearly  straight  south- 
easteriyline  across  the  BatchewanungTiay, 
leaving  the  trap  of  Mamainse  between  them 
and  the  lake.  Thence  they  reach  the  north- 
em  part  of  Qoulais  Bay,  "nd  finally  attain 
the  promontory  of  Gros  Ca  whero  they 
constitute  a  moderately  bold  range  of 
bills,  ruining  eastwardly  toward  Lake 
Huitai.'"* 


FItkerles  of  Lake  Superior. 

Gk)od  fishing-grounds  occur  all  along 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  afford- 
ing a  bountiful  supply  of  white-fish,  Mack- 
inac trout,  and  many  other  species  of  the 
tinny  tribe.  On  the  south  shoro  there 
are  flalieries  at  WMte-Fish  Pomt,  Grand 

•  OanadiMi  Beirart,  18M-'4T. 


Island,  near  the  Pictured  TuKks,  Kew«ie. 
naw  Point,  La  Pointe,  and  Apostlea 
Islands,  and  at  differf;nt  stations  on  Lsle 
Kovale,  where  large  quantities  are  taken 
and  export<jd;  but  there  are  no  reliable 
statistics  as  to  the  number  of  men  em- 
ployed or  the  number  of  barrels  exported. 
Between  the  head  of  Keweenaw  PBlnt, 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Ontonagon  River, 
considerable  quantities  of  fish  are  taken,  _ 
for  which  there  is  a  ready  market  at  the 
mining  stations.  In  addition  to  tho  white 
fish  and  Mackinac  trout,  the  siskowit  is 
occasionally  taken.  Its  favorite  resort, 
however,  is  the  deep  water  in  tlie  vicinity 
of  Isle  Roy  ale.  . 

Lakb  Supebior  Tbodt-Pishino  in  Wif. 
tBB. — The  Lake  Superior  Journal  says: 

"  AngVing  through  the  ice  to  a  depth  of 
thirty  favhoms  of  water  is  a  novel  mode 
of  fishing  somewhat  peculiar  to  this  pecu- 
liar region  of  the  vorld.  It  is  carrying 
the  war  into  fishdow  wth  a  vengeance, 
and  is  denounced,  no  doubt,  in  the  com- 
munities on  the  bottom  of  these  northern 
lakes  as  a  scaly  piece  of  warfare.  The 
large  and  splendid  salmon-trout  of  these 
waters  have  no  peace;  in  the  summer 
they  are  enticed  into  the  deceitful  meshes 
of  tlio  gill-net,  and  in  the  winter,  when 
they  hide  themselves  in  tho  deep  caverns 
of  the  lakes,  with  fifty  fathoms  of  water 
above  their  heads,  and  a  defence  of  ico 
two  or  three  feet  in  thickness  on  the  top 
of  that,  they  are  tempted  to  destruction 
by  the  fatal  hook. 

"  Large  numbers    of  these   trout   are 
caught  every  winter  in  this  way  on  Lakft  i 
Superior;   the  Indian,  always  skilled  in 
the  fishiuM:  business,  knows  exactly  where 
to  find  tli(  ui  and  how  to  kill  them.    The 
whites  make  excursions  out  on  the  Uke  ; 
in  pleasant  weather  to  enjoy  this  sport.  , 
There  is  a  favorite  resort  for  both  fish  and 
fishermen  near  Gros  Cap,  at  the  eut^ance 
of  Lake  Superior,  through  the  rocky  gate- 
way between  Gros  Cap  and  Point  Iroquois,    , 
about  18  miles  above  tho  Saut,  and  man/  a 


h  > ..  ' 

9  Pictured  ImHu,  Kflwoe- 
a  Pointe,  and  Apoatlev. 
I  diObrr^ot  stations  on  Lsle 
large  quantities  are  taken 
but  tliore  are  no  reliable 

the  number  of  men  em- 
amber  of  barrels  exported, 
lead  of  Keweenaw  Point,. 

of  the  Oatonagr-n  River» 
lantities  of  fish  are  taken, . 

is  a  ready  market  at  the 
,    In  addition  to  the  white, 
inac  trout,  the  siskowit  ia° 
ken.     Its  favorite   resort, 
deep  water  in  the  viciuity 

OR  TBOUT-PlSniNO  IN  Wi». 
3  Superior  Journal  says: 
rough  the  ice  to  a  depth  of 
of  water  is  a  novel  mode 
what  peculiar  to  this  pecu- 
the  vorld.  It  is  carrying 
shdonp.  wth  a  vengeance, 
«d,  no  doubt,  in  the  com- 
1  bottom  of  these  northern 
ly  piece  of  warfare.  The 
idid  salmon-trout  of  these 

10  peace;  in  the  summer 
1  into  the  deceitful  meshes 

and  in  tlie  winter,  when 
selves  in  tho  deep  caverns 
rilh  lilty  fathoms  of  water 
ads,  and  a  defence  of  ioo 
let  in  thickness  on  the  top . 
ire  tempted  to  dostruotion 
ok. 

ibers  of  these  trout  are 
irinter  in  this  way  on  Lakft  | 

Indian,  always  skilled  in 
iness,  knows  exactly  where 
ad  how  to  kill  them.    I'be 
acursiona  out  on  the  lak<^  ; 
»ather  to  enjoy  this  sporU.  , 
rite  resort  for  both  ttsh  and  ,i 
•  Groa  Gap,  at  the  eut^ranca   r 
or,  through  the  rocky  gate-   j 
iros  Cap  and  Point  Iroquois, .  j 
I  above  the  Saut,  and  uum/,  u 


izouMaiov  AKOVso  tun  isnraiuoiu 


wr 


»  terge  trout,  at  this  point,  is  pulled  up 
from  its  warm  bed  at  the  bottom  of  the 
lake,  in  winter,  and  made  to  bito  the  cold 
ice  in  tliis  upper  world.  To  see  one  of 
these  fine  fish,  four  or  five  feet  in  length, 
and  weighing  half  as  much  as  a  man, 
ttpundering  on  the  snow  and  ioe,  weltering 
uid  flreezing  to  death  in  its  own  blood, 
oftentimes  moves  the  het;rt  of  tlie  fisher- 
man to  expressions  of  pity. 

"The  modus  operandi  in  this  kind  of 
great  trout-fishing  is  novel  iu  the  extreme, 
and  could  «  stranger  to  the  business  over- 
look at  a  distance  a  party  engaged  in  the 
sport,  he  would  certainly  think  they  were 
mad,  or  each  one  making  foot-races  against 
thne.  A  hole  is  made  through  the  ice, 
smooth  and  round,  and  the  fisherman  drops 
down  his  large  hook,  baited  with  a  small 
herring,  pork,  or  other  meat,  and  when  he 
ascertains  the  right  depth,  he  waits — with 
fisherman's  luck — some  time  for  a  bite, 
wbich  in  this  case  is  a  pull  aU  together,  for 
the  fisherman  throws  the  line  over  his 
shoulder,  and  walks  from  the  hole  at  the 
top  of  his  speed  till  the  fish  bounds  out 
on  the  ice.  We  have  known  of  as  many 
as  fifty  of  these  splendid  trout  caught  in 
this  way  by  a  single  fisherman  in  a  single 
day :  it  is  thus  a  great  source  of  pleasure 
and  a  valuable  resource  of  food,  especially 
in  Lent,  and  the  most  scrupulous  anti-pork 
believers  might  here  '  down  pork  and  up 
d^h'  without  any  offence  to  conscience." 


liM  of   Tenaela  Lost  In  the 
lAke  Superior  Trade. 

Since  the  discovery  of  copper  in  the 
Upper  Peninsula,  in  1846,  and  the  com- 
mencement of  the  Lake  Superior  steamer 
and  vessel  trade,  many  craft  engaged  in 
the  trade  have  been  lost.  Previous  to 
the  discovery  of  oopper,  there  was  no 
other  trade  but  .that  in  tan,  and  one  of 
thi  fur-trading    vesBela    was    lost— the 


John  Jacob  Astor.  TTe  have  compiled 
the  following  table,  which  will  be  found 
of  interest  to  those  connected  with  the 
Lake  Superior  copper  trade : — 

NUM  or  VmmI  Int.               ValM.  ValmCum,  T«n 

Schooner  Merchant HOOO  12,000  1S4T 

Propeller  QollaUi 18^000  18,000  184T 

Steamer  Ben  FnaUln... 16,000  4^  ISfiO 

Propeller  Montloello 80,000  10,000  18U 

Schooner  Slakuwit 1,000  fiOO  .... 

Propeller  Indepvodence.. 12,000  18,000  ISM 

Stouner  Albany 80,000  £,>»  1888 

Propeller  Peninsula 18,000  18.000  18M 

Steamer  KK.Collini... 100,000  1,S00  18M 

Steamer  Baltimore 18,000  4,0I<0  1885 

Steamer  Superior 18,000  10.000  ISSS 

PropellerB.L.  Webb. ...80,000  18,000  IMM 

Propeller  City  orSuperlor.aO,000  M,000  188T 

Propeller  Indiana 8,000  2,600  1888 

t8«&000   $128,000 
—making  a  grand  toUI  or|48>,00a 

Since  the  above  Table  was  compiled  the 
following  losses  have  ocourred  in  the 
Lake  Superior  trade : 

Steamer  Arctic,  wrecked  on  Lake  Supe« 
rior,  June,  18G0. 

Steamer  Oazelle,  wreaked  on  Lake  So* 
perior,  1860. 

Steamer  Elgin,  lost  on  Lake  Aliobigaa, 
September  7,  1860. 

Steamer  North  Star,  burnt  at  Gteveland, 
February,  1862. 

Steamer  Sunbeam,  lost  in  a  gale  on 
Lake  Superior,  August  28,  1863. 

Pewabic,  sank  in  Lake  Huron,  August 
9,  1865,  forty  lives  lost. 

Lac  la  Belle,  sunk  in  Si,  Clair  River, 
November,  1866. 

Steamer  Cleveland,  lost  in  1866. 

Bteamur  Traveler,  lost  in  1866. 

The  loss  o.  life  by  the  accidents  given 
above  is,  as  neai  r"  can  be  ascertained, 
as  follows: — 

Schooner  Merchant ... 18 

Propeller  Independence 3 

Steamer  E,  K.  Collins 20 

Steamer  Superior 64 

Steamer  Lady  Elgin 360 

Steamer  Sunbeam 8C 

Propeller  Pewabic. 40 

Total 620 


138 


VAVAL  TI88EL8  OIT  THI   LAKKS. 


VAYAL  YSSSSLS  OK  THE  LAXX3. 

UiaSISSIPPI  AND  Lau  Miohiqan  Gamal. 


T 


'M 


A.  RWORT  h»8  rccentiy  been  made  in 
relation  to  the  practicability,  cost,  and 
military  and  commercial  advantagea  of 
openin(f  a  passage  for  gunboats  and 
armed  vessels  fh>m  the  UisMssipjd  to  the 
Lakes,  by  improving  the  navigation  of  the 
Illinois  Rivor,  and  enlarging  the  IlUnois 
and  Michigan  Canal.  The  following  is 
an  extract  from  the  above  Report : 

"  The  Great  Lakes  and  the  Mississippi 
River  are  among  the  grandest  features  of 
tho  geography  of  the  globe,  i'heir  names 
are  at  orice  suggestive  of  commercial  and 
agricultural  wealth  and  national  great- 
ness. No  such  systems  of  internal  navi- 
gation exist  elsewhere  in  the  world. 
The  most  careful  and  accurate  staterjents 
of  their  present  uses  for  commerrial  pur- 
poses are  truly  wonderful,  while  ihe  mag- 
niflceut  future  to  which  onlightened 
enterprise  may  lead,  tasks  tjie  strongest 
imagination. 

"  The  Mississippi  system  of  navigable 
waters  is  variously  estimated  at  from 
10,000  to  20,000  miles.  Its  numerous 
ramifications  penetrate  a  country  of  un- 
rivaudd  fertility,  and  in  many  parts  abound- 
ing in  useful  metals.  On  the  Lakes,  we 
have  a  coast  of  3,500  miles.  Their  com- 
merce is  estimated  at  the  value  of  $400, 
000,000,  'in  articles  of  prime  necessity 
to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Eastern  States, 
and  to  our  foreign  commerce.'  That  of 
the  Mississippi,  in  peaceful  times,  is  sup- 
pose! to  equal  thie.  It  is  the  union  of 
these  two  mighty  systems  that  we  con- 
template in  the  proposed  improvement. 

"For  this  purpose  no  other  route  exists 
comparable  to  the  line  now  proposed,  in 
the  economy  of  cost  of  the  improvement, 
or  in  general  utiUty.  It  is  one  of  nature's 
highwayB— one  of  the  lines  which  she 


marks  out  for  the  guidance  of  the  great 
emigrant  movements  of  the  raon,  and  by 
which  topogri^>hy  foretells  the  manA  of 
empire.  The  aboriginal  savage  travelled  ^ 
it  by  instinct,  and  now  educated  intelli- 
gence can  find  no  better  place  for  com- 
pleting and  uniting  linos  of  travel  and 
traffic  embracuig  half  a  continent." 

Estimate  for  a  Ship  tmd  Steamboat  Oanai 
from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinoii:  River, 
and  the  improvement  of  the  Illinois  River 
to  the  Mississippi  River ;  the  canal  to  be 
160  feet  wide  on  the  bottom,  sides  pro- 
tected with  stone  walls  10  feet  high;  the 
canal  and  river  locks  to  be  350  feet  long 
and  70  feet  wide,  with  depth  of  water 
sufficient  to  pass  steamboats  and  vessels 
drawing  six  feet  of  water ;  the  canal  to 
be  supplied  with  water  firo.  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 

Uhieago  to  Lnckport,  St  mile*. 
The  estimated  cost  of  earth  and  rock 
exearatlun  on  the  summit  level  flrum 
Chicago  t<>  Lncliport,  with  walls  on 
both  udes  10  feot  through  the  earth, 

is •T.OJg.W 

Lockport  to  Lasalle,  67  miles: 
Th<-  "tstimated  cost  of  canal  to  Lake 
.  ileLand  short  canals  at  16  lucks, 
walled  on  both  sides;  also  six  stone 
dams,  600  feet  long,  eleven  canal  and 
five  river  lucks,Vach  800  feet  long  add 
TO  feet  wide— making  ISSfset  of  lock- 
age between  Lockport  and  Lasulle— is  4,0n,0n 
Lasalle  to  the  Missts8ip|i(  Kiver,  290 
milfs: 
The  c<ist  of  seven  tre*  and  «i1b  dams, 
tNW  feet  long,  the  cribs  to  be  filled 
with  stone,  and  stone  abutments ;  also 
seven  stone  locks.  390  feot  long,  and 
70  feet  wide,  with  entrances  pro- 
tected, and  insuring  a  depth  of  water 
on  all  bars,  to  puss  the  largest  class 
steamboats  and  vessels  drawing  six 

feet,  will  be 1,646,000 

Add  for  bridges,  right  of  way,  engineer- 
ing, eontingencies,  ^ B78,0eS 

Total tl8,M<t8M 


CCS. 


T 


•■»£ 


LAXIR. 


AMAL. 

the  guidance  of  the  great 
ements  of  the  non,  and  by 
4>hy  foretells  the  mardi  of 
aboriginal  savage  travelled  ^ 
,  and  now  educated  intelli- 
d  no  better  place  for  com- 
mitlng  lines  of  travel  and 
ug  htdf  a  contiDent." 
'  a  S}up  tmd  Steamboat  OaneU 
shigan  to  the  Illinois  River, 
▼ement  of  the  Illinois  River 
ippi  River ;  the  canal  to  be 
)  on  the  bottom,  sides  pro- 
one  walls  10  feet  high;  the 
ir  locks  to  be  350  feet  long 
nride,  with  depth  of  water 
lasB  steamboats  and  vessels 
feet  of  water ;  the  canal  to 
rith  water  firo.    Lake  Uichi- 

ukport,  St  mile*. 
H)gt  of  earth  uid  rock 
the  summit  level  (h>m 
wkport,  with  walls  on 
Feot  through  the  earth, 

»7,0»S,t(» 

aaalle,  67  mllei: 
COM  of  canal  to  Lake 
ort  oanalaat  16  lucks, 
k  stdea;  alio  six  stone 
long,  eleven  canal  and 
a,  latch  SfiO  feet  long  add 
making  ISSfset  of  luck- 
uckport an<ll.asuUe— is  4,0n,0n 
>  Mississiptii  Kiver,  220 

ni  tre*  and  «i1b  daini, 
,  the  cribt  to  be  filled 
il  stone  abutments ;  alto 
iek».  3S0  fvot  long,  and 
with  entrances  pro- 
Kuring  a  depth  of  water 
pii8s  the  largest  class 
1(1  vessels  drawing  six 

;....     1,646,000 

right  of  way,  engineer- 
iclea,Jba 678,081 

|18,M<,8t4 


TBTP  THRCnOH  TBI    LAKM. 


1S9 


Tke  I<skes—IiaBd  •!  the  Free. 

Columbia's  shores  are  wild  and  widl^ 

Columbia's  tattii  are  grand. 
And  rudely  planted  side  ny  sida, 

Her  forests  meet  the  eye ;  , 
But  narrow  must  those  shore!  be  mad*, 

And  low  Golambia'a  htlli, 
;  ^    And  low  her  anelent  forests  laid, 

Kr«A-«e<tom  leaves  her  flcldi; 
JTor  'tis  the  land  where,  rude  and  wild, 
She  pUyed  her  gambols  when  a  child. 

-  '  '   And  deep  and  wide  her  stream*  that  flow 

Impetuous  to  the  tide. 
And  thick  and  green  the  laurels  grow 

On  every  river  side; 
But  should  a  tr\ns-Atlantlo  host    . 

Pollute  our  water*  fUr, 
We'll  meet  them  on  the  rocky  ooast, 

And  gather  laurel*  there ; 
For  O,  Columbia's  sons  are  bravo, 
'  And  tree  as  ooean's  wildest  wave. 

The  gala  that  waves  her  mountain  pine 

Is  nagraot  and  serene. 
And  never  brighter  sun  did  shine 

Than  lights  her  valleya  green ; 
But  putrid  must  those  breeie*  blow, 

The  sun  must  set  In  gore. 
Era  footsteps  of  a  foreign  foe 

Iinprint  Columbia's  shore ; 
Fur  O,  her  \>ns  are  brave  and  ftee, 
Their  braasU  beat  high  with  Liberty. 


The  LmuA  of  lAke  and 
River. 

Composed  by  Dr.  Laycock,  of  Woodstock, 
C.  W. — A  Oanaoiam  Soko. 

The  Land  of  Lake,  Blver,  and  Forest  wide. 
Where  Niagara  pluage*  In  splendor  and  pride 
O'er  the  trambung  elllb  her  preeipitoua  tide; 
Know  ye  the  hmd  f 
'Ti*  a  gloriou*  land  I 
And  Um  land  U  our  own  dear  bom* 


The  land  which  nor  Art*  nor  Indu*try  graead. 
Where  the  bountiltal  aeaaon*  ran  all  to  wac>, 
T 11  the  BriWa  the  Savage  and  Sluggard  du- 
placed; 

Know  ye  thd  Lud,  Ae. 

The  land  where  the  Saxoa,  tha  Saul,  and  tha 

Celt. 
The  lint  glow  of  patriot  brotherhood  felt. 
And  forgetting  old  feuds  In  amity  dwelt. 
Know  y*  the  land,  Ae. 

The  land  unpolluted  by  Despot  or  Slave, 
Where  Justice  isrfoneonthe  Dastard  and  Knave, 
Where  honor  t*  paid  to  the  Wi*e  and  tha  brave  ■ 
Know  ye  the  land,  Ac. 

Tha  land  where  the  Ttachtr  1*  honored  and 

■ought ; 
Where  tha  AAool*  ar*  all  bnay,  th*  ehlldreo  all 

taught; 
Where  the  TMnk*r,  unfettered,  can  utter  hit 

thought; 

Know  y*  th*  hmd,  Ae, 

The  land  where  the  Farmtr  Is  Lord  of  the  Soil, 
Where  the  ToiUr  himself  reap*  th*  fruit  of  hi* 

toil, 

Wher*  none  h»*  a  TttU  hi*  neighbor  to  *poll ; 
Know  ye  the  land,  Ac. 

The  land  where  the  ChritHan  can  openly  prav. 
As  Scripture  and  Conscience  may  show  him  ta* 

way. 
Fearless  of  clerical  tyrant  or  lav; 

Know  ye  the  land.  As. 

The  land  whleh,  the  older  and  *trong*r  It  grew, 
To  Law  and  to  Loyalty  stfll  kept  more  true. 
Both  to  Prinee  and  to  PiopU  aeeonUng  tkeir 
du*;  *  ,  --, 

Know  ye  the  land? 
■TI*  a  gloriou*  land! 
And  the  land  I*  our  own  dear  bun*  I 


Heteorolofloal  Table, 


Showimq  THi   Latttudb,   LoNQiTnDX,   Altitcdi,   TiuFnuTnBi^   no.,  or  Tin 
Pbincipal  Cituu  and  Ports  ox  thi  AinaiOAN  Sidi  or  thi 

GREAT  LAKES.  '''''" 


CaoM,  at«. 


Lakb  Ontario. 

Saoket's  Harbor,  N.  T.. . 
Oswego,  "    . . 

Charlotte,  "    . . 

Fort  Niagara,  "    . . 

Laer  Erii. 

Buffalo,  N.Y 

Cleveland,  Ohio 

Toledo,  "  

Monroe  City,  Mich 

Detroit  (Detroit  R.),  Mich. . 

Lakb  Huron. 

Port  Huron  (St. Clair  R),Mioh 

Tawaa  City,  Mich 

Fort  Mackiuao,  " 

Green  Bay  (Green  B.),  Wis. 

Lakr  MiomaAN. 

Grand  Haren,  Mich 

Milwaukee,  Wia. 

Chicago,  111 

Michigan  City,  Ind 

Lakb  Superior. 

Saut  Ste.  Marie,  Mich... 
Marquette,  "   ... 

Copper  Harbor,       "   ... 
Ontonagon,  "   ... 

Barfleld,  Wis 

Superior  City,  Wis 


! 


43*  66' 
43°  20' 
43°  12' 
43°  16' 


42°  63' 
41°  30' 
41°  45' 
41°  43' 
42°  20' 


42°  63' 
44°  16' 
46°  61' 
44°  30' 


43°  06' 
43°  03' 
41'  62' 
41°  40' 


46°  30' 
46°  32' 
47°  30' 
46°  62' 
46°  46' 
46°  40' 


I 

! 


76*  00' 
76'  40' 
77°  61' 
79*  00' 


78°  50' 
81°  47' 
83°  36' 
83°  24' 


83" 
82° 

00' 

24' 

84° 

33' 

80° 

06' 

86° 

10' 

87' 

66' 

87' 

36' 

86° 

63' 

84° 

43' 

87° 

41' 

88° 

00' 

89° 

30' 

91° 

00' 

92° 

03' 

580 
600 
690 
590 


600 
630 
620 
600 
620 
600 


^ 

i 

a 

a< 

5 

t 

|S 

Ft 

■Fahr. 

260 

46.40 

260 

46.44 

260 

47.88 

260 

46.60 

600 

47.26 

600 

49.70 

565 

50.00 

566 

49.23 

680 

48.00 

690 

47.00 

690 

4433 

700 

41.00 

600 

44.50 

FonrSMioiii, 


47.36 
46.00 
47.00 
49.00 


40.50 
41.60 
41.00 
40.00 
40.00 
40.00 


I 


■Fahr. 

49.49 
43.70 
43.72 
41.38 


43.60 
46.84 
47.00 
46.22 
46.94 


43.68 
37.22 
38.70 
43.62 


44.69 
42.89 
46.00 
46.00 


37.60 
38.30 
38.47 
37.00 
38.00 
38.00 


■Fabr. 

67.82 
67.00 
68.46 
67.20 


67.56 
69.86 
71.00 
71.00 
69.30 
I 

67  00 
66.16 
62.00 
68.60 


6H.62 
67.08 
68.60 
70.00 


62.00 
63.10 
60.80 
62.60 
62.00 
63.00 


^ 


'Fabr. 

50.68 
50.40 
60.77 
50.00 


50.14 
61.97 
52.00 
61.33 
49.81 


49.00 
47.06 
43.64 
46.00 


49.66 
48.34 
49.00 
60.00 


43.54 
43.84 
42.96 
42.86 
43.00 
42.60 


I 

fFahr. 

24  80 
24.72 
28.66 
27.8« 


27.80 
30.00 
29.00 
28.62 
S8.lt 


26.60 
24.61 
18.30 
80.00 


26.6S 
25.00 
26.00 
28.00 


20.00 
20.00 
21.78 
17.8S 
16.60 
14.60 


■FnuTUBi^   na,  or  nn 

AN  SiDl  or  THS 


ronrSMMODt. 

1 

1 

•S 

I 

■Fahr. 

"rabr. 

•Mir. 

flUv. 

42.49 
43.70 
43.72 
41.38 

67.82 
67.00 
68.46 
67.20 

60.68 
60.40 
60.77 
60.00 

24  80 
24.72 
28.66 
27.8« 

43.60 
46,84 
47.00 
46.22 
46.94 

67.66 
69.86 
71.00 
71.00 
69.20 

60.14 
61.97 
52.00 
61.33 
49.81 

27.80 
30.00 
29.00 
28.62 
88.17 

43.68 
37.22 
38.70 
43.62 

67  00 
66.16 
62.00 
68.60 

49.00 
47.06 
43.64 
46.00 

26.60 
24.61 
18.30 
80.00 

44.69 
42.89 
45.00 
46.00 

68.62 
67.08 
68.60 
70.00 

49.66 
48.34 
49.00 
60.00 

26.63 
25.00 
26.00 
28.00 

37.60 
38.30 
38.47 
37.00 
38.00 
38.00 

62 
63 
60 
62 
62 
63 

.00 
.10 
.80 
.60 
.00 
.00 

43. 
43. 
42. 
42. 
43. 
42. 

64 
84 
96 
86 
00 
60 

20.00 
20.00 
21.78 
17.8S 
lb.60 
14.60 

LAKE    81JPERIOB, 

Its  Bays,  Harbon,  Island*,  Tribatartef , 

Objects  or  Intbrest  on  tub  Sovth  Shorn. 


*c. 


3 9 


ICUeB. 
Sant  8te.  IHarter  Micfa.  K. 

tot.   46''30',   W.   lonff.    84°43'. 

Head  of  Ship  Canal  andRai^dfl,  1 

Bound  Island  and  Light, 

WaiakaBaj, 

Iroquois  Point  and  Light, 7 — 16 

Tequamenon  Bay  and  River, ....    9 — 26 
White  Fish  Point  and  Light,  ....  18—40 

Carp  River,  20 — 60 

Two-Heart  River, 6 — 66 

Sucker  River,   12—78 

Qrand  Mania  River,  12—90 

Orand  Sauble,  300  feet  high, ....  10-100 

Cascade  Falls,  100  feet, 18-118 

TheChapel, 1  2-120 

Arched  Rock,  or  Grand 

Portail, Pictured    4-124 

SailRock, Rocks.      2-126 

The  Anphitheatre,  . . .  2-128 

Miner's  Casdo,  k  River,  J  3-131 

Grand  Island  and  Harbor, 3-134 

Mtniting,  end  Iron  Works, 2-136 

Au  Train  Point, 7-143 

Au  Train  Island,  and  River 6-149 

An  Sauble  River, 6-166 

Bdrvty,  Mouth  Chooolat  River,. .  18-167 
Marquxttk*  AN2  Light,  K.lat 

46''32',  W.  long.  87°41'. 8-170 

Dead  River, 2-172 

Presque  Isle, 1-173 

Middle  Island, 3-176 

Granite  Point  and  Island, 6-180 

QailioRlver, 8-188 

little  Iron  River,  and  Lake  Inda- 

pendenoe  10-198 

Salmon  Trout  River, 8-206 

nne  River  and  Lake. 6-218 

Siiron  Islands  and  Light, 10-2'J2 

Huron  Bay,  6-228 

Foiut  Abbaye, 4-232 

Keweenaw  Bay  (13  miles  wide). 
Z'AMt,  and  Settlemetit  (South),  .  13-846 


Miles. 

Portage  Entry  ar-d  Light  (West), .  245 

PortageLake, 6-251 

HOUOHTOK,  f  N.  lat  46°40',  W. 

long.  88°30' 8-269 

Hancock^ 1-260 

Head  of  Portage  Lake  (8  miles),  268 

Traverse   island    from    Portage 

Entry, 10-25S 

Tobacco  River, 12-267 

Iae£aA!iie.f  and  Bete  Orise  Bay    14-281 
Mount  Houghton  (900  feet  high). 
Montreal  River  (Fishing  Station),    ft-287 

Keweenaw  Point, 8-295 

Manitou  Island  and  Light 3-298 

Copper  Harbor,!  ^-  ^^  47 "30', 

W,long.88°, 10-308 

Agate  Harbor, 10-318 

Eagle  Harbor  +  and  Light, 6-334 

Baole  River:  f  N.  tot.  47°  26', 

W.  long.  88^20', 9-333 

Entrance  to  Ship  Canal  k  Portage 

Lake  Route, 20-353 

Salim/n  Trout  River, 8-366 

Graveraet  River, 6-366 

BlmRiver, 8-374 

Misery  River, 6-870 

Sleeping  River, 0-386 

Flint  Steel  River, 6-391 

Ontonooak,*  N.  tot  46''62',  W. 

kmg.  89*30' 9-400 

Iron  River, 11-4U 

Porcupine  Mount'ns,  1,300  ft.  high,   8-419 

Carp  River,.. 10-420 

Presque  Isle  River, 6-435 

BlackRiver, 6-441 

Montreal  River  boundary  between 

Michigan  and  Wisconsin, 20-461 

Markeg,  or  Bad  River, lft-47 1 

Chawawegon  Point,  Bay,  &  Light,  n-483 
Ashlanc,  Wisoonsin  head  Chaw- 

awegon  Bay. 


142 


hkiat  BUPKRIOR — OBJKCTS   Or  IRTIRIST. 


m 


MOm. 
La  iVflfe,  MkdpUne  laUnd, 3-485 

grhe  Twelve  Apostle  Isluds). 
AYFiEii),     Wisconsin,    N.    lat 

46°45 ,  W,  long.  91°3', 3-488 

Basswood  Island, 1-496 

Baspberry  Island,  and  light,. . .  ,    6-601 

York  Island, i-606 

fishing  Inland, 4r-509 

Bark  Bay  and  Point, : viilO 

Apakwa,  or  Cranberry  Blver,  ...     6-626 
Iron  liTer,    10-536 

•  Shipping  Port  for  Iron. 


Hand 


Burnt  Wood  River, 

Poplar  River,    

Cotton  Wood  River, 

Amican  River, 

Uouth  Nema^JB,  or  Left 

River,  (Allouea  !B*y). 

Wisconsin  Point, 

'Minnesota  Point  and  Light, ..... 
bw    louis  Bay  and  River. 
Superior  Citir,  Wisconain,  N. 

lat.  46°40',  W.  long.  92° 

t  Shipping  Ports  for  Copper. 


Olijects  of  IntsreM  on  tke  North  Shore. 


Miles. 
S«i|»erlor   Otr,  Wisconsio, 

<160  miles  North  of  St  Paul, 

Minn.). 

DhXuM,  Minn.  ., 1 

Lester  River, S — 12 

Kassabika  River, 1 — 19 

French  River  (Copper  MinesX  •  •  •    8 — 22 

BueKttnon, , 4 — 26 

Knife  River  (Copper  Mines),    . . .     1 — ^27 

JinrKngion, 10—37 

Stewart's  River, 3 — 40 

Enoampnent  River  and  Island  . .    3—43 

Split  Rock  River, 7—60 

Beavar  Bay,  N.  lat   47''13',   W. 

long.  91' 10—60 

Palisades, 6—65 

Baptism  River, 1 — 66 

Little  Marais, 6 — 72 

Manitou  River, 3 — 75 

Two-Island  River, 8 — 83 

Temperance  River, 6 — 88 

iPoplar  River, C— 94 

Grand   Portage,  Indian    trading 

post,  N.  lat.  47°60',  W.  long. 

90° 16-110 

Isle  Royal,  attached  to  Michigan, 
Pigeon  Biver,  boundary  between 

the  United  States  and  Canada,    10-120 

Pie  Island,  700  feet  high 20-140 

Welcome  Island, 7-147 

Month  K^minietiquia  River. 


Miles. 
10-546 

9-554 
.  4-558 

S-660 

id 

l-»«8 


S-ffO 


lOlei 


Fort  William,   Canada,  N.  lat 

48°23',  W.  long.  89°27', 3-150 

Thunder  Bay,  30  miles  long. 

Thunder  Cape,  1,350  feet  high, . . .  16-166 

Black  Bay, lO-ltii 

Point  Porphyry, 6-180 

Entrance  to  Neepigon  Bay, 30-310 

Ste.   Ignace  Island    (Silver   and 

Copper  Mines), 10-220 

Slate  Islands, 30-260 

Pic  Island, .• 16-266 

Peninsula  Harbor, 8-273 

Pic  River  and  Harbor, 10-283 

Otter  Island,  Head  and  Cove, . . .  30-318 
Michipicoten  Island,  800  ft.  high,  26-338 
Miehipieoteit,  Harbor  and  River, 
N.  lat  47°66',  W.  long.  86°06'.  46-383 

Cape  Gargantua, 26-408 

Leach  Island,  1 2-426 

Lizard  Islands, 6-426 

Montreal  Island  and  River, 14-440 

Mica  Bay  (Copper  MineX 20-46P 

Mamainsc  Point, 6-466 

Batchewanaung  Bay  (Fishing  St'n)  10-47$ 

Sasdy  lelonds, 4-480 

Maple  Island 7-484 

Qocioia  Bay  and  Point, 8-4  9» 

Pariaien  Island,  6-600 

Uros  Cap,  700  feet  high 10-610 

Point  Aux  Pins, 7-517 

Sant  Ste.  Marie,  Canada,  . .    8-625 


riRisf. 

Wrer, 10-S46 

&-554 

Uver, 4-668 

^     »-«80 

Ue,  or  Left  Haod  <•> 

HsBiy).  :i..-jif 

Bt, t-BW 

at  and  Light, l-t88 

and  River, 

Hty,  Wiaoonain,  N. 

Wr.  long.  92° a^fo 

a  for  Copper. 
th  Skore. 

unec 

[,   Canada,  N.  lot 

mg.  89°2»', 3-150 

30  mOes  long. 
1,3  50  feet  high,...  16-16S 
lO-lli 

y, fr-180 

eepiffon  Bay, 30-310 

sland   (SOver   and 

>8), 10-220 

30-2(0 

....- 16-36^ 

bor, 8-213 

Harbor, 10-283 

3ead  and  Oot&  . . .  30-31$ 
aland,  800  ft.  high,  25-330 
Harbor  and  River, 
i',  W.  long.  85°08'.  4S-383 

■a, 26-408 

12-436 

6-426 

d  and  River, 14-440 

per  MineX 20-46Q 

It, 6-466 

;Ba7(Fi8hingSt'n}  10-47$ 

4-480 

7-484 

id  Point, 8-49p 

I,   6-500 

feet  high, 10-610 

B, 7-61T 

larle,  Canada,  . .     8-525 


Trip  aloBK  (ke  liortk  Skorv  mt  l<«ke  ftnperlvr, 

Uaok  ok  Board  tbi  Canadum  SraAVKS  Plouohbot,  AnoDST,  I860. 


On  leaving  the  mouth  of  the  Ship  Oaixd, 
above  the  Rapids  at  the  iteut  Ste.  Marie,  a 
beautiful  stretch  of  the  river  is  pasaed 
and  Waitka  Bay  entered,  which  is  a  email 
expanse  of  water  extending  westward  to 
Point  Iroquois,  on  the  south  shore,  16  miles 
distant.  I'.jiediately  opposite  rises  Qaoa 
Cap,  on  tho  Canada  aid<>,  b^ing  about  four 
miles  asunder.  This  bold  headland  con- 
sists of  hills  of  porphyry  rising  from  600 
to  700  feet  above  the  waters  of  the  lake. 
"  Gros  Cap  is  a  name  given  by  the  voya- 
aeurs  to  almost  innumerable  projecting 
headlands;  but  in  this  case  appropriate- 
since  it  is  the  conspicuous  feature  at  the 
entrance  of  the  lake." 

North  of  Gros  Cap  lies  Oovlais  Bat, 
and  GouLAis  Ponrr,  another  bold  high- 
land which  ia  seen  in  the  distance.  Oott- 
Mt*  River  enters  the  bay,  aflTording,  in 
conaection  with  tho  a4jacent  waters,  good 
fishing-grounds;  the  brook  Qr  speckled 
trout  being  mostly  taken  in  the  river. 
Here  is  a  large  Indian  settlemeitt  of  the 
Chippewa  tribe.  The  whole  north  shore, 
as  seen  from  the  deck  of  the  steam.ir,  pre- 
sents a  bold  and  g^nd  appearance,  while 
'°n  the  distance,  westward,  may  be  seen 
the  broad  waters  of  Lake  Superior. 

TAQDAMiiroN  Bat  is  next  entered,  which 
is  about  25  miles  long  and  as  many  broad, 
terminating  at  VThitt-Fish  Point,  40  miles 
above  Saut  Ste.  Marie.  Parisien  Island 
Is  passed  <80  miles  from  the  Saut,  lying 
liear  the  middle  of  the  above  bay,  being 
attached  to  Canada. 
'  Sandt  Islands,  lying  off  Batehtewaua- 
^  Bay,  form,  with  others,  a  handsome 
group  of  islands,  whore  are  good  fishing- 

Eeunds,  being  distant  from  the  Saut  Ste. 
arie  about  36  miles. 

Maxainsi  Point  (LitUe  Sttirgeotif,  op- 
posite White-Fish  Point,  is  another  bold 
neadland,  where  is  a  Ashing  station  and  a 


few  dwellings.  The  Montreal  Company'! 
copper  mine  is  located  near  this  pmnt,  40 
mues  north  of  the  Seat,  where  ta  a  amall 
settlement  of  miners.  Here  Is  m  good  har» 
bor,  the  land  rising  abruptly  to  the  height 
of  300  feet,  presenting  a  rugged  appear- 
ance. Some  12  or  16  mOes  north  are  lo* 
cated,  on  Mioa  Bat,  the  Quebeo  Copper 
Mining  Company's  Works,  at  present  aban- 
doned, owing  to  their  being  found  unpro- 
ductive. StUl  farther  north,  akirting  Lake 
Superior,  is  to  be  found  a  vaat  Mineral  R&- 
gion,  aa  yet  only  partially  explored. 

Montreal  Islakd,  and  Rivkr,  30  uilea 
north  of  Mamainse,  affbrd  good  fishing- 
grounds.  Here  is  a  harbor  exposed  to  the 
west  winds  fVom  ofT  the  lake,  whkdk  can 
safely  be  i4>proached  when  the  winds  are 
not  boisterous. 

Lizard  Island  and  Lxach  Island,  some 
10  miles  farther  northward,  are  next  paas* 
ed,  lying  oontifuous  to  the  mainland. 

Capi  Garoantua,  40  miles  north  of 
Mwnainae,  is  a  bold  headland.  On  the 
south  side  is  a  harbor  protected  by  a  small 
island.  From  this  cape  to  the  island  of 
Michipicoten  the  distanoe  ia  about  80  miles. 

MiOHiPioomr  Harbor,  and  Ritrr,  110 
miles  north  of  the  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  situated 
in  N.  lat  47 «  56',  W.  long.  85<>  0«',  affords 
a  safe  anchorage,  being  surrounded  hj- 
high  hills.  Here  is  estaUished  a  Roman 
Catholic  mission,  and  an  important  Hud* 
son  Bay  Company's  post,  Irom  whenoe 
diverges  the  river  and  portage  route  to 
James's  Bay,  some  850  miles  distaai  The 
shore  of  the  Lake  here  tends  westward 
toward  Otter  Head,  about  50  miles  distant, 
presenting  a  bold  and  rugged  appearance. 
This  post,  no  doubt,  is  destined  to  become 
a  place  of  resort  as  well  as  a  oommerdid 
depdt,  fW>m  whence  is  now  distrifanted  the 
merchandise  belonging  to  tho  above  gigan- 
'  tic  company — having  oxcluf^ive  sway  ovnr 


144 


TRIP  THRonan  thb  lakes.  . 


an  immense  region  of  oountrj,  extending 
nortiiward  to  the  arctic  rcgioni<i,  and  wust- 
ward  to  the  PaciUc  Ocean. 

MiciriPiooTEN  Island  (the  IiUind  of 
Knoba  or  ni"'\  66  mileu  from  Mamains? 
Foint  in  •  direct  course,  running  in  a 
north'.voHt  direction,  lies  about  40  miles 
west  of  Michinicoten  Harbor.  Tbis  island, 
15  miles  in  length  and  6  miles  wide,  may 
t)o  called  tlie  gem  of  Lalte  Superior,  pre- 
senting c  <nost  bp.iutifui  appearance  as 
approached  from  the  southward,  whore  a 
few  picluresquo  islands  may  be  seen  near 
tlie  entrance  to  a  safe  and  commodious 
harttor,  which  enn  be  entered  during  all 
winds.  Nature  seems  to  have  adapted 
this  island  ac  a  place  of  resort  for  the 
seekers  of  health  and  pleasure.  Within 
the  bay  or  harbor  a  beautiful  cluster  of 
islands  adorns  its  entrance,  where  may  bo 
found  agates  and  other  predous  stones ; 
while  inland  is  a  roost  charming  body  of 
water,  surrounded  by  wood'^d  hills  rising 
from  300  to  500  feet  aDove  the  waters  of 
Liike  SujKjrior  The  shores  of  the  iiiland 
abound  with  g.eenstone  a:  !  amygdaloid, 
while  copper  and  silver  miimH  arc  said  to 
exijtt  in  the  interior,  of  gret.t  T<ihie,  al- 
though, as  yet,  but  partially  explored. 
Tlie  ttshcried  here  are  also  valuable,  afford- 
ing .TOL'table  employment  to  the  liardy 
fisuermai  of  Uiis  region.  As  yet,  but  one 
single  shanty  is  erected  on  the  shores  of 
this  romantic  ialr-id,  where,  sooner  or  lat  jr, 
will  flock  the  wealthy  and  beautiful  in 
search  ot  health  and  recreation,  such  as 
are  bfTorded  by  pure  air,  boating,  fish- 
ing, <<nd  huntmg. 

The  fish  moEtly  taken  in  chis  part  of 
the  lake  wro  white-fish,  siskowit,  Macki- 
nac trout,  and  speckled  trout,  the  former 
being  taken  by  gill-nets. 

On  the  mainland  are  found  the  uarabou, 
a  larg^  species  of  deer,  bears,  foxes,  otters, 
beavers,  martins,  rabbits,  partridges,  pig- 
eon jf  and  other  wild  game.  The  barberry, 
red  raspberry,  and  whortleberry  arc  also 
found  iu  different  localities. 


OARiBon  Island,  lyin;  about  96  milca 
pouth  of  MichipicoteD,  nenr  the  middle  of 
the  lake,  is  a  small  l)ody  of  land  attached 
to  Canada.  It  is  usually  passed  in  sight 
whon  the  steamera  are  on  their  route  to 
Fort  William. 

Ottxr  Bat,  25  miles  north  of  MicbipU 
ooton,  is  a  beautiful  and  secure  body  of 
water,  being  protected  by  an  island  at  its 
entrance.  Here  is  a  wild  and  rugged  sec- 
tion of  country,  abouudiug  in  game  of  tha 
fur-beariug  species. 

Other  bays  and  islands  are  found  along 
the  north  shore  beyond  Otter  Head,  toward 
Pic  River  and  Island,  uud  said  to  be  of 
great  beauty,  the  whole  coast  being  bold 
and  rugged  as  seen  iVom  the  water.  At 
the  mouth  of  the  Pic  is  situated  a  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  Post. 

Slatk  Islands  are  a  chister  of  great 
interest,  where  is  to  be  found  a  large  and 
secure  h.  rbor,  lying  north  of  the  principal 
it'land  of  the  group.  To  the  north,  on 
tl. '  nnulnland,  are  numerous  bays  and  in- 
lets Affording  safe  harbor.  As  yet,  the 
wild  savoge  of  the  north  alone  inhabits 
this  section  of  Canada  West,  which  nodoubt 
is  rich  in  minerals  ^f  different  kinds.  The 
Hudson  Bay  Company's  vessels  now  af- 
ford the  only  means  of  visiting  tuip  inter- 
esting region,  which  can  alone  be  brought 
into  notice  and  settled  by  the  discovery  of 
copper  or  silver  mines  of  value  sufficient  to 
induce  capitalists  to  organize  Mining  Oom- 
panies.  < 


CuppiR  Region  or  Lars  St7PXEioft»» 
North  Shorr. 

See  Whitnty's  MtiaUic  Wealth  of  Ot 
United  Stales,  Phila.,  1854. 

The  North  Shore  of  Lake  P'  erior  it 
supposed  t  >  bo  very  rich  in  k  •■  nl  pro- 
ductions, although  as  yet  but  ,  .ially 
explored.  The  "Montreal  Minin,  'om- 
puny"  have  a  mine  which  is  u>      «iug  . 


.AND,  Ijinj  •bout  96  mil«a 
picoteD.  nciir  thu  niiddlt-  of 
mall  l)ody  of  land  attacheii 
;  is  UBuaUy  passed  in  night 
merB  are  on  thoir  route  to 

25  miles  north  of  MicbipU 
lutidil  and  sooure  body  of 
rotected  by  an  island  tk  ita 
ro  is  a  wild  and  rugged  Heo* 
',  abouudlijg  in  game  of  Iha 
idea. 

ind  islands  are  found  along 
I  beyond  Otter  Head,  toward 
Inland,  and  said  to  bo  of 
;he  whole  coast  being  bold 
seen  IVom  the  water.  At 
iie  Pic  is  situated  a  Uudaoa 
B  Post. 

NDS  are  a  cluster  of  great- 
)  is  to  be  found  a  large  and 
lyinK  north  of  the  principal- 
group.  To  the  north,  on 
M-o  nuraeroas  bays  and  in- 
safe  harbor.  As  yet,  the 
f  the  north  alone  inhabits 
lanada  West,  which  nodoubt 
als  9f  different  kinds.  The 
Company's  vessels  now  af- 
aeans  of  visiting  tuip  inter- 
ivhich  can  alone  be  brought 
I  settled  by  the  discovery  of 
■  mines  of  value  sufficient  to 
its  to  organize  Mining  Com- 


_____  -  .;-a 

}N  or  Laex  Supxriob— • 

TORTB  SHORB. 

y's  MeiaUie   Wealth  e/  As 
Phila.,  1864. 

Shore  of  Lake  P-  erior  ii 
0  very  rich  in  k  ••  nl  pro-- 
ough  as  yet  but  ,  MIy 
0  "Montreal  Miuin.  'om« 
mine  which  is  m      «iuj(  , 


MOBTH  BHORB  OW  LAKI  SCPBRIOR. 


l45 


Worked  to  t  limited  extent  at  Ifamainse 
Pdint,  affording  gray  sulphuret  of  copper 
of  a  rich  quality.  The  "Quebec  and  Lake 
Superior  Mining  Association"  commenced 
operations  in  1846  at  Mlc*  Bay,  a  few 
miles  north  of  Maroainse,  on  a  rein  said 
to  bo  rich  in  gray  sulphuret  of  copper.  An 
adit  was  driven  200  feet,  three  shafts 
sank,  and  the  10-fathom  level  commen- 
ced. Alter  spending  $30,000  it  was  dis- 
covered that  the  mines  were  unproduc- 
tive, and  the  works  were  abandoned. 

A  number  of  localities  were  explored, 
and  worked  to  some  extent  on  Hiohipico- 
tcn  Island  and  on  the  mainland  to  the 
northward,  but  they  are  now  nearly  all 
abandoned.  A  surveying  party,  however, 
are  now  (I860)  engaged  in  exploring 
the  north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  under 
the  authority  of  the  Provincial  Parliament, 
in  order  to  be  able  to  report  in  regard  to 
the  mineral  region. 

The  northwest  borders  of  the  lake,  and 
in  particular  the  Island  of  St.  Ignace,  Black 
Bay,  Thunder  Capo,  Pie  Island,  and  the 
vkrinity  of  Prince's  Bay  are  supposed  to 
be  rich  in  both  copper  and  silver.  Splen- 
did crystallizations  of  amethystine  quartz 
and  oalc  spar  liave  been  obtained  on  Spar 
Island,  near  Prince's  Bay,  and  at  other 
localities. 


Fort  Wiluak,  an  important  Hudson 
Bay  Company's  Post,  is  advantageously 
situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kaministi- 
quia  River,  in  north  latitude  48  degrees 
23  minutes,  west  longitude  89  degrees  27 
minutes.  Here  is  a  convenient  wharf 
and  safe  harbor,  the  oar  off  the  month  of 
the  river  affording  7  or  8  feet  of  water, 
which  can  easily  be  increased  by  dredg- 
ing. The  Company's  building^  consint  of 
a  spacious  dwelling-house,  a  store,  and  3 
storehouses,  besictos  some  10  or  12  houses 
for  the  aooommodation  of  the  attachia 
and  servants  in  the  employ  of  the  above 
gigantic  company     The  hmd  is  cleared 


for  a  oonsiderable  distano*  on  both  sidat 
of  the  river,  presenting  a  thrifty  and  fer- 
tile appearanoe.  Wheat,  rye,  oats,  bar- 
ley, potatoes,  and  most  kinds  of  vegeta- 
bles are  hero  raised  in  abundance ;  also, 
grass  and  clover  of  different  kinds.  The 
early  frosts  are  the  great  hindrance  to 
this  whole  section  of  country,  which  ia 
rich  in  minerals,  timber,  furs,  and  fish: 
altogether  producing  a  g^^at  source  of 
wealth  to  the  above  company.  Pine, 
spruce,  hemlock,  cypress,  and  balsam 
trees  are  common,  also  white  bireh,  sugars 
maple,  elm,  and  ash,  together  with  some 
hardy  fruit-bearing  trees  and  shrubs. 

The  Roman  Cathotic  Mission,  situated 
2  miles  above  the  company's  post,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  an  interest- 
ing locality.  Here  ie  a  Roman  Catiudio 
church  and  some  SO  or  60  houses,  being 
mostly  inhabited  by  half-breeds  and  civH 
lized  Indians,  numbering  about  300  souls. 
The  good  influence  of  the  Roman  Catholia 
priests,  along  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior 
are  generally  admitted  by  all  unprejudiced 
visitors — the  poor  and  often  degraded  In- 
dian being  instructed  in  agriculture  and 
industrial  pursuits,  tending  to  elevate  the 
human  species  in  every  clune. 

McKay's  Mountain,  lying  if  miles  west 
of  Fort  William,  near  the  Roman  Cathdio 
Mission,  presents  an  abrupt  and  grand 
appearance  from  the  water,  being  elevated 
1,000  feet.  Far  inland  are  seen  other 
high  ranges  of  hills  and  mountains,  pre- 
senting altogether,  in  connection  with  the 
islands,  a  most  interesting  and  sublime 
view. 

KAHiSKiTiqciA,  or  "GaJt-mahnatekwai- 
ahk"  River,  signifying  in  the  Chippewft 
language  the,  "pioca  whi^e  there  are  many 
currents,"  empties  its  waters  into  Thun- 
der Bay.  This  beautiful  stream  affords 
navigation  for  about  12  miles,  when  rap- 
ids are  encoimterod  by  the  ascending  voy* 
ageur.  Some  30  miles  above  its  mouth  kl 
a  fall  of  about  300  feet  perpendicular  de- 
scent. - 


14« 


TBIP  THROUOH   TlIK   LAKKB. 


THvnn  Bat  prMenta  a  Uurge  ezpAOM 
«r  water,  b«iiif  about  25  milat  in  length 
and  ttom  10  to  IB  mUes  wide,  into  which 
flowi  MTcral  amall  ■treams,  abounding  in 
speckled  trout  Thunder  Cape,  on  the 
Mat,  is  a  most  remarkable  and  bold  high- 
laad,  being  elevated  1,360  feet  above 
Lake  Superior.  It  rises  in  some  places 
almost  perpendicular,  presenting  a  oasal- 
tio  appearance,  having  on  its  summit  an 
•ztinot  volcano.  From  the  elevated  por- 
tions of  Uiis  cape  a  grand  and  imposing 
Tiew  Is  obtained  of  surrounding  moun- 
tains, headlands,  and  islands— overlook- 
ing Itle  Royak  to  the  south,  and  the  north 
shore  iVom  UcKav's  Mountain  to  the 
BouUi  of  Pigeon  Btver,  near  Grand  Port- 
age, Minnesota. 

Pn  Island,  in  the  Indian  dialect  called 
"Makkeneeng"  or  Ibrtaiie,  boucding  Thun- 
der B^  on  the  south,  is  about  8  miles  long 
and  5  miles  wide,  and  presents  a  most 
•ingidar  i^pearance,  being  elevated  at 
one  point  860  feet  above  the  lake.  This 
bold  eminence  is  shaped  like  an  enormous 
ttovched  hat,  or  inverted  pie,  giving  name 
to  the  idand  by  the  French  or  English 
explorers,  while  the  Indiana  gave  it  the 
name  of  tortoise  from  its  singular  shape. 
This  elevated  point  is  basaltic,  rising  per- 
pendicular near  the  top,  like  the  Pamadet 
of  the  Hudson  Kver. 

TAuMfer  Bay,  and  its  vicinity,  has  long 
been  the  Atvorite  residence  of  Indian  tribes 
who  now  roam  over  this  vast  section  of 
country,  from  Lake  Superior  to  Hudson 
Bay  on  the  north.  Tlie  mountain  peaks 
they  loolc  upon  with  awe  and  veneiation, 
often  ascribing  some  fabulous  legend  to 
prominent  locaUties.  A  learned  Mission- 
ary, in  describing  this  interestii^  p<»tion 
of  Lake  Superior  and  its  inhabitaLta,  re- 
marked, that  "  tlie  old  Indiana  were  of  the 
opinion  that  thunder  ekmda  are  large 
gigantic  birds,  having  their  nests  on  high 
hiUs  or  mountains,  and  who  made  them- 
selves heard  and  seen  very  {Bit  off.  The 
hiead  they  described  as  resembling  that  of 


a  huge  eagle,  having  on  one  side  a  wing 
and  one  paw,  on  the  other  side  an  arm 
and  one  foot  The  lightning  is  suppo!<ed 
to  issue  trom  the  extremity  of  tho  Iwak 
through  the  paw,  with  which  they  likunch 
it  forth  in  &mj  darts  over  tho  surrounding 
country." 

Black  Bay,  lying  east  of  Thunder  Oape, 
is  46  miles  long,  and  from  six  to  eight 
miks  wide,  being  encompassed  on  both 
sides  by  high  andloftyhiUs.  Towards  the 
north  aro  two  peaked  eminences  termod 
ttie  Manxlonn  or  Papa,  trom  their  singular 
formation,  resembling  a  female's  breast, 
when  seen  at  a  distance. 

Ntepigon  Bay  is  another  romantic  sheet 
of  water,  containing  a  number  of  beautiful 
wooded  islands.  It  is  about  forty  miles 
long  and  fifteen  miles  wide,  being  mostly 
surrounded  by  high  and  rocky  eminences. 
Here  the  explorer,  hunter,  and  angler  may 
alike  enjoy  themselves  with  the  wonders 
of  the  surrounding  scene.  Copper,  silver, 
lead,  and  precious  stonos  are  here  to  be 
found  in  abundance  on  the  iHlands  and  the 
mainland;  while  there  is  no  end  to  the 
game  and  fish  of  this  region. 

The  Island  of  St.  Ignace,  lying  on  the 
north  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  is  a  large 
and  important  body  of  land,  being  rich  In 
minerus  and  precious  stones.  It  is  about 
17  miles  long  and  six  miles  wide;  the 
hills  rising  to  1,300  feet  in  some  places, 
giving  it  a  wild  and  romantic  appearaoce 
lirom  Uie  water.  Here  are  five  small 
lakes,  all  being  connected,  and  tlie  outlet 
forming  a  beautiful  stream,  with  rapids 
and  MIs.  Large  quantities  of  brook  taxmt 
make  these  lakes  and  streams  their  favor- 
ite resort,  they  being  but  Itequer-tly  virit- 
ed  except  by  the  trapper  and  miner. 
Copper,  silver,  and  lead  are  said  to  be 
found  on  this  island  in  large  quantities,  as 
well  as  on  other  islands  in  its  vicinity. 
The  whole  archipelago  and  mainland  hero 
afford  good  and  safe  harbors ;  the  Canada 
side  of  Oio  lalvcs  being  greatly  favored 
in  this  respect 


having  on  one  side  •  wing 
on  the  other  lide  an  arm 
The  lightning  in  8iippo!<ed 
the  extremitr  of  tho  bvalc 
w,  with  which  they  litunch 
ditfta  over  tho  surrounding 

f  ing  east  of  Thunder  Cape, 
ng,  and  from  six  to  eight 
iing  encompassed  on  both 
Ddlofty  hills.    Towards  the 

peaked  eminenoes  temiod 
>r  Alps,  trom  their  singular 
Bmbling  a  female's  breast, 
i  distance. 

y  is  another  romantic  sheet 
ining  a  number  of  beautiful 
a.  It  is  about  forty  miles 
n  miles  wide,  being  mostly 

high  and  rocky  eminences. 
>rer,  hunter,  and  angler  may 
sinaelves  with  the  wonders 
iing  scene.  Copper,  silver, 
ious  Btonos  are  here  to  be 
lance  on  tho  ialande  and  the 
lie  there  is  no  end  to  the 
of  this  region. 
of  St.  Ignace,  lying  on  the 
f  Lake  Superior,  is  a  large 
body  of  land,  l>eing  rich  In 
precious  atones.  It  is  about 
;  and  six  miles  wide;  the 
I  1,300  feet  in  some  places, 
Id  and  romantic  appearance 
ter.  Here  are  five  small 
g  connected,  and  ttie  outlet 
autiful  stream,  with  rapids 
rge  quantities  of  brook  trout 
kes  and  streams  their  favor- 
f  being  but  (tequently  visit- 
f  the  trapper  and  miner. 
r,  and  lead  are  said  to  be 
island  in  large  quantities,  oa 
thcr  islands  in  its  vicinity, 
^ipelago  and  mainland  here 
id  safe  harbors ;  the  Canada 
akes  being  greatly  favored 


•*H : 


RAILROAD  AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTES 

7io)i  THi  OiT»  or  Niw  YosK  to  Lau  StJpmtOR  and  thi  Uppib  Mississipn 

RlVKB — COMBIinMO  COUrOBT  AND  SPUO. 


1.  By  Day  Boats  running  to  Albany 
flrom  the  foot  of  Desbrosses  Street;  or 
the  Feople't  Line  of  Steamers,  running 
ttom  the  foot  of  Canal  Street  every  even- 
ing at  6  p.  H.,  affording  the  most  de- 
,  airable  route  for  pleasure  travelers  to 
Albany  and  Niagara  Falls,  the  latter 
iMing  one  of  the  grandest  objects  of  ad- 
miration and  instruction  on  the  Continent 
of  America.  Here  the  combined  waters 
of  all  the  great  Inland  Seas  plunge  over  a 
perpendicular  precipice  of  160  feet  de- 
scent A  few  days  can  here  be  profitably 
employed  in  viewing  the  varied  scenery 
both  on  the  American  and  the  Canadian 
side  of  Niagara  River,  here  forming  one 
of  the  most  magnificent  works  of  Na- 
ture. 

Going  Westward  by  Railroad,  the 
tourist  has  a  choice  of  two  favorite  lines 
of  travel,  viz.,  by  the  Lake  Shore  Line 
Bailrvad,  running  from  Buffalo  to  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  183  miles ;  or  by  the  Grtal 
Western  BaiLiay  of  Canada,  terminating 
opposite  Detroit,  Mich.,  230  miles  dis- 
tant from  Suspension  Bridge. 

On  arriving  at  Cleveland  or  Detroit, 
the  tourist  intending  to  visit  Lake  Su- 
perior, or  the  Upper  Missisappi,  can  pro- 
ceed by  railroad  to  Chicago  or  Milwaukee, 


ftrom  both  of  which  places  lines  of  Rail- 
road run  to  the  Mississippi  River,  con- 
necting with  steamera,  or  to  Qreen  Bay, 
Wis.,  the  latter  forming  a  favorite  through 
route  'M  Lake  Superior,  passing  through 
Qreen  Bay,  a  most  beauUnil  sheet  of 
water,  120  miles  in  length  and  20  or  30 
miles  in  width. 

The  Lake  Superior  Line  of  Skamm, 
running  fhom  Cleveland  and  Detroit,  af- 
ford the  pleasure  traveler  seeking  health 
and  enjoyment  one  of  the  most  grand 
excursions  on  the  face  of  the  globe — pass- 
ing through  Detroit  River,  Lake  St 
Clair,  St.  Clair  River,  Lake  Huron,  St 
Mary's  River,  and  over  the  pure  ■ind 
magnificent  waters  of  Lake  Superior. 

The  tourist  desiring  to  visit  Mackinac^ 
Green  Bay,  Milwaukee,  or  Chicago,  can 
proceed  by  Propeller  Line  of  steamers, 
passing  through  the  romantic  Straits  of 
Mackinac  and  Lake  Michigan  to  their 
place  of  destination. 

Both  of  the  above  great  Steamboat 
lines  of  travel,  being  aboal  1,000  miles  in 
length,  terminating  at  Superior  City,  Wis , 
and  at  Chicago,  III.,  passing  through  St. 
Clair  ^ver  and  Lake  Huron,  afford  un- 
rivaled opportunities  to  view  the  grandest 
lake  and  river  scenery  imaginable. 


148 


3.  Railboad  Sotrrs,  yia  Central 
Ba^way  of  Nao  Jtnty  and  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Central  Railway,  affords  a  most  di- 
rect and  speedy  mode  of  conveyance  to 
Harrisburg,  Pittsburgh,  Clevelaud,  and 
Chicago. 

Passenger  trains  leave  New  York 
soveral  times  daily  from  Pier  15,  Korth 
River,  running  to  Easton,  Penn.,  from 
thence  to  Harrisburg,  183  miles  from 
the  City  of  New  York.  Here  the  line  of 
travel  connects  with  the  Northern  Central 
liaHteay,  extending  frx>m  Baltimore,  Md., 
and  with  the  Pennsylvania  Central  Rail- 
way  (106  miles  from  Philadelphia),  run- 
ning westward  to  Pittsburgh,  a  further 
distance  of  249  miles,  passing  over  the 
Alleghany  range  of  mountains.  From 
Pittsburgh  passenger  trains  leave  several 


times  daily  for  Cleveland,  Ohio,  via  the 
Cleveland  and  Pilk'jurgh  Railway,  l&O 
miles  in  length ;  total  distance  from  New 
York  681  miles. 

Steamers  and  Propellers  of  a  large 
oUuM  leave  Cleveland  daily  during  the 
season  of  navigation  for  all  the  Upper 
Lake  porta,  stopping  at  Detroit  to  land 
and  receive  pasengers. 

Passenger  trains  also  leave  Pittsburgh 
several  times  daily,  for  Chicago,  via  th* 
Pittstm-gh,  Fart  Wayne,  and  Chicago  Rail- 
way, 468  miles  in  length.  This  great  rail- 
Way  line  affords  the  most  direct  route  be* 
tween  the  cities  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
delphia to  Chicago,  the  Mississippi  River, 
and  to  Omaha,  situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  the  Missouri  River,  here  connecting 
with  the  great  Central  Pacific  Railway,  ■; 

_^______  >-««? 


>    Table  of  DIttancei. 

miet. 

New  Yobk  to  Hareisbubo,  Penn 183 

HABBiBBUEa  to  PiTTSBDKOH,  Penn 249 — 432 

PlTTSBUBGH  tO  CHICAGO,  111 468—900 

CHiCAa9  to  Omaha,  Neb 494-1394 

Steamers  run  from  Omaha  to  Fobt  Bentok,  on  the  Upper  Missouri  Biver, 
luring  the  season  of  navigation. 

DiBEOT  RAILBOAD  ROUTB  fBOM  NEW  YOBK  TO  Si.  PATO. 

MUea. 

New  Yobk  to  Pittsbubqh,  Penn 432 

PiTTSBtJBOH  to  Chicago,  111 468—900 

CraoAOO  to  Pbaibib  DD  Chien,  Wis 230-1130 

Praibib  du  Chibk  to  St.  Paul,  Mmn 2ia-134a 


r  Cleveland,  Ohio,  via  the 
PitUhwgh    BaHway,  160 
t ;  total  distance  from  New 
s. 

nd  FroiMUers  of  a  large 
lereland  daily  during  the 
rigation  for  all  the  Upper 
topping  at  Detroit  to  land 
isengers. 

rains  also  leave  Pittsburgh 
daily,  for  Chicago,  via  the 
'<  Wayne,  and  Chicago  RaU- 
3  in  length.  This  great  rail' 
it  the  most  direct  route  be- 
98  of  New  York  and  Phila- 
cago,  the  Mississippi  River, 
,  situated  on  the  west  bank 
iri  River,  here  connecting 
t  Central  Pacific  Railway. 


MU«i. 

183 

249—432 

468—900 

494-1394 

the  Upper  Missouri  Biver, 


E  TO  St.  PaOTi. 

MUea. 

432 

, 468—900 

230-1130 

212--134a 


THE  UPPER  MISSISSIPPI. 


Thi  vast  range  of  country  drained  by  the 
Mississippi  river  proper,  independent  of  its 
great  tributary,  the  Missouri  river,  em- 
braces most  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  and  a 
great  portion  of  the  States  of  Missouri, 
Iowa,  Wisconsia  and  Minnesota;  a  small 
part  of  the  waters  of  Illinois,  on  its  north- 
east border,  flows  into  Lake  Michigan, 
while  nearly  one  half  of  the  waters  of 
Visconsin  flow  in  the  same  direction, 
finding  their  outlet  through  the  Oreat 
Lakes  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river  into 
the  Atlantic  Ocean.  All  the  waters  of 
Missouri  and  Iowa  find  their  way  into 
the  Missouri  or  Mississippi  river,  and 
thence  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The 
waters  of  Minnesota  in  part  flow  north- 
ward, through  the  Rod  river  of  tlie  North, 
into  Lake  Winnipeg,  and  thence  into 
Hudson's  Bay.  A  portion  flows  eastward 
into  Lake  Superior,  whilst  its  most  im- 
portant streams  are  tlie  Upper  Mississip- 
pi, fed  tfy  numerous  lakes,  and  the  St. 


Peter's  or  Minnesota  river,  flklUng  mto 
the  Mississippi  a  few  miles  below  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

The  Mississippi  river  is  navigable  for 
steamers  of  a  large  class,  during  a  good 
stage  of  water  from  St.  Paul  to  St  Louis, 
a  distance  of  about  800  miles,  and  from 
St  Louis  to  New  Orleans  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year,  except  when  interrupted  by  ice, 
a  further  distance  of  about  1,200  miles; 
making  an  uninterrupted  navigation,  du- 
ring most  of  the  year,  of  upward  of  2,000 
miles,  from  the  Falls  of  St  Antliony,  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  also  navigable 
for  steamers  of  a  small  class  for  about  100 
miles  above  the  Falls  of  St  Anthony. 
The  eutire  navigation  of  this  (pvat  river 
and  its  numerous  tributaries  being  esti- 
mate1  at  16,000  miles. 

The  Area  and  Population  of  the  five 
States  mostly  drained  by  the  Missisflippi, 
areas  follows: 


Area  iq.  mtlML 

Illinois 66,400 

Missouri 66,000 

Iowa 66,000 

Wisconsin 63,924 

Minnesota 83,600 


|)nlatlon,  lUO, 

FopuUtloa,  18«9. 

1,711,051 

est  2,000,000 

1,182,012 

"    1,300,000 

674,913 

764,732 

776,881 

868,326 

172,023 

264,600 

Total 312,824 


4,616,780 


B,187,e57 


This  rich  and  fertile  portion  of  the 
Union,  when  as  densely  populated  as  the 
State  of  New  York,  rill  contain  about 
26,000,000  inhabitants,  and  be  capable  of 


raising  annually  an  immense  amount  of 
bread  stuffs,  meats,  and  other  agricultiiral 
products  for  home  consumption  and  for- 
eign markets. 


160 


TBI  vrm  xissiBsipn. 


Agricultural  Productt.—Tha  ■ 
by  the  report  of  the  Commissioi. 
Ststoa. 

Illinois. 28,501 ,421 

Missouri  (I860) 4,227,686 

Iowa 16,163,323 

Minnesota 4,426,4«7 

Wisconsin 20,301,920 


ring  wore  the  principal  agricultural  product* 

jf  Agriculture,  for  1866. 

BnshcU  Wheat.         Indtsn  Corn. 

165,844.350 

72,892,157 

62,288,184 

6,577,795 

9,414,583 


Oats. 
30,054,370 

3,680,870 
11,607,749 

4,388,848 
17,174,086 


Tottl 73,265,717         297,018,069        67,906,923 


All  this  immenM  product,  together  with 
Tegetables,  beef,  pork,  and  lumber,  finds 
its  outlet  by  means  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  the  Lakes  and  8t  Lawrence  river, 
and  the  numerous  Railroads  running  to 
Eastern  markets. 

The  principal  cities  and  centers  of  trade 
for  the  above  States,  lying  on  navigable 
waters,  and  from  which  Railroads  diverge 
to  different  i^ections  of  the  country,  are 
St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Dubuque, 
and  St.  Paul  Between  these  different 
cities  a  healthy  rivalry  exists  for  the  trade 
of  this  great  North- Western  region,  which 
is  annually  increasing  in  population  and 
wealtli. 

A  large  number  of  Steamers  run  be- 
tween St.  Louis,  Dubuque,  and  St  Paul, 
stopping  at  intermediate  landings,  afford- 
ing daily  opportunities  for  travelers  visit- 
ing the  Upper  Mississippi,  now  annuaUy 
thronged  with  pleasure  seekers  and  in- 
valids in  search  of  health. 

Steamers,  propellers,  and  sailing  ves- 
sels run  iVom  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and 
other  lake  ports  on  Lake  Michigan,  to 


Green  Bay,  Mackinac,  Lake  Superior,  D*^ 
troit,  Cleveland,  Buffalo,  and  Lake  Onta* 
rio,  via  the  Wellaad  CanaL  These  steam- 
ers and  propellers  are  usually  thronged 
with  passengers  dniing  the  summer 
months.  Mackinac,  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and 
the  different  ports  on  Lake  Superior  being - 
delightftil  and  healthy  places  of  resort 

A  Railroad  and  Steamboat  route  is  now 
in  operation,  running  from  Chicago  to 
Green  Bay,  and  thence  to  Marquette,  oo 
Lake  Superior,  affording  a  spoedy  con- 
veyance to  this  health  restoring  region. 
A  Railroad  is  also  in  progress  of  construc- 
tion to  run  from  Bayfield,  or  Superior 
City,  to  St  Paul,  Minnesota,  which,  when 
finished,  will  form  one  of  the  most  desi- 
rable railroad  and.  steamboat  routes  on 
the  Continent  of  America — thus  uniting 
the  travel  on  the  Mississippi,  with  the 
Great  Lakes  or  Inland  Seas  of  America, 
formmg  a  line  of  travel  from  New  Orieani 
to  Lake  Superior,  and  from  thence  to  Mon- 
treal and  Quebec,  a  distance  of  about  3,800 
miles,  or  in  other  words,  from  the  Otif  of 
Mexico  to  the  Gulf  of  St  Lawrence. 


TABLE  OF  DI8TAVCE8, 

Fbou  Nxw  Obleans  to  Quebec,  via  Lake  SupIebiob. 


CmM,  *«.  Mllei. 

mew  Orleans oo 

Baton  RouQK,  La 135 

VioKSBUBO,  Miss 887 

HELBKA,Ark 715 

Meuphir,  Tenn 800 

Caibo.  lU 1,020 

St.  LOUIS,  Mo 1,247 

PuBuguE,  lowfl 1,107 


Crtm,  *«.  MU«t. 

La  Obobse,  Wis -••  1,863 

St.  PAUL,  Minn 2,060 

SUPEBIOH  ClTT 3,220 

Saut  Ste.  Mabib 2,720 

Detboit,  Mich 3,093 

ToBONTO,  Can. 8,317 

MONTBEAIi 3,660 

<|nebec 8,820 


Ml  agricultural  product* 


5. 

Corn. 

Oats. 

1.350 

30,054,.H70 

2,157 

3,680,870 

8,184 

18,607,719 

7,795 

4,388,848 

4,583 

17,174,086 

8,069        67,906,923 

ikinac,  Lake  Superior,  D*^ 
,  Boffalo,  and  Lake  Ont»- 
llaadCanaL  Tiieae  steam- 
lers  are  usually  thronged 
rs  dating  the  summer 
inac,  Saut  Ste.  Marie,  and 
rts  on  Lake  Superior  being - 
lealthy  places  of  resort, 
ad  Steamboat  route  is  now 
unning  from  Chicago  to 
I  thence  to  Marquette,  on 

affording  a  sptjedy  con- 
}  health  restoring  region. 
iBO  in  progress  of  construo- 
om  Bayfield,  or  Superior 
1,  Minnesota,  which,  when 
>rm  one  of  the  most  deti- 
and.  steamboat  routes  on 
of  America — thus  uniting 
the  Mississippi,  with  the 

Inland  Seas  of  America, 
Bf  travel  from  New  Orieans 
)r,  and  from  thence  to  Mon- 
ic,  a  distance  of  about  3,800 
ler  words,  from  the  Chif  of 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

I  SnpiEBiOB. 

MIlM. 

is 1,863 

nn 2,060 

■ 2,220 

aiB ^.'SO 

t 3,093 

8,31T 

8,660 

3,820 


suuKuii  A«B  aTaurMM 


vk 


....»»,  ^..'«viu;;'«,^;  -  TABU  OF  JfJSfSAMCWB, 

From  the  Crrrof  Ksw  Yobk,  to  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  by  fbe  moat  DmoT  Room 
Cmcg,  Ac  Lwia  or  Tvatil.  Mtbib 

Nkw  ToBKto  AidAinr,  yi»  Hudson  River  Bailroad 145 

Albant  to  SusFKNsioir  Bbido^'  via  Mw  Toi*  OmIniJktanad 804-449 

SusPBHmoH  Buooa  to  Phboit,  Mich.,  via  Ot  Wetlem  Ra&road  of  Canada  230-679 
Dethor  to  Graho  Hatek,  Mich.,  via  Dtlroit  and  Mawaukee  Bailroad. . . .  139-868 
Qband  Haven  to  Milwaukbb,  Wis.,  via  Steamboat  JRoute  across  Lake 

Michigan 85-963 

MiLWAnKEE  to  La  CBOeSB,  Wi&,  via  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad.. . .  .196-1,148 
LaCbosbe  to  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  via  Steamboat  Route  on  Mississippi  river.  .210-1,868 
•*"  DisUmct  from  Boston  to  St.  Paul,  via  Detroit,  etc,  1,403  milei>. 


Railroad  and  Steamboat  Route, 

From  the  Citt  of  Nnr  Yobk  to  Supebiob  Citt,  Wuconbik. 
Cmcs,  iuk,  lams  or  Tbatbu 

New  Yore  to  Duneibk,  y'lakErieRaOroad 460 

Dunkirk  to  Cleveland,  Ohio,  via  Lake  Shore  Railroad 143-603 

Cleveland  to  Detroix,  Mich.,  via  Steamboat  Route  across  Lake  &ie 120-723 

Detroit  to  Port  Huron,  Mich.,  via  Steamboat  Route 73-'i96 

Port  Huron  to  Saut  Ste.  Maris,  Mich.,  via  St&imboat  Route  crossing  Lakt 

Buron 300-1,090 

Saut  Ste.  Marie  to  Marquette,  Mich.,  via  Steainboat  Route  crossing  Lake 

Superior.  160-1,266 

Marquette  to  Ontonaoon*,  Mich.,  via  Steamboat  Route  crossing  Lake 

Superior 220-1,476 

Ontonaoon  to  Bayiirld,  Wis.,  via  Steamboat  Route  crossing  Lake  Superior  .1i-l,M^ 
BATriELD  to  Superior  City,  Wis.,  v'a    "         "  "         "        "        80-1,634 

The  above  Great  Railroad  and  Si    n-  and  on  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  run 


boat  Routes,  extending  from  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  to  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Missiosippi  river,  and  to  the  bead  of 
Lake  Superior,  passing  through  Lake  Hu- 
ron, now  forms  two  great  lines  of  travel. 
East  and  West. 

The  Railroad  lines  from  New  York  and 
Boston,  to  Chicago  and  Milwaukee,  and 
to  Prairie  du  Chien  and  La  Crosse,  lying 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
are  running  throughout  the  entire  year, 
affording  great  facilities  for  pasaenger  and 
freight  traffic. 

Tlie  St<^amer8  on  the  Upper  Mississippi, 


for  about  seven  months  in  the  year,  from 
May  to  the  first  of  December,  affording 
great  facilities  for  the  carrying  of  poaaen* 
gers  and  heavy  freight. 

These  g^eat  through  lines  of  travil 
connect  with  the  Grand  Think  Raihoav  of 
CoModa,  and  with  the  Pennsyhiawia  Rail- 
roads, ail  of  which  tend  to  give  increased 
facilities  to  reach  the  head  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior and  the  Upper  Mississippi,  being  on 
the  direct  route  toward  Montana,  Icktho, 
Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory — pass- 
ing the  Grold  Fields  lying  contiguous  to 
the  Rocky  Moulitains. 


•A  Railroad  is  under  eonstnicUon  to  extend  IVoiB  Marquette  to  Ontonsgon,  s  diatanea  of  akwl 
MO milea,  whlot  will  ahortan  thedittaneo  to  tha bawl  uf  I«ke  Dnperior  about  100 milai. 


IAS 


TO  urtnt 


Meatmbost  Bonte  ft— i  IM.  li*alB  tm  iNibn^ae  and  it.  P*«l 

Usual  Timb,  to  Dubvquk,  2ida78;  to  St.  Paul,  4i  days.     "tmmvQu  Fabi,  $20. 


ItAXDIKflt.  MHm. 

it.  liOVn 0 

Mouth  l£i8.iouri  River 30 

Alton,  ni 6—25 

Mouth  lUinois  River 

Cap  au  Oris 40 — 66 

ClarksviUe,  Mo 37-102 

Louisiana,  Mo 12-114 

HAKNIBAt,  Mo 30-144 

QuiKOT,  111 20-164 

Lagrange,  Mo 12-176 

Canton 8-184 

Alexandria,  Mo 20-204 

Warsaw,  Til 

Keokuk,  Iowa 4-208 

Montrose,  Iowa 12-320 

Nauvoo,  111 3-223 

Fort  Madison,  Iowa 9-232 

Pontoosuo,  111 6-238 

BuXLiKOTON,  Iowa 17-265 

Oquawka,  ni 16-270 

Keithsburg,  111 12-282 

New  Boston,  111 7-289 

MUSOATINK,  Iowa 18-307 

Rock  Islahd,  DL  )  ,.      , 

Davbhport,  Iowa  \ ^"^^^ 

Le  Claire,  Iowa 18-356 

Princeton,  Iowa 6-361 

Camanche,  Iowa 10-371 

Albany,  111 3-374 

Clinton,  Iowa 6-380 

FutTOH,  lU.    j 

LYOK8,Iowa  J '-382 

Sabulo,  Iowa 20-402 

Savanna,I11 3-405 

Bellevue,  lows 23-428 

Galbna,  ni 12-440 

Dubuque,  Iowa ; .  20-400 

gy  q\>  Chicago,  189)(Ue8, 


LAimma.  Mllet- 

Dunlbith,  111 1-461 

Potosi  Landing,  Wis 14-4^ 

Buena  Vista,  Iowa. 16-4d0 

Casoville,  Wis 4-494 

Outtenburg,  loWa 10-604 

Clayton,  Iowa. 12-616 

MoObboob, Iowa ...  ii-62'» 

Prairie  dn  Chien,  Wis  . .    3-630 

or  To  Chicago,  2:19  Miles. 

LynxTille,  Wis .,  14-644 

LAMsma,  Iowa. 16-660 

DeSoto,  Wis 6-66d 

Victory,  Wis. 10-676 

Bad  Ax  City,  Wis 10-686 

Brownsville,  Minn 16-603 

lACroMe,  Wis 12-614 

tW  To  MUwaukee,  195  Miles. 

La  Crescent,  Minn. 2-616 

Richmond,  Minn 16-633 

Trempeleau,  Wis.-. 6-637 

Winona,  Minn 17-654 

Fountain  City,  Wis 12-666 

Mount  Vernon,  Minn 14-660 

Minneisica,  Minn 4-A84 

Alma,  Wis 14-693 

Wabasha,  Minn 10-708 

Reed's  Landing 6-714 

Foot  Lake  Penin 2-716 

North  Popin,  Wis 6-723 

Lake  City,  Minn 6-727 

Maiden  Rock,  Wis 8-736-' 

Frontenao,  Minn 3-788 

RbdWino,  Minn 18-756 

Pbescott,  Wis 28-784 

Mouth  St.  Croix  Rivor. 

Pobi:  Douglass,  Minn l-'?85 

HACTiiyas,  Minn 3-788 

it.  PAVI-,  Minn 82-830 


mnne  and  St.  m41 

I.     'tmwvam  Fabx,  $20. 


laiet- 

1-461 

r,  Wi« 14-4A 

owa 16-4dd 

4-494 

>Wa 10-604 

12-61« 

wa 11-521 

I  Chlen,  Wis  . .    3-B30 
3ago,  2i9  Miles. 

I =  .  14-644 

...V 16-660 

6-B6d 

10-6t« 

^is 10-686 

[inn 16-603 

Wis 12-614 

waiikee,  196  Kiles. 

[ino. 2-616 

in 16-6M 

na.\ 6-63T 

[inn lT-654 

Wis 12-666 

,  Uinn 14-660 

in 4-A84 

14-898 

in 10-108 

< 6-1U 

in 2-716 

V^is..... 6-122 

inn B-12J, 

Wis 8-136* 

m 3-138 

Inn 18-156 

? 28-784 

roix  Rivor. 

I,  Minn 1-186 

n 3-188 ; 

Minn 32-820 


1«3 


f^eamboat  Route  fkwatM.JPaol  to  IMiteaqae  aad  §t.  liOOlt, 

CoMNEonNO  with  Railboam  running  to  MiLWAUKia  and  Obioaoo. 


-'hjummaa.  If  llm.  I 

St.    PAVI. Oi 

HAsn^GS,  Minn. 32 

Point  Douglass,  Minn 3 — 35 

Mouth  St.  Croix  River. 

fpRUOorr,  Wis 1—36 

ftaoWiNO,  Minn 28 — 64 

Head  Lake  Pepin 3 — 66 

Frontenac,  Minn 16 — 82 

£iden  Rock,  Wis 3—86 
nCiTT,  Minn 8—83 

Korth  Pepin,  Wis 6—98 

Reed's  Landing,  Minn 8-106 

W  ABABHAW,  Minn 6-112 

Ahna»Wi8 10-132 

Minneiskat  Minn 14-136 

Mount  Vernon,  Minn 4-140 

Fountain  City,  Wis 14-164 

Winona,  Minn 12-166 

Trempeleau,  Wis 11-183 

Richmond,  Minn 6-188 

La  Crescent,  Minn ^6-304 

La  Crosse,  Wis 2-206 

0r  To  Milwaukee,  196  Miles. 

&owns7ille,  Minn. 12-218 

BwlAzaty,  Wis 16-234 

Yictory,  Wis 10-244 

HeSoto,  Wis 10-254 

Lanbins,  Iowa 6-260 

^nxville.  Wis 16-216 

Prairie  du  Chlen,  Wis.. .  14-290 

fS'  To  Milwauk'je.  194  Miles. 

MoGbkqob,  Iowa 3-293 

Clayton,  Iowa 11-304 

Guttenburg,  Iowa 12-316 

(4Ls8viUe,  Wis 10-326 

Buona  Vista,  Iowa 4-303 

Patoei  Landing,  Wis. ...i  16.>.346 

DUKLEITH,  HI    14-359 


Dnbnqne,  lows 1-360 

t^  To  Chicago,  189  Miles. 

Galena,  lU , 20-380 

Bellevue,  lo'.a  12-393 

Savanna,  lU '23-41 5 

Sabula,  Iowa 3-418 

Ltokb,  Iowa )  QA_Aaa 

FULTOK.IIL   f ■"'^"' 

Clinton,  Iowa 2-440 

Albany.m 6-446 

Camanche,  Iowa 3-149 

Princeton,  Iowa 10-469 

Le  Claire,  Iowa 6-466 

Datbmpobt,  Iowa  )  ,o  jp. 

Rook  IsLAHD,  lU.  f ^*^* 

MtrsCATiNB,  Iowa 30-613 

New  Boston,  lU 18-631 

Keithsburg,  lU 7-638 

Oqvawka,  111 12-550 

BuBUNGTON,  Iowa 16-665 

Pontoosuo,  111 17-682 

Fort  Madison,  Iowa 6-688 

Naovoo,  lU 9-697 

Montrose,  Iowa 3-600 

Keokuk,  Iowa 12-61 2 

W«8aw,m 4-616 

Alexandria,  Mo 

Canton,  Mo 20-636 

Lagrajige,  Mo 8-644 

QciKCT,  HI 12-656 

Hannibal,  Mo art  «7o 

Louisiana,  Mo  30-706 

ClarksviUe,  Mo 12-718 

Capau  Gris 37-755 

Mouth  Illinois  River 
Alton,  111 <0-795 

Mouth  Missouri  River. ......     S-MO 

St.  liOIJIS 20-820 


mmmmmmmm 


154 


m\ 


rA »    ¥ 


TUB  \7vna 

TIBEI  OF  MITAVOM 

FiOM  St.  IiO0»  to  Vvir  Obuuks. 


tiAronioi.  Mtlei. 

St.  IA>i;iS,  Ko 00 

Jefforaon  Barracks l* 

Herculaneum 18 — 80 

So'ma,  Mo .5"!! 

8te.  Genevieve ■» — «•» 

Kaslnskia  Landing,  111 """S^ 

Mouth  Kaskaskia  River 15—80 

Chester,  Mo -^-ff 

Grand  Tower. ,. .  •  •  *6-13" 

Bainbridge l*-}*' 

Cape  Girardeau 16-166 

Commerce,  Mo 16-118 

Cairo,  lU 36-2M 

CoLUKBus,  Ken. 18-226 

Hldnnan,  Ken 26-380 

New  Madrid,  Mo 32-282 

Island  No.  11 6-287 

Needham'p  Cutoff. 64-341 

Plumb  Point 20-861 

Fulton,  Tenn 10-371 

Mouth  of  Hatchee  River <t-377 

Randolph 6-382 

memphU,  Tenn 66-447 


iiMwnras.  Mllei. 

Commerce,  Muw = 40-487 

Hkuna,  Ark 46-532 

Mouth  of  White  River 75-607 

NapoUDCW 88-642' 

0«lae«' Lantog. . ; 40-682 

Columbia,  Ark 20-702 

Greenville 12-71*.- 

Port  Worthington 30-744 

Grand  Lake,  Ark 6-74» 

Aahton 16-764 

Lake  Providence,  La 10-774 

MUlken's  Bend 60-824!' 

Vicktburg,  Misa 26-860 

Grand  Gulf,  Miss 60-900 

Rodney,  Miss "-Ol? 

NlUetaez,  Miss 60-97T 

Mouth  Red  River 60-1,037 

Bayou  Sara,  La 40-I.C77 

Port  Hudson,  La 11-1,08«- 

Baton  Rouffe,  La. 2*-J'"! 

Plaquemine,  La 26-1,137 

DOKAIDSONVILLB,  La 30-1,167 

NEW  ORLEANS,  La. ..  80-1,247 


Steamboat  Route  ft'om  St.  Paul  to  Blankato,  Minn 


MIlMh 

0 
6 


LAXDIKOt. 

St.  PACl..  ..,-.-    

Mondota 

Fort  Snelling 

Credit  River 10—18 

Bteomipgton *— 2* 

Shakopex. 12 — 32 

Chaska *— 3* 

Carver *— ** 

LouiBviUe *— *« 

Strait's  Landing. 10—66 

Sfc  I*wrence ' — ^ 

BeUe  Plalne «— «9 

Henderson H — **> 

LeSueur 10—90 

Ottawa 12-102 

St.  Peter. 1»-118 

■ANHLATO, 80-148 


LAlflinHM. 

MANKATO. 

St.  Peter 

Ottawa 

Le  Sueur 

Henderson 

BellePlaine 

St  Lawrence.... 
Strait's  Lauding. 

Louisville 

Carver 

Chaska 

Shakopek 

Bloomington.... 

Credit  River 

FortP  jUing... 

Mcuuota 

it.  PAUL... 


0 

30 

]«— 46 

12— SSf 

10—68 

11—79 

6—86 

7—92 

10-102 

4^101 > 

4-110 

6-116 

12-128 

4r-131 

10-142 
1-143 
»-14« 


S 40-487' 

46-63a 

9  Blver 75-601 

8S-e4«* 

y,.,: 40-683 

20-701 

la-TU,' 

ton 30-744 

LTk 6-74» 

1&-764 

Be,  I* 10-7H, 

60-82** 

,  Miss 26-8IH> 

188 60-000  ' 

17-9U 

lias 60-97t 

vet 60-1,037 

» 40-1.077 

La 11-1,086^ 

lUre,  La. 24-l,llS 

JaT... 26-1,137 

iB,  La 30-1,167 

LEANS,  La. ..  80-1,247 

[ankato,  Minn. 

Mflefr 

0 0 

SO 

16—46 

• •     1*"**"0  ^ 

10—68 

11—79 

6—86 

M 7—92 

10-102 

4r>ta«> 

4-110 

6-116 

12-128 

4r-131 

lo-ua 

1-143 

»-14a 


»itt 


1S5 


1. 


Wv   I  TBK!«  OomnKmORS  TO  CHMJAaO. 

Chicaso  and  lWorth*We«tern,  Dubuque  and  Slon.\ 
and  Dubuque  and  Snnth-Weatern  Railway. 


BTATIOHIk  HilM. 

Chlcaco —  0 

JuBotion ••         30 

EbOiN 12— 43 

BsLnoxRB 36 — 78 

RooKroBD 14—92 

Fmvobt 29-1 21 

DtWUlTH 67-188 

(Mistiasippi  river.) 

Dubuque,  Iowa 0 

Julien 10 

Peosta 6—16 

Epworth 4—19 

FaBLBT  JUNCTIOK 4r— 23 

Worthington ' — 3" 

Sand  Springs 7 — 37 

Monticello. 6—43 

Langworthy 4—47 

Anamosa ■ 1 — 64 

Viola 7— «1 

Springville * — 66 

Marion 8 — '3 

Cepab  Rapids 6—79 


BxA-noMt. 

Faklst  JcHonoN 

DversTille 

EarlviUe 

Delaware 

Manchistbb 

Masonville , 

Winthrop 

Independence. ...  

Jesup 

Raymond 

Waterloo 

Cedar  Falls 

New  Hartford 

Parkeraburg 

Apli'ng^n 

Ackley 

Iowa  Falls 

(Stagts.) 
Alden, 
Webster, 
Fort  Dodgk, 
Sioux  City  (Miasouri  river). 


City, 

Mlloa. 
23 
6—29 
8—37 
4—41, 
6—47 
7—64 
7—61 
8—69 
9—78 
9—87 
6—93 
6—99 

10-100 
9-119 
6-123 
9-132 

11-143 


:»»■» 


a.    Chicaso  and  Morth^Wcstern,  Dixon  Air  liine  and  loir 
Diviiion,  Cedar  Rapids  and  MiMourt  River  Railway. 


BTATtOHI.  MU^ 

Chicago 9 

Junction 30 

DtiOM 68—98 

{Junelion  lUittois  CeniraL) 
FuLTOH •.  3^-186 

(Mississippi  river.) 

Clinton,  Iowa 1-137 

Camanohe 6—142 

Low  Moor 6-147 

DeWitV 9-1&6 

Wheatland 16-172 

London 6-177 

Clarence '-184 

ICeohanicsrille 10-194 


Btatioki  '  Mll««. 

Mount  Vernon 0-203 

Cedar  Rapids l6-di» 

Btairstown 24^-243 

Belle  Plaino 10-25J 

Toledo.. 17-270 

Maraball 18-288 

State  Center 14-302 

Nevada. 17-319 

Roonaboro 21-340 

Jefferaon 30-370 

Deniaon 53-423 

St  John's  43-406 

Council  Bluffs 24-490 

Oausha,  Neb.. 4-48i 


150 


9.  Chleaffo  and  Rook  I«teB«,  WMlMlppI  and  SilMoarl 

Batlroadf. 


Jr^.i 


UllM. 

0 

■ 40 

44—84 

\\ 16—99 

,  .  X,  .   16-114 

Aidcki -  /-»d 68-182 

{Miniaipi,.  ntr.) 

Davenport,  Iowa a-i84 

Waloott 12-196 

Fulton 6-201 

Durant 2-203 

Wilton 6-209 

Unteatlne 13-222      {Stage,.) 

ClI™'.".'.'.'.''.'.'.'.'.".'.'*.'.'.'"-".'  10^244  Den  Molnet, 

wS^n";.".:::':::"'.:::'.  tl^icouncH  Binm. 

4.  Chicago,  BurllM ton  and  Opincjr,  Bnrllngton  and 
•  ^   •  nHuonrt  Railroads. 


BTATIOIIti 

WUton 209 

Moscow 3-213 

Atillssa 6-211 

West  Liberty 6-82» 

lowaCltjr 16-236 

Oxford 16-26S 

Markxoo • 1(>-2W 

Victor ri-28l 

Brooklyn 8-a8» 

Grinnell 16-304 

KxLLOoa c."  11-31* 


Miles. 

0 

40 

46—86 


BTA-nom. 

cnhlcago 

AVROBA 

Mbndota 

{IUmpiiC!mlr(UB.B.) 

GALKSBnBO Too 

Oquawka  Junction. 34-199 

B.  Burlington 10-209 

(Mississippi  river.) 

Burlington,  Iowa 1-210 

Xiddletown 9-ais 


Statiohs.  Mllci. 

Danville ^223 

New  London 6-229 

Mount  Pleasant  : •.    3-238 

Checauqua •  •     '-2*6 

Fairfield 16-260 

Whitfield 6-265 

Batavia '-2^ 

AgencyCity T-3« 

Ottnmwa 6-285 

Ohabiton 65-340 


S.   DeaHotnes  Talley  Railroad. 


SrATtoM.  Mile*. 

Keoknfc,  Iowa <> 

Sand  Priurie ...••  1* 

Belfast 6—20 

Ci-oton 6—25 

Farmington 6 — 30 

Bentonsport ^ — 30 

Bummit 6—48 

Tndependenca 1* — "9 


Btatiohs.  Mil*!. 

Ottnmwa 16—76 

Eddyvaie 19—92 

OSKAIiOOSA 7-101 

Leighton 8-108 

Pella 8-116 

Monroe 1*-130 

Prairie  CSty 10-140 

DetMolnet 22-163 


pi  and  ailMovrl 

MilM 

209 

3-213 

5-211 

s-aa» 

16-23» 

15-359 

l(i-2W 

l'i-«8l 

8-a8» 

16-304 


Hullb. 

Bnrltncton  and 

lattii. 

4^223 

6-229 

Qt  ! 3-238 

7-246 

16-260 

5-265 

1-272 

7-37» 

6-283 

, 65-340 

Iroad. 

ilflfi. 

16—76 

19—92 

7-101 

8-lOS 

8-116 

14-130 

10-140 

!«• 22-163 


CHICAGO, 


••Tub  Gabdbk  Cmr,"  the  largest  city 
of  Illinoia,  ia  advantageously  situated  on 
the  south-western  shore  of  Lalce  Miclii- 
gan,  at  the  mouth  of  Chicago  river,  in  N. 
Ut,  41*  62',  and  W.  long.,  from  Green- 
wich, 87*  36' ;  being  elevated  eight  to 
ten  fbet  above  the  lake,  the  level  of  wiiich 
great  body  of  water  is  678  feet  above  the 
Atlantic  Ocean.    This  city  has  within 
thirty  years  risen  from  a  small  settlement 
around  an  old  fort  (DearbornX  to  a  place 
of  great  commercial  importance,  being 
now  oae  of  the  largest  interior  cities  in 
the  United  States,  exhibiting  a  rapidity 
of  growth  and  wealth  never  before  known 
in  the  annals  of  the  country.    The  har- 
bor and  river  has  a  depth  of  from  12  to 
14  feet  of  water,  wiiich  makes  it  a  com- 
modious and  safe  haven;   and  it   has 
been  much  improved  artificially  by  the 
construct''-     oi  piers,  which  extend  on 
each  side  of  the  entrance  of  the  river,  for 
some  distance  jnto  the  lake,  to  prevent 
the  accumulation  of  sand  upon  the  bar. 
The  light-house  is  on  the  south  side  of 
the  harbor,  and  shows  a  fixed  light  on 
a  tower  40  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
lake;  there  is  also  a  beacon  light  on  the 
ond  of  the  pier.    In  a  naval  and  military 
pr^int  of  view,  this  ia  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant ports  on  the  Upper  Lakes,  and 
should  be  strongly  defended.    Alongthe 
river  and  its  branches,  for  several  miles, 
are  immense  grain  warehouses,  some  of 
wiiich  are  capable  of  storing  upward  of 
1,000,000  bushels  of  grain — and  along- 
side of  which  vessels  can  be  loaded  with- 
m  a  few  hours.    The  whole  capacity  for 
storage  of  grain  exceeds  10,000,000  bush- 
els.  There  are  also  immense  storehouses 
for  the  storage  of  flour,  beef,  pork,  whis- 
ky,  and  other  merchandise,  and  capa- 
cious docks  and  yards  for  lumber,  wood, 
coal,  *o.,  Chicago  now  befaig  one  of  ti» 


greatest  grain,  proviaion,  and  lumber 
markets  in  the  world;  the  shipment  of 
flour  and  grain  alone,  in  1866,  being 
upward  of  63,000,000  bushels. 

The  city  of  Chicago  ia  laid  out  at  right 
angles,  the  streets  run  fit>m  the  lake 
westward,  intersected  by  others,  all  of 
which  are  about  80  feet  wide ;  it  extends 
along  the  lake,  north  and  south,  about  8 
miles,  there  being  a  gradual  rise  in  the 
ground,  affording  a  good  drainage  inf  ' 
the  river  and  lake.  The  business  por- 
tion of  the  city  is  mostly  built  of  br  Ir 
and  a  fine  quality  of  stone,  sometl;  > 
called  "  Athens  marble."  This  stru.'  If 
found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  .  '^ 
highly  prized  as  a  building  materii^.  TI 
dwelling-houses  are  mostly  coD«t.uctb< 
of  wood,  except  costly  residenc.  »  vhich 
are  of  brick,  or  stone  and  marbk 

The  city  contains  a  United  .;  »* 
custom-house  and  post-oflSce  building, 
a  court-house  and  jail,  the  county  build- 
mgs,  a  Marino  Hospital,  Rush  Medical 
College,  and  Chicago  Medical  College ;  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  a  new  edifice, 
built  of  Athens  stone ;  a  new  opera  house, 
academy  of  music,  and  other  places  of 
amusement;  market  houses;  several  Urge 
hotels;  120 churches  of  difierent  denomi- 
nations, many  of  which  are  costly  edi- 
fices ;  15  banks ;  10  marine  and  fire  insur- 
ance companies;  gas  works  and  water 
works.  The  manufacturing  estabUsh- 
ments  of  Chicago  are  numerous  and  ex- 
tensive, consisting  of  iron  founderiea  and 
machine  shops,  raikoad  car  manufaotc^,  ( 
steam  saw,  planing,  and  flouring  mills, 
manufactories  of  agricultural  implements, 
breweries,  distilleries,  4c.  Numerous 
steamers,  propellers,  and  sailing  vessels 
ply  between  this  place  and  the  ports  on 
Lake  Michigan  and  Green  Bay ;  alao,  to 
the  Lake  Superior  ports,  Oolhngwood  and 


168 


TBU  Wvn  MUMIIWIWPL 


Ooderich,  Oan.,  Detroit,  Oleyelntid,  Dun- 
kirk, Buflalo,  aud  to  the  porta  on  Lake 
Ontario,  passing  through  the  Welland 
Cannl  vcssel.s  occasionally  sailing  td  and 
from  European  porta,  via  the  St.  Law- 
rence river. 

The  JUinoia  an,i  Michigan  Caned,  con- 
necting Lake  Mich'gnnwith  Illinois  river, 
which  is  60  feet  wide  at  the  top,  6  feet 
deep,  and  101  miUs  in  length,  including 
Ave  miles  of  river  navigation,  terminates 
here,  through  which  is  brought  a  large 
amount  of  produce  f^om  the  south  and 
southwest;  and  the  numerous  Railroads 
radiating  from  Chicago  add  to  Ihe  vast 
accumulation  which  is  here  shipped  for 
the  Atlantic  sea-board.  Chicago  being 
within  a  short  distance  of  the  most  exten- 
sive coal-fields  to  bo  foimd  in  Illinois, 
and  the  pineries  of  Michigan  andWiscon- 
sia  as  well  as  surrounded  by  the  finest 
grain  region  on  the  face  of  the  globe, 
makes  it  the  natural  outlet  for  the  varied 
and  rich  produce  of  an  immense  section 
of  fertile  country.  The  establishment  of 
the  great  Union  Stock  Yard,  during  the 
past  year,  will  render  Chicago  more  at- 
tractive than  ever  as  a  cattle  market 
The  receipts  of  beef  cattle  during  the  year 
ending  March  31,  1866,  amounted  to 
348,928 ;  the  total  number  of  hogs,  live 
wd  dressed,   being  1,178,832-;   the  re- 


ceipts of  lumber  during  the  year  ending 
March  SI,  1866,  amo  .nted  to647,145,7.'l4 
feet,  against  601,592,406  feet  received 
the  preceding  your.  Tlie  Lake  Tbnnit, 
now  in  progress  of  construction,  extend- 
ing about  two  miles  from  shore  under 
Lake  Michigan,  is  iutoiulcd  to  supply  the 
city  with  puro  and  wholesome  water. 
Two  Arleiian  Weltt  are  also  in  operation, 
situated  three  miles  west  of  the  lake, 
yielding  1,200,000  gallons  of  pure  water 
daily.  The  City  Hailroads  extend  to  the 
limits  of  the  city  in  every  direction,  af- 
fording a  cheap  and  speedy  mode  of  con- 
veyance, while,  from  the  numerous  rail- 
road depots,  pasaengdrs  are  conveyed  to 
remote  points,  east,  west,  north,  and 
south. 

Number  of  Viatela  arrii'ed  and  ckared  in 
1865,  with  thuir  Tonnage. 

Total  Vessels 1 0,061 

Total  Tonnage 3,092,276 

POPULATION    OP    CIIICAOO    AT    SirPRBKNT 
PERIODS. 

United  Statos  Census,  1840. . . .  4,853 

State  Census,   1  B4& 1 2,088 

ITnited  States  Census,  1850 79,963 

State  Census,  1855 80,000 

United  States  Census,  1860 109,260 

State  Census,  1865 178,800 


Laki  TmrHiL. 


Daring  the  month  of  March,  18G7,  the 
grand  work  of  the  age,  the  Lake  Tunnel, 
extending  two  miles  into  and  under 
Lake  Michigan,  was  completed,  fVirnish- 
ing  an  abundant  supply  of  pure  water 
for  the  city.  In  addition  to  the  above, 
the  splendid  new  blocks  of  buildings,  es- 


pecially the  Oriental  Building,  the  Mer 
cantile  Building,  and  the  magnificent 
Midiigan  Southern  and  Rock  Island  De- 
pot for  the  Pacific  Road,  are  ornaments 
to  the  city,  now  numbering  (1868) 
225,000  inhabiUnts. 


Principal  Hotels  in  Chicaqo. 


:il 


Nam* 
Adams  Houso, 
Briggs  House, 
Mattoson  House, 


LoOiTIOH. 

Lake  st.,  cor.  Mich.  ar. 
Randolph  t  Wells. 
Randolph  k  Dearborn. 


Kamr. 
Richmond  House, 
Sherman  House, 
Tremont  House, 


LocATioir. 
S.  Water  i.  Mich.  ar. 
Randolph  k  Clark. 
Lake  ft  Dearborn. 


. ,  1  >   'k 

or  during  the  jrenr  endm  j 
6,  arao.nttid  to  647,145,1.-14 
501,692,406   feet   received 

yonr.  The  Lake  Tunnr\ 
PH  of  eo'nstruction.  oxtend- 
3  miles  from  shore  under 
I,  is  Intuiidod  to  supply  the 
rd   and   wholesome   water. 

Welti  are  nlso  in  operation, 
)  miles  west  of  the  lake, 
i,000  gallons  of  pure  water 
7%  Railroadt  extend  to  the 
city  in  every  direction,  af- 
ip  and  speedy  mode  of  con- 
o,  from  the  numerous  rail- 
>a88eng^r8  are  conveyed  to 
9,   oast,   west,   north,    and 

•saels  arrived  and  ekared  in 
with  their  Tonnage. 

3l8 10,061 

age 3,092,216 

9F    CIIIGAOO    AT    DIFFEBENT 
PERIODS. 

I  Census,  1840. . . .  4,863 

1845 12,088 

I  Census,  1850. . . .  29,963 

1855 80,000 

I  Census,  1860 109,260 

1866 118,900 


Oriental  Building,  the  Mer 
jing,  and  the  magnificent 
ithern  and  Rock  Island  De- 
PaciBc  Road,  are  ornaments 
',  now  numbering  (1868) 
bitants. 


no. 

ouRC,  S.  Water  &,  Mich.  ar. 
use,     Randolph  k  Clark, 
use,    Lake  t  Dearborn. 


BAiuKuat— cnoAOO  fo  nuBnqm 


in 


Clileaffo  and  Nortli*WMtem  Ballwar  «■«  Its  Bnuiche». 

^  MIlM. 

1.  WiflooNSiu  Divmox.— Chioago  to  Green  Baj,  Wis 242 

2.  MII.WAUKSB  DiviHiOM. — Chicago  to  Milwaukee,  Wis  85 

3.  Kbmosiia  Division. — Kenosha  to  Rockford,  111 la 

4.  Madibok  Division.— Belvidere  to  Madison,  Wis 68 

6  PxNiNSULAB  Division. — Escanaba  to  Marquette,  Mich 68 

6.  Fox  RivEH  Vallbt. — Elgin  to  Geneva  Lake,  Wis 43 

1,  Galena  Division.— Chicago  to  Freeport,  III lai 

n.  Iowa  Division. — Chicago  to  Omaha,  Keb 49i 

Total .1,193 

Otber  Railroad*  dlTerginv  flrom  Chicago. 

Chicago  and  Rock  Island 183 

Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy 316 

Galesburg  and  Burlington  Branch 45 

Chicago,  Alton  and  St.  Louis 380 

Dlinois  Central*  (Chicago  to  Cairo) 366 

Chicago  and  Great  Eastern  (Chicago  to  Cincinnati) 294 

Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago 468 

Michigan  Southern  and  Northern  Indiana  (Chicago  to  Toledo,  Ohio) 243 

Michigan  Central  (Detroit  to  Chicago) 384 

Grand  Total 3,408 


BAILBOAD  BOVTE, 

From  Ghioaoo  tc  Galena,  DDKLBaxii,  and  Dubuque. 


Passenger  care  leave  the  Wells  Street 
depot,  Chicago,  morning  and  evening,  for 
Dunleith  and  Dubuque,  connecting  with 
Stkauebs  running  on  the  Mississippi 
river,  and  with  the  Dubuque  and  Sioux 
aty  Raikoay. 

On  starting  fVom  the  depot,  the  Galena 
IMvision  of  the  Chicago  and  North  west- 
em  Railway,  nins  west  to  the  limits  of 
the  city,  three  miles,  where  may  be  seen, 
on  the  right  hand,  the  celebrated  Arte- 
BIAH  Wells,  and  extensive  ice  house, 
where  an  immense  volume  of  pure  water 
!fl  flowing  continually,  rising  25  feet  above 


the  earth's  surface.  Here  are  two  wells, 
700  feet  in  depth,  yielding  1,200,000 
gallons  of  water  daily.  In  the  winter 
season,  the  water  is  conveyed  into  ozten> 
sive  reservoirs,  and  suffered  to  congeal, 
producing  ice  of  a  good  quality  for  dtj* 
consumption  and  shipment.  ' 

The  broad  prairie  land  is  next  reached, 
skirted  in  the  distance  by  a  small  growth 
of  timber. 

Harleu,  9  miles  from  Chicago,  is  a 
small  settlement,  surrounded  by  oak  and 
other  prairie  trees.  The  widespread 
prairie,  wita  a  rich  growth  of  grass,  and 


•  Main  Btanob,  Dnnlelth  to  CentraUa,  848  mlUi. 


lao 


THii  0PnB 


oxtenniTe  ooi-n-fleUa,  neztsttraots  tbe  at- 
tention of  the  trareler. 

OoTTAQB  Hiix,  16  miles,  is  a  small 
scottored  settlement,  surroundod  by  rich 
lands,  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation. 

Babcook'b  Osovb,  20  miles,  is  the 
name  of  a  settlement  surroundod  by  an 
extensive  range  of  torest  trees,  through 
which  the  railroad  track  passes. 

Danby,  22  J  miles,  is  a  small  village, 
surrounded  by  a  rolling  praino. 

Whbaton,  25  miles,  is  a  flourishing 
village,  where  is  situated  Wheaton  College, 
several  churches,  stores,  and  manufac- 
turing e'tnblishments. 

WisriKLD,  28  miles,  Is  surronnded  by 
forest  trees  and  prairie  openings  of  small 
size. 

Junction,  .10  miles.  Here  is  a  smnll  | 
settlement,  and  machine  shops  for  rail- 
road purposes.  The  Chicago,  Burlingbm, 
and  Quincy  Railroad  here  diverges  to- 
ward the  Southwest,  while  the  Dixon 
and  Iowa  Diuinim  of  the  Chicago  and 
Northwestern  Rnilway  nms  west  to  Ful- 
ton, situated  on  the  Mississippi  River. 

In  this  vicinity  may  be  found  the  prai- 
rie hen,  quail,  snipe,  plover,  ducks,  wild 
geese,  and  other  game  in  their  season, 
during  the  spring  and  fall  months. 

Wayne,  35  miles,  is  a  small  railroad 
station. 

Cliktontille,  39  miles,  is  situated  on 
Fox  River,  where  are  several  flouring 
mills,  propelled  by  water  power. 

ElVin,  42  miles  fh>m  Chicago,  situ- 
ated on  Fox  River,  is  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing town.  Here  are  several  flouring 
mills,  a  woolen  factory,  and  other  manu- 
facturing establishments,  propellesLby 
water  power.  There  is  also  an  extensive 
watch  manufactory,  giving  employment 
to  several  hundred  workmen.  Popula- 
tion, about  4,000.  The  Fax  River  VatUy 
Railroad  runs  north  frpm  this  place  into 
Wisconsin,  43  miles,  extending  through 


a  fertile  section  of  country,  which  be- 


comes aomawhat  hUly,  with  a  fln«  growth 
of  forest  trees. 
Qilbisrt's  Station,  60  miles. 
HuNTLBY,  55  miles,  is  a  scattered  vil- 
lage, surroundod  by  a  rich  section  of 
country,  where  may  bo  seen  an  extensivft 
level  prairie. 

Union,  621  miles,  is  a  small,  scattered 
settlement 

Karbnoo,  66  miles,  is  a  thriving  vil- 
lage, where  are  several  st^am  flouring 
and  other  mills. 

Garden  Prairik.  12  mOes,  is  a  small 
village,  surrounded  by  a  fine  section  of 
country,  producing  com  and  wheat  in 
great  abundance. 

BelTldere,  78  miles  fVom  Chicago^ 
is  a  large  and  flourishing  village,  situated 
on  Kishwaukee  river,  flowing  into  Rock 
river.  It  is  the  capital  of  Boone  County, 
and  contains  about  3,500  inhabitants. 
Hsie  are  two  flouring  mills  and  other 
m.vaufacturing  establishments,  propelled 
by  water  power  j  several  churches,  hotels, 
and  stores. 

The  BeMi  and  Maiiaon  RaCroad,  68 
miles  in  length,  extends  north  through  a 
fertile  section  of  country. 

Cbbrrt  Vallbt,  84  miles,  is  situated 
on  Kishwaukee  river,  which  is  here 
crossed  by  a  long  wooden  bridge. 

The  City  of  Rockford,  93  miles 
from  Chicago,  and  96  from  Dunloith,  U 
advantageously  situated  on  Rock  river, 
where  is  a  good  water  power.  It  is  tlia 
capital  of  Winnebago  County,  and  con- 
tains, besides  the  county  buildings,  four- 
teen churches,  three  national  banks,  sev- 
eral public  houses,  and  numerous  stores. 
There  are  several  flooring  milltj,  saw  mills, 
a  cotton  factory,  two  woolen  factories, 
and  several  other  factories,  employing 
water  power.  Population,  about  10,000, 
The  Kenosha  Division  of  the  Chicago 
and  Northwestern  Railway  terminates 
here,  being  72  miles  in  length. 
WumBBAGO,  99  miles,  is  a  small  village. 


>t  hilly,  with  a  fine  growth 

rATiOif,  60  miles. 
i  rollea,  is  a  scattered  vll- 
iod  by  •  rich  section  of 
)  may  be  M«n  an  extoo8iv6 

miles,  ii  a  imall,  scattered 

tS  miles,  is  a  thriviiig  vil- 
re  several  stoam  flouring 
s. 

lAiRiK.  72  mOes,  is  a  small 
mded  by  a  fine  section  of 
udng  com  and  wheat  in 
ce. 

re,  18  miles  fVom  Chicago, 
flniiriahiog  Tillage,  situated 
!e  river,  flowing  into  Rock 
le  capital  of  Boone  County, 
about  3,600  inhabitants. 
>  flouring  mills  and  other 
;  establishments,  propelled 
tr;  several  churches,  hotels, 

and  Madiwn  Railroad,  68 
h,  extends  north  through  a 
of  country. 

LiLKT,  84  miles,  is  situated 
tee  river,  which  is  here 
ong  wooden  bridge, 
f  Rockford,  92  miles 
),  and  96  from  Dunloith,  ia 
ily  situated  on  Rock  river, 
)od  water  power.  It  is  tlie 
innebago  County,  and  con- 

1  the  county  buildings,  four- 
9,  throe  national  banks,  sev- 
juses,  and  numerous  stores, 
eral  flouring  millts,  saw  mills, 
tory,  two  woolen  factories, 
other  factories,  employing 
,  Population,  about  10,000. 
■ha  Division  of  the  Chicago 
restem  Railway  terminates 

2  miles  in  lengtii. 

K>,  99  miles,  is  a  small  viUago. 


oufMOO  TO  pnvqrai 


HI 


Pko  ATOXIC  A,  106  miles,  is  a  small  set- 
tlement situated  on  a  stream  of  the  same 
name. 

RiDOUT  Station,  114  miles. 

The  City  of  Freetovrt*  121  miles 
from  Chicaf<o,  and  67  from  Dunleith,  the 
capital  of  Stephenson  County,  is  favorably 
situated  on  Pocatoniea  river,  beinj?  sur- 
rounded by  a  very  fertile  section  of  coun- 
try. By  moans  of  a  dam,  a  good  water 
power  Is  ohtaloed,  and  used  for  propel- 
ling tburlng  mills,  and  other  mills  and 
factories.  Here  are  ten  churches,  two 
banks,  several  hotels,  numerous  stores, 
and  about  9,000  inhabitants.  The  Weit- 
em  Union  liaHroad,  extending  from  Ra- 
cine, Wis.,  to  Savanna,  on  the  Mississip- 
pi, runs  through  Freeport,  whore  termi- 
nates the  Chicago  and  North- Wailem 
Railway ;  the  lUinoU  Cereal  Railroad, 
nmuing  fi-om  Cairo,  continues  on  to  Dun- 
leith. 

BuEROT,  129  miles,  is  a  small  village. 

Lina,  134  miles,  is  a  small  place,  sur- 
rounded by  rich  prairie  lands. 

NoBA,  142  miles,  is  a  small  settlement. 

'Warbkn,  145  miles  from  Cliicago,  ia 
situated  near  the  State  line,  whicli  di- 
vides Il'inAia  from  Wisconsin,  beinz  32 
miles  south  of  Mineral  Point,  which  ia 
theoenter  of  the  lead  region  of  Wiscon- 
sin. Warren  is  a  flourishing  place  for 
trade,  being  surrounded  by  a  rich  agri- 
cultural and  mineral  section  of  country. 
Population,  2,500. 

Apple  River  Station,  151  miles. 
Here  the  country  becomes  rough  and  bro- 
ken, surrounded  by  the  lead  region  of 
niinois  and  Wisconsin.  Westward,  the 
uilroad  passes  through  some  deep  cuts, 
and  ovc-r  liigh  embankments. 

Scale's  Mouno,  160  miles,  is  a  small 
settlement,  surrounded  by  a  hilly  section 
of  country,  filled  with  lead  mL:«8. 


Council  IlaL,  16S  miles,  is  snother 
small  Hcttlcmont,  surrounded  by  lead 
mines,  whoro  excavotions  may  bo  seen 
aloDg  the  rcadsido.  Westward  the  line 
of  thu  railroad  is  very  crooked,  preMat- 
ing  some  beautiful  scenery  aa  you  ap- 
proach Fevre  River. 

The  City  of  GaleiUl,n2  miles  west  of 
ChIaa(;o,  tlio  capital  of  Jo  Daviess  County, 
la  an  old  and  flourishing  plaoe  of  businotx, 
situated  on  Fevre  river,  »\x  miles  above  its 
entrance  into  the  MiMisaippi  river.  It  is 
situated  in  a  romantic  ravine,  and  on  hill- 
sides of  great  natural  beauty.  Oalena 
owes  its  importance,  mainly,  to  the  rich 
mines  of  lead  with  which  it  is  surround- 
ed, and  possessing  a  secure  harbor  for 
steamers.  Here  are  eight  or  ten  churohes, 
two  banks,  several  hotels,  numerous 
stores,  and  many  fine  private  dwellings. 
Population,  about  8,000.  The  trade  of 
this  city,  formerly,  was  very  exleasive, 
but  since  the  completion  of  the  railroad 
to  Dunleith,  and  access  to  Dubuque,  it 
ha.a,  in  part,  lost  its  commercial  iaport- 
anco.  yet  it  is  still  a  place  of  much 
wealth. 

Me.vominee  Station,  180  miles  from 
Chicago,  lies  near  the  Mississippi  River, 
where  its  waters  are  first  seen  flowing 
onward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Dunleith,  Illinois,  lies  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  here  about  half 
a  mile  in  widtVi,  directly  opposite  Du- 
buque, by  which  it  is  connected  by  a 
steam  ferry,  "iho  HUnAi  CmiraUiaUroad 
terminates  here,  running  north  from 
Cairo,  456  miles,  thus  forming,  in  part,  a 
line  of  travel  to  Chicago,  and  a  through 
line  of  travel  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio 
river.  At  Dunleith  are  a  machine  shop 
and  foundry,  an  elevator  for  grain,  a  few 
stores  and  store-houses,  publio-bouses 
and  about  600  it^iaititaata. 


1<2 


fBI  UPPEB  MlHllflSUn 

DTTBiraUE. 


m 

4 


Thi  Oity  of  Dnbnqne  is 

advantageoualjr  situated  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Miasissippl 
river,  here  about  half  a  mile  in 
width,  the  bluffs  being  about 
one  mile  apart,  in  N.  lat.  42°  30\ 
I W.  long.,  676  feet  above  the 
'  Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  stands  on  a 
platetui  of  ground,  elevated 
about  20  feet  above  high  water 
in  the  river,  with  bluffs  rising 
to  the  height  of  176  feet,  which 
are  of  varied  form,  easy  of  access,  and 
occupied  by  private  residences^  affording 
firom  their  summits  a  fine  view  of  the 
city  and  river.  Dubuque  was  first  set- 
tled in  1832,  and  incorporated  as  a  city 
in  1847,  being  the  county  seat  of  Du- 
buque County.  It  is  divided  into  five 
wards,  and  in  1866  contained  a  popula- 
tion of  15,814  inhabitants,  and  is  rapidly 
increasing. 

The  oity  contains  a  United  States  Cus- 
tom House,  built  of  Nauvoo  limestone, 
and  accommodates  the  post  office,  the  as- 
sessor and  collector  of  the  internal  reve- 
nue foi*  the  third  Congressional  district, 
the  office  of  the  surveyor-general  for  Iowa 
and  Wisconsin,  and  the  derk  of  the  U. 
8.  district  court,  and  the  court-room  for 
■aid  court ;  the  county  buildings,  and  a 
city  hall,  containing  a  general  markat, 
city  court-room,  room  for  the  meeting  of 
the  city  council,  other  offices  for  cicy  pur- 
poses, Mid  a  large  hall  capable  of  seating 
6,000  people ;  eighteen  churches  of  dif- 
ferent denominations ;  three  public  school 
buildings,  attended  by  600  pupils,  a 
high-sdiool  building  and  several,  prima- 
ry school  buildings ;  also,  the  Lee  Semi- 
nary, a  private  school  for  young  ladies ; 


three  national  banks,  and  several  private 
banks ;  a  fire  msurance  company  and,nu- 
merous  agencies ;  five  hotels,  and  nume- 
rous stores  and  warehouses.  Here  are 
two  large  distilleries,  six  breweries,  a 
brass  and  iron  foundry,  two  flouring 
mills,  li?e  sa'y  mills,  a  tub  and  pail  facto- 
ry, three  Sa<th,  door  and  blind  manufacto- 
ries, a  window  shade  factory,  a  threshing 
machine  factory,  a  steam  engino  factory, 
two  boiier  factories,'  a  car  factory,  and 
many  other  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. 

The  Ihimqtie  and  Siovx  Oity  RaUroad 
is  now  finished  to  Iowa  Falls,  144  miles, 
and  will  soon  be  completed  to  Fort  Dodge, 
200  miles.  Wh&n  finished  to  Sioux  City, 
on  the  Missouri  River,  a  total  distance 
of  325  uiles,  with  its  south-western 
branch  to  Cedar  Rapids,  it  will  afford 
great  advantages  to  this  por'aon  of  Iowa. 
A  railroad  is  i^so  being  constructed  from 
Cedar  Falls  to  St  Paul,  Minn.,  running 
in  a  northerly  direction.  Steamers  of  a 
large  class  form  daily  lines  to  St.  Louis, 
ca  the  south,  and  Prairie  du  Chien,  and 
St.  Paul,  on  the  north,  connecting  with 
railroads  running  east  and  west. 


lal  banks,  and  several  private 
8  insurance  company  and.nii- 
icies ;  fire  hotels,  and  numc- 
nnd  warehonses.  Here  arc 
listilleries,  six  breweries,  a 
iron  foundry,  two  flouring 
a-y  mills,  a  tub  and  pail  facto- 
dh,  door  and  blind  manufacto- 
ow  shade  factory,  a  threshing 
itory,  a  steam  engino  factory, 
factories,'  a  car  factory,  and 
r    manufacturing    establish- 

tque  and  Sioux  City  RaOroad 
;hed  to  Iowa  Falls,  144  miles, 
in  be  completed  to  Fort  Dodge, 

When  flnished  to  Sioux  City, 
isouri  River,  a  total  distance 
les,  with  its  south-western 
Cedar  Rapids,  it  will  afford 
itages  to  this  por'.ion  of  Iowa. 
is  iJso  being  constructed  from 

to  St  Paul,  Minn.,  running 
irly  direction.  Steamers  of  a 
form  daily  lines  to  St.  Louis, 
th,  and  Prairie  du  Chien,  and 
1  the  north,  connecting  with 
inning  east  and  west. 


OUBUQUS. 


HIBTO&T  07  DTTBVaini. 


163 


Dubuque  was  tne  first  place  perma- 
nently occupied  by  white  men  in  the 
State  of  Iowa.  The  first  white  persons 
who  saw  the  beautiful  prairie  on  which 
the  city  now  stands  were  Father  Mar- 
quette  and  his  companions,  connected 
with  the  Catholic  Missions  in  Canada, 
and  then  upon  a  voyage  for  missionary 
.  purposes  and  exploration  down  the  Mis- 
sissippi. At  that  time— in  the  summer 
of  1673 — ^heavy  timber  covered  the  bluffs, 
and  scattering  oaks  grew  upon  the  pla- 
teau now  occupie  i  by  costly  buildings. 
It  was  nearly  a  hundred  years  afterwards 
before  trading  posts  were  established  on 
the  Mississippi  river,  at  Kaskaskia,  St. 
Louis,  and  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  not  until 
1188,  that  JULIKN  DUBUQUK,  a  French- 
man, obtained  permission  of  the  Sac  and 
Fox  Indians,  in  a  council  held  at  Prairie 
du  Chien,  to  explore  and  work  the  lead 
mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Dubuque.  The 
same  privilege  was  also  granted  to  him 
in  1796  by  Baron  Carondolet,  Governor 
of  Louisiana,  then  a  Spanish  province, 
embracing  idl  the  land  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. He  died  in  1810,  and  was  bu- 
ried on  the  point  of  a  steep  bluff  below 
the  city. 

The  Upper  Mississippi  lead  mines  were 
first  worked  on  the  east  side  of  the  river 
by  the  Indians  to  furnish  a  means  of 
commerce  with  the  Indi.-m  traders.  In 
1823  they  were  worked  by  white  men  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Galena,  111. 

The  Black  Hawk  wav  commenced  in 
1831,  and  was  closed  iu  1832.  After 
the  treaty  made  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes, 
in  the  fall  of  the  latter  year,  the  Indians 
abandoned  the  place,  the  whites  returned, 
and  the  first  permanent  settlement  was 
made — the  only  one  then  in  the  territory 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  north  of  the 
tlio  State  of  Miuouri. 


At  this  time  no  part  of  Iowa  had  been 
obtained  from  the  Indians.  The  country 
west  of  the  Mississippi  was  a  part  of  tho 
'*  Louisiana  purchase,"  obtained  from  the 
French  government  in  1 803.  That  part 
of  the  territory,  including  what  is  now 
Iowa,  was  sncoessively  a  part  of  the 
country  attached  to  the  Territory  of  Or- 
leans, of  Louisiana,  of  Indiana,  and  sub- 
sequently of  Missouri  until  1821. 

After  the  admission  of  Missouri,  in  the 
last  named  year,  the  territory  north  of 
that  State  and  west  of  the  river — a  part 
of  which  is  now  Iowa— remained  unor- 
ganized, until  settlements  had  been  made 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  and  this 
region  was  attached  to  Michigan  Territo- 
ry in  1834. 

In  1836,  Iowa  became  a  part  of  Wis- 
consin Territory,  and  was  organized  as 
Iowa  Territory,  in  1838.  In  1847  it  was 
admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State. 

The  progress  of  Dubuque  since  1838 
may  be  inferred  from  the  facts  that  the 
"  corporation  tax  "  of  that  year  amounted 
to  only  $524,  and  in  1839  to  $740,  while 
the  city  tax  levied  in  1867  exceeded 
$113,000.  The  assessed  value  of  the  pro- 
perty in  the  latter  year  was  nearly 
$14,000,000.  From  1840  to  1860,  the 
population  increased  from  1,000  to  4,071. 
The  corporate  limits  then  included  one 
mile  square.  They  have  since,  by  aq 
amendment  made  to  the  charter  in  1852, 
been  made  to  include  abont  eleven 
square  miles.  The  population,  by  a  cen- 
sus taken  in  1865,  was  16,814. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  in  Iowa 
may  be  said  to  have  been  made  here,  and 
the  Appropriate  name  Dubdquk  given  it 
by  the  sanction  of  a  public  meeting  lield 
in  1833,  in  honor  of  the  name  of  its  first 
settler,  forty-five  years  before. 

The  land  upon  which  tho  principal  part 


14A 


THE  nrPRR  :i'»!)8i88n'Pi. 


of  the  city  is  built  is,  upon  an  aTer»K& 
forty  feet  above  the  river,  is  mostly  o>'  a, 
Bandy  tnd  gravelly  nature,  and,  there- 
fore, generally  dry.  Few  cities  are  so 
fortunate  In  relation  to  hep'i-h.  The 
ratio  of  deaths,  to  the  wholf.  number  of 
inhabitants,  appears,  by  tie  mortuary 
statistics  for  many  yeurs  past,  to  be  only 
about  one  in  u  hundi'ed. 

The  climatic  cf  the  whole  of  Iowa  is 
represented  as  excellent;  the  air,  espe- 
cially on  the  prairies,  being  dry  and  bra- 
cing. The  mean  ann"al  temperature  va- 
ries from  46°  to  52°  Fahrenheit.  The 
country  generally,  excepting  the  low  mar- 
gins of  the  rivers,  is  as  free  from  epi- 
d^ic  diseases  as  the  most  favored  por- 
tion of  the  Union. 

The  bluffs  afford  good  quarries  of 
building  stone,  and  extensive  brick  man- 
ufactories are  in  operation  within  the 
city  limits.  A  number  of  lumber  yards 
and  steam  saw-n'lli  are  supplied  by  rafts 


of  ma'  jrisl  from  the  pineries  of  Wiscon- 
sin and  Minnesota. 

One  of  the  greatest  iiouroes  of  natural 
wealth  in  this  vicinity  are  tho  inexhaust- 
ible mines  of  lead,  yielding,  even  with 
the  present  imperfect  mining,  a  product 
of  nearly  half  a  million  doUars  annually. 

The  position  of  Dubuque,  upon  the 
Mississippi,  nearly  midway  between  St. 
Louis  anf*  St.  Paul,  about  four  hundred 
miles  equi  distont,  and  also  its  location 
on  the  railroad  lines  across  northern  Illi- 
nois and  southern  Wisconsin,  have  made 
it  the  center  of  trade  for  this  portion  of 
of  the  North-west.  Sustained  as  the 
city  is,  by  Railroads  running  west  to- 
wards the  Missouri  river  and  the  trade 
to  a  great  extent,  of  the  northern  half  of 
Iowa,  and  a  part  of  that  of  Minnesota 
and  western  Wisconsin,  and  eventually 
of  Nebraska  and  Dacotah,  it  is,  no  doubt, 
destined  to  bet  jrae  a  large  and  important 
commercial  motropolia. 


The  River  Commerce  of  the  West. 


So  much  has  been  said  heretofore  of 
the  immense  Commerce  of  the  Northern 
Lakes,  and  the  River  Commttce  of  the 
West,  that  it  may  be  worth  while  to  call 


Cnstom  No.  of 

Houses.  Iteamers. 

dnclnnnll '^J 

Dubuque; "2 

KTunsvlUe *» 

Oalenn 20 

Keokuk •  i5 

Louisville 55 

Memphis ?* 

Nashville ]* 

NewOrle»n» JO 

Paducah V* 

Pittkburgh IW 

St  Paul   8» 

St  Lonls «1* 

Wheeling ** 


attention  to  the  following  Tabular  State- 
ment, showing  the  amount  of  Tonnage 
belonging  to  the  leading  pjrts  on  the 
■  river  and  its  tributaries : 


BcKtstered 

Candty 

tonnage. 

In  tons. 

80.49T  16 

42,988 

3,204  ST 

5,187 

8,048  61 

6,019 

«,»9I  7T 

8,806 

1,173  86 

8.192 

14.100  M 

25,425 

9,84S  63 

1M21 

1.188  0« 

2,15« 

l.\S60  07 

31,626 

2,100  80 

2,898 

88,!»8  00 

42.471 

8,086  52 

4,978 

86,582  84 

110,769 

9.588  11 

8,075 

Total WO  814,067  88 


Yatne  in 

dollan. 

14,184,000 

4se,a)o 

402,009 

485,000 

178.500 
1,904,600 
1,011,300 

103,000 
1,292,000 

26^0UO 
8.920,800 

607,600 
8,830,000 

918,000 


S»3,144       |«4,fi6d,«)0 


the  pinerief  of  Wisoon- 
a. 

uteHt  40uroe8  of  natural 
jinity  are  the  inexhaust- 
sad,  yielding,  even  with 
Brfect  mining,  a  product 
million  dollars  annually, 
of  Dubuque,  upon  the 
ly  midway  between  St. 
ml,  about  four  hundred 
it,  and  also  its  location 
ines  across  northern  lUi- 
■n  Wisconsin,  have  made 
trade  for  this  portion  ox 
rest.  Sustained  as  the 
Iroads  running  west  to- 
)uri  river  and  the  trade 
t,  of  the  northern  half  of 
wt  of  that  of  Minnesota 
isconsin,  and  eventually 
d  Dacotah,  it  is,  no  doubt, 
jme  a  large  and  important 
ropolis. 


I  Wett. 

)  following  Tabular  Ptate- 
the  amount  of  Tonnage 
the  leading  pjrts  on  the 
ir  and  its  tributaries : 


Yklna  tn 
dollan. 
$4,184,000 
4W,S0O 
404,805 
480,000 
1T8.B00 

1,994,600 

1,011,400 
103,000 

1,492,000 
468,000 

8.920,800 
60T.B00 

8,S30,000 

9l^ooa 


red 

Cai.«clty 

e. 

In  toni. 

« 

42.9SR 

6.187 

6,019 

8,806 

4.193 

^448 

1M31 

2,166 

91.826 

1) 

2,898 

Kl 

42.471 

« 

4,978 

4 

110,766 

1 

8,(176 

»i,\H     •«4,eM,iaoo 


ISrORVAWO!!  rOR  miTgLBBa. 


165 


These  figures  are  compiled  (Vom  au- 
thentic records  by  a  western  official,  and 
may  be  relied  upon.  They  show  that 
the  war  has  not  destroyed  the  commerce 
of  tlio  western  rivers,  as  had  been  erro- 
neously supposed.  The  great  depots  of 
this  commerce  are  St.  Louis,  Pittsburgh, 
Cincinnati,  Now  Orleans,  and  Louisville, 
in  tlie  order  named.  The  pre-eminence 
of  8t  Louis  and  Pittsburgh  is  owing  to 
their  being  the  terminal  points  of  the 
water  route  of  the  great  transit  from  the 
seaboard  to  the  Mississippi    Beginning 


at  Philadelphia,  this  transit  reaches  Pitti 
burgh  by  railroad,  and  there  the  wate\ 
route  begins.  How  vast  this  interest  is, 
we  see  in  the  prosperity  of  the  intenne 
diate  cities  of  Wheeling,  Oincinnati,  Louis- 
ville, and  Bvansville.  Notwithstanding 
all  that  has  been  said  of  the  miserable 
navigation  of  the  Ohio,  this  table  shows 
that  the  commerce  of  that  river  still  re- 
mains the  principal  item  in  the  trade  of 
the  West,  despite  all  the  rivalry  of  great 
lines  of  Railway. 


HTFORMATIOHr  FOB  TBAVELESS. 


The  following  are  the  Lines  of  Railroad 
nmning  North,  North-west,  West,  South- 
west, or  South  from  Chicago,  with  the 
leading  points  to  which  thoy  tend,  or 
which  are  taken  ujmu  their  course.  Tliese 
lines  form  the  main  arteries  of  the  groat 
Railway  System  of  tho  West,  of  w  1.  ich  Chi- 
cago may  not  be  inaptly  termed  the  heart, 
and  they  are  cut  and  crossed  in  every 
conceivable  direction  by  other  roads,  car- 
rying the  traveler  to  within  a  few  miles 
of  any  point  he  may  desire  to  reach.  On 
many  of  those  roads  there  is  no  second- 
class  fare ;  we  give  it  in  all  cases  where 
tickets  are  issued  at  ther  than  flrst-class 
rates : 

1.  The  Milwaukee  JHiision  of  the  Chi- 
cago and  North- Western  Railway,  skirts 
the  western  shore  of  L;ike  Micliigan  a 
distance  of  85  miles,  thence  to  La  Crosse 
on  the  Mississippi  river,  via  Milwaukee 
and  SL  Paul  Railway,  280  miles,  where 
it  conneuts  with  Steamers  for  St.  Paul 
and  other  points  on  the  Upper  Mississip- 
pi. Tlio  following  are  the  Distances  and 
Fares  from  Chicago : 


Milwmikee %'o 

La  Crime 280 

'Winona 820 

St.  Paul 484 


1st  Class.    2d  Class. 


2.  The  Chicago  and  North- Western  Bail- 
way  [main  line]  runs  from  Chicago  in  a 
northwesterly  direction  to  Janesville,  a 
distance  of  91  miles,  and  thence  runs  al- 
most due  north  to  the  head  of  Green 
Bay,  skirting  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan  at  a  distance  of  about  14  miles. 
The  distance  to  Green  Bay  [Fort  How- 
ard] i.  242  miles.  Thcnoe  by  Steamer 
to  Kscanaba  is  about  95  miles.  This 
point  is  at  the  lower  end  of  Green  Bay 
whence  to  Marquette,  on  Lake  Superior, 
is  75  miles.  The  following  are  the  Dis- 
tances of  these  points  from  Chicago  with 
the  Fares : 

Miles. 

.T"r.,sriiic 91 

Fort  Howard 242 

Esconnba S-ST 

Marquette 412 

.3.  The  Galena  Division  cf  the  Nortli- 
westem  Railroad  runs  due  west  i'rom 
Chicago  in  a  straight  line  to  the  Missis- 
sippi on  tl>e  west  border  of  the  State .  oi" 
Illinois,  at  Fulton,  a  distance  of  1 36  miles ; 
crossing  the  Mississippi  River  on  a 
splendid  ircn  bridge  m  Clinton,  Iowa, 
thence  throui;h  Cedar  Rapids  and  Booue 
tp  Council  Bluffs  and  Omaua,  where 
connections  aro  made  with  the  QrtEAT 
Union   Pacific    Railway,   now   com- 


lAt  Class. 

$8.60 

M6 

10  00 

IOjOO 


166 


m  upnB  masmppt 


pleted  to  ZiAJUHiB,  Stl  mUes  wort  of 
Omaha. 

At  Missouri  Valley  Junction,  Iowa,  the 
Pacific  and  Sioux  City  Railroad  runs  76 
miles  to  Sioux  City. 

the  following  are  the  Distances  and 
Fares  from  Chicago; 


Julton 

Mllet. 
..  1S6 

IstClUl. 

I^4S 

14.80 
81.50 
93.00 
8&00 

2d  Glut. 
H8B 

Oouncil  Blafh. 

..  401 
..  4M 

.... 

BioazCity 

..  M4 

.... 

The  Ohietgo  and  Nurthtoestem  RM- 
way  also  runs  trains  tOv  or  connectiug 
with,  trains  for  Madison,  Wiscoasin,  and 
Prairie  dn  Chien  on  the  MissiasippL 

Miles.     Ist  nan'     Sd  Clau. 

JbdlBon 188         IS-'M) 

Frolrledu  Chlen.  289  t.OO  V-60 

6.  The  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quirey 
liailroad  runs  from  Chicago  south-west 
by  west  to  Galesburg,  in  the  interior  of 
the  State,  whoro  it  divides,  one  branch 
going  to  Burlington,  and  nuother  to  Quin- 
cy,  ^th  points  lying  on  the  Mississippi 
river.  At  Quincy  it  connects  with  tho 
Hannibal  and  St.  Joseph  Railroad,  whic. 
runs  across  the  State  of  Missouri  to  the 
Missouri  river,  c»n  .  ■■- '',  at  St.  Joseph 
with  paelcet  lines  c-  "  points  on  the 
Missouri;  also  connects  'Tith  ~'a^;  lines 
to  all  the  most  importunt  .X'ir.u  w  of 
the  Miasour'.  The  fc!\:Tnng  (irv  a 
Distances  anii  /ares  froi  i  CHa.ii'^o: 


lit  CUu.    9d  CIm*. 


road  runs  across  the  State  of  Illinois, 
nearly  due  west  from  Chicago,  to  Rock 
Island,  on  the  Mississippi  river,  and  is 
continued  in  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
Railraiid  to  Kellogg,  about  half  wuy 
across  the  State  of  Iowa,  and  the  exten- 
sion across  the  State  to  Council  Bluflk 
and  Omaha  City  is  in  progress  [now 
snpplied  by  stages].  The  following  are 
the  Distances  and  Fares: 


Miles. 

0*]«]bnrg. Its 

BarllDKton 810 

Qatnoy 26S 

Bt  Joseph 4n 


6.  The  Chicago  and  Rock  Ttland  SaS- 1 


Miles. 

Kock  Island 182 

KeltoM «15 

Council  Blu A...  446 


lstO»>.    SdClM. 


1.  The  Chkago  and  S!  Louii  liailroad 
runs  through  the  State  of  Illinois  in  a 
south-west  by  south  diisotirti*.  taking  a 
number  of  the  most  impoi  '•  i.  towns  on 
Its  cours'3 — as  BlooaiintrtOT'  "'U  Spring- 
field. It  connects  ,  ith  .St'iiv  .(-ra  to  all 
points  on  the  Mis'<'i8ippi  ;  ■  .i  Missouri 
rivers.  The  DiEtfinces  and  i''ai..s  are  aa 
follows : 

'An>3.    ^-.t  Class.    SdClsst. 

Blouui1ni;ton. 

Spr'.nijHeld..., 

A  utn 

St.  Louts 


n"6 

SOT 


f.  Tho  JUuois  Genlrti  Hailroad  tubs 
from  >.  )hit';i.c^''  r^ari/  '■■:uth  to  Cairo,  at 
tlin  juiiction  of  he  Oh^  j  and  Mississippi 
rivers.  At  thrib  "ourths  of  the  disUinoe 
thithur,  it  joins  at  ('untralia  with  the  raaia 
line  which  runs  f.-om  Contralia  to  }  Vin- 
leitii,  taking  a  mer<-Ji!  iiol  course  right 
through  the  midcilj  of  tho  State.  It 
connects  at  Csiro  with  Steameio  to  all 
points.  The  following  are  the  Distances 
and  Fares : 

Miles.    IstClusa, 

CsntnklU 208 

C»lro SOS 


"I 


the  State  of  Blinoia, 
)eom  Chicago,  to  Rock 
aaissippi  river,  and  is 
isaissippi  at;d  Missouri 
agg,  alwut  half  way 
'  Iowa,  and  the  ezten- 
tate  to  Council  filufb 
is  in  progress  [now 
i].  The  following  are 
Fares: 


files,    lit  ("■'*!>. 
182 

ns 

M6 


SdClaaiL 


and  S!  Loum  Railroad 
)  State  ot  Illinois  in  a 
uth  diisctrfii*.  taking  a 
•st  impoi '  •  i.  towns  on 
loo'.viinirU«'  S'll  Spring- 
is  v'ith  fit'in  :cr8  to  all 
iK'<>!9ippi  (.!.,i  Missouri 
mces  and  l''ar.a  are  aa 

in>i%  '-.tClau.  SdClut. 
126 

iOT 
.»■ 

»  Cenircl  A'atYnxui  runs 
idkfij'  '■•:uth  to  Cairo,  at 
le  Oh'°j  and  Mississippi 
'ourths  of  the  disUinoe 
Ountralift  with  the  main 
f -om  Of.intralia  to  ]  ^\\n- 
ler'dii  iial  course  right 
\u\j  of  the  State.  It 
>  with  Steamoio  to  all 
>wiag  are  the  Distances 


Mllci).    IttOiosa. 
..  «» 
..  8S5 


y 

.u, 

'■  1 

i'.I 


BAIUBOAD  AJSTD  STKAXBOAT  BOUTX. 


167 


CHIOAOO  to  DUNLEXTH  and  DUBUQUE, 

Vu  NoBTH  Western  RAawAT,  connectino  at  Dubuque  with  the  Xorth 
Westeb:?  Union  Packet  Line  or  Steamebs  bunnimo  on  the  Upper 
MiaaiaBim  River. 


GolUK  West. 

XhTDOgh    Passenger    Trains 

leave  Chicago  for  Freeport 

and  Donlcith  at  9  A.M.  and 

10  P.M. 

Stations.      Miles.  Fare. 

CHICAGO 0  $   cts. 

Harlem » 

Cottage  Hill 16 

Danby 23 

WinOeld 28 

Junction SO 

Wayne   35 

Clintonvllle 39 

KI.OIM 42 

Gilbert's SO 

Huntley 65 

Union...  f 63 

Marengo 66 

Garden  Prairie....  72 

Bklvidrbb 78     3  16 

Cherry  Valley ....  84 

Hockford 92     3  70 

Winnebago 99 

Pecatonioa 106 

Kidott 114 

Freeport m     4  86 

(///mom  Centra/  Railroad.) 

Eleroy 129 

L«ntt  l;i4 

Nora 142 

Wakhbn 145 

Apple  Kiver 161 

gualesMonnd 160 

CouDcil  HiU 105 

Galena  172     7  30 

Meuomiaee 181 

livsittri 18»     7  96 

DUUUClUR...  8  46 


Ufllcen* 

Wk.  B.  OODBN.JPrM.,  Chicago. 
Oeo.  L.  Dcnlap,  Supt.,    " 

B.  P.  PATEIC«,Po»»..4g/.," 


Coiiueetlng  Uueit 


Railroads  and  Steamers. 


Chicago,  Borliagton  &  Qoincy 
Hallway. 

Fox  Biver  Valley  Baihroad. 


Beloit  and  Madison  Branch. 
Kenosha  A,  Rockford  Railroad. 


Illinois  Central  Railroad,  run- 
ning fk-om  Dunleith  to  Cairo. 


Mineral    Point    Railroad,  32 
miles  in  length. 


Steamers  on  Missiaaippl  River. 
Dabnque  and  Sioux  Bailroad, 


G«iliK  EMt. 

Thi-ongh  Passenger  Trains 
leave  Dunleith  for  Freeport, 
Chicago,  etc.,  at  6  /  V. 
and  6  P.M. 

Stations.      Miles.  Pare. 

DUBUQ,UE...    0  $   cts: 

Dunleith 0 

Menominee 6 

Galena 17 

Council  Hill 34 

Scales  Mound 39 

Apple  River 38 

Wabun 44    ' 

Nora 47 

Lena 66 

Eleroy 60 

Preeport 68 

( Chicago  ir  -AT.  fVuttr*  R.R.} 

Ridott 75 

Pecatonica 83 

Winnebago 90 

Kockford 97 

Cherry  Valley  ....105 

Bklvidbki Ill 

Garden  Prairie.... 117 

Marungo 123 

Union 127 

Huntley 134 

Gilbert's 139 

Eloim 147 

ClbitonviUe 160 

Wayne 164 

Junction 159 

Winfield 161 

Danby 186 

Cottage  Hill ITS 

Harlem 180 

CHICAGO U» 


•>iMsrtta3Si 


,1 

m 


KXILBOAD  A»D  STEAMBOAT   ROtlTK. 


168 

OHICAQO  to  GREEN  BAY.   Wisconsin, 

Via  Chicago  and  Northwestern  lUawAY,  conn-ectinc  with  Steamers 
FOR  Lake  Superior,  etc.  


Going  North. 

Through  Passenger  Trains 
for  Greeu  lUy  and  St.  T  uul, 
Minn.,  leave  at  9  A.K.  and 
4.30  P.M. 


Ptations.      Miles.  Fare. 


2  50 

3  15 

3  50 


CHICAGO 0  $   cU. 

Des  Plivines 18 

Dunton 22 

Paltttiue 26 

Birring, ton 31 

Crystal  Uake *2 

WuODSTOCK 61 

irAKVABD 62 

Sharon,  Wia 70 

Clinton 'f 

Shopiero 82 

Jauesvilic 91 

Milton  Junction..  93 
Fovt  AtktD8on....no 

Jefferson 116 

Wateitowii l:tO 

Jiineau J*^ 

Minn.  Junction 1*8 

Bamett 151 

Chester .1»0 

OiikQeld It8 

rolid  du  li»«"  ..  1"«> 

OsnsosH 1''3 

Menashtt 206 

'  PPLETON ^l'' 

i.ittle  Chute 218 

Kaukauna ■'*0 

Wrightstown 226 

DePere 236 

-Fort  Howard..  .242 
GKESBN  BAY. 


Officers. 

\Vm.  B.  Ooden  .  Pres.,  Chicago. 

t;BO.  I..  UUNLOP,  Supt.,      " 

A.A.HoBART,j*»rt.Supt.,  " 
B.P.P.vTiiiCK,Pa«r.ylg<.." 

Coiiitectlug  lilwea. 


Gulug  South. 

Through  Passenger  Trains 
leave  Or  en  Bay  for  Chi- 
cago, etc.,  at  6  2u  A.M.  and 
4.15  P.M. 


Stations: 


Miles,  Pare. 


GREEN  BAY.     0 

Fort  Howard. ..    1 

l)c  Pere 6 

Wrightstown 16 

Kaukauna 

I^ittle  Chute 35 

Applkton 28 

Menssha 36 

OsUKUSH *8 

Fond  du  liBC  ...  65 

Oakfleld 74 

3  ou  Jauesviile  Junction  Railroad.  Chester 82 

3  80  Milwaukee  &  I'rairi^s  '"''^'i"'"  Minn  Junction  ' ' "  04 
1    itoilroaJ,  lor  Madison,  ejc.    Minn.  Juncuon  . . .  J4 


Railroads  and  Steamers. 

Fox  River  Valley  Railroad, 
Kenosha  and  Rock  River  R.H. 
Racine  and  Mississippi  R.  R 


%  eta. 


4  75 

6  vf' 


!m.'  ..  aukec  &  St.  Paul  R.B.  for 
Portage  City,  Lii  Crosse, etc, 
'  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  »•"■ 
I     for  Beaver  Dam,  etc. 
.Horicon  Div.  to  Berlin,  etc. 


0  25 

6  80 

7  60 


8  75 


Juneau 97 

Watertown 112 

Jefferson 125 

Fort  Atkinson 131 

Milton  Junction..  U3 

JaneavUle lal 

oihopicre 

Steamers  on  Lake  Winncbago.|CliDton IM 

Steamers  on  Fox  and  Wol.lhharon 

nivera  etc.  iHarvard,  III 179 

Uivers,  eio.  Iwoodstook 191 

Crystal  Lake 199 

Harrington 210 

Palatine 216 

Dunton 220 

Steamera  for  Escanaba,  LakelDesi'laines. 225 

Michigan,  etc. 


CHICAGO 242 


STEAMBOAT    ROUTE 

Fpom   Green   Bay  to   Escanaba,    Mich. 
A  Steamer  runs  daily,  dunng  the  Se-n  of^Kavig^^^^^^^^^ 
&SSrMl%«xxS^^^^^  Line  of  Travel  fron. 

Chicago  to  Lake  Superior. 


JTK. 

Wisconsia, 

ECTINC    WITH    StEAMER3 


CKIOAOO  TO  aiUCEi;  BAT. 


^ 


Gulug  South. 

hrough  Pasaenger  Train* 
leave  Or  en  Bay  for  Chi- 
cago, etc.,  at  6  2u  A.M.  and 
4.15  P.M. 

Stations^      Miles.  Pare. 

iRBISN  BAY.     0  I  eta. 

I'ort  Howard. ..    1 

>e  Pere 6 

f  riglitstown 16 

Caukanna 

.ittle  Cliuta 3S 

IPPI.KTON 28 

(cnasha 36 

)-iiKUBn *S 

[«<oii(l  du  liBC  ...  65 

)akfield 74 

Jhester 82 

Burnett 9/ 

^liun.  Junction ...  01 

Juneau 9V 

IVatertowii IVt 

Jefferson 125 

Fort  Atkinson 13V 

Milton  .Iitnction.  .  U3 

JiinesvUle 151 

.■iliopicre 

Clinton IM 

Sliaron 

Harvard,  III 179 

WoODSTOOii: 191 

Crystal  Lake 199 

Barrington 210 

Palatine 21tt 

Dunton 220 

Des  I'lainea 225 

CHICAGO 242 


IE 

lA,    Mich. 

atioD,  on  the  arrival  of  tlio 
;h  Oars  on  the  Pei.imula 
Qgh  Line  of  Travel  from 


KAIOftOAO  AND  STEAMBOAT  ROUTE, 


Froic  Ohio  ago  to  itaKE.v  B»ir  and  Laxb  Supbbioh,  via  the  Chioaoo  and  North 
WBsrEBS  R.ui,T^AY,  oonnenting  with  the  Milwaitkee  ahd  Prairib  du 
CHiii*  Railway,  and  with  the  Milwaukee  and  St.  Pacl  Railway. 


Ok  leaving  Chicaoo  from  Kinzie  street 
depot,  tlie  raihvav  run.s  direct  over  a 
level  prairie,  to  Des  Plaines  I'iveb  and 
Station,  iC  niiJcR.  Here  is  a  beautiful 
growth  of  wood  along  the  margin  of  the 
river,  beinj!  the  first  passed. 

DCNTON,  22  miles  from  Chicago,  is  a 
small  village,  surrounded  by  a  fine  section 
of  country. 

Palatise,  26  miles,  is  finely  situated 
on  a  rolling  pmirifs,  producing  lar-n  crops 
of  corn  and  wherit. 

BAniiiNOTON,  31  miles,  is  another  small 
village.  Young  timber,  consisting  of 
oak,  poplar,  basswood,  and  hiekory,  is 
soon  in  every  direction,  the  land  being 
hilly  on  approafjhinft  Fox  river,  where  an 
iroji  bridge  sp.ina  llio  stream. 

Oauy,  ;i3  miles,  ia  a  '^mall  settlement. 
Crystal  Lakk  Station,  A'l  miles,  is 
one  mile  from  tlie  vilinge  and  lake  of  the 
B!»me  name.  A  branch  railroad  run'? 
to  the  lake,  from  which  large  quantitiOiS 
of  ice  are  annually  taken  and  carried  to 
Chicago,  the  water  being  of  a  very  pure 
quality. 

WoonsTOCK,  51  miles,  capital  of  Mc- 
Henry  county,  is  a  flourishing  village  of 
about  1,500  inhabitants,  being  surrounded 
by  a  fertile  section  of  country. 

Harvard,  C3  miles,  i^  a  thriving  vil- 
lage, where  passengerf-'  usually  stop  for 
refreshments.  The  Kenosha  Railroad 
crosses  at  this  station,  running  west  to 
Rockford,  Illinois. 

Clistox    .lUNTTiov,    78    miles.     The 
Wbsterm  TJniox  Railroad,  running  from 
"-Racine,    Wis.,    to    Savanna,    111.,    142 
miles,  orossea  at  this  station. 


JnncsvlllC,  91  miles,  is  a  flourish- 
ing city,  capital  of  Rock  County,  Wis.  It 
is  finely  situated  on  both  sides  of  Hook 
river,  45  miles  southeast  of  Madison,  and 
63  miles  southwest  of  Milwaukee,  by 
railroad.  It  contains  a  court  house  and 
jail,  ten  churches,  several  public  houses, 
two  national  banks,  and  the  State  insti- 
tution for  the  blind.  Hock  river  here 
affords  extensive  water  power,  which  is 
employed  in  mills  and  factories  of  various 
kinds,"  tliere  being  six  Houring  mills,  two 
saw  mills,  two  woolen  factories,  machine 
shops,  foundries,  k'\  it  was  incorporated 
I  as  a  city  in  1853,  and  contained  in  1865 
about  8.000  inliabitants. 

MiLTOK  .lUNCTio.N,  99  mile'  ■^'ire  the 
Chwjgo  and  Norlh-WesU  ■'■  >  silway 
unites  witli  tlie  Milwaukee  ,.  .  l  PruirU 
du  Ghitm  Railway.  Passengers  bo'.nd 
for  Prairie  du  Chicn  run  direct  through 
Madidon,  Wis.,  to  the  Mississippi  river, 
forming  a  favorite  route  of  travel  to  Iowa 
and  Minnesota. 

FuBT  Atkinson,  110  miles,  is  an  old 
military  post  and  settlement  situated  on 
Rock  river.  . 

Jeffebsos,  lie  miles,  the  capital  of 
Jefferson  County,  Wis.,  is  a  flourishing 
village,  containing  1,600  inhabitants. 

The  City  of  Wtttcrtowil,  130  miles 
north  of  Chicago,  and  43  miles  north- 
west of  Milwaukee,  with  which  it  ia  con- 
nected bv  railroad,  is  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing town,  situated  on  Rock  river, 
where  is  a  good  water  power.  It  con- 
tained, in  1865,  «f682  inhabitants,  being 
surrounded  by  a  fertile  and  rich  section 
of  country.    Hero  is  the  junotion  of  the 


190 


THB  UFFBK  UISSISSIFPI. 


(^hkago  and  Nurih  Western,  and  MUwcm- 
ktc  (nd  St.  Paul  Raiheat/s,  being  distant 
1 5 1  miles  from  La  Orosso. 

JUKKAD,  146  miles,  is  a  small  villafre, 
being  the  capital  oi  Dodge  county,  named 
in  memory  of  the  first  white  settler  of 
Wisconsin.  Besides  t)ie  county  buildings, 
there  are  two  churches,  two  hotels,  and 
several  stores. 

Minnesota  Junction,  Ud  miles.  Here 
A  Railroad  branches  off  to  Beaver  Dam 
and  other  stations  northwest. 

BuBNXT,  161  miles,  is  a  small  village 
situated  on  th«  west  side  of  Horicon 
Lake. 

Chester,  160  miles,  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  Lake  Horicon,  which  is 
about  twelve  miles  long  and  six  miles 
wide. 

Oakfield,  168  miles  is  a  small  sotllo- 
ment. 

Fond  du  K<ac,  capital  of  Fond  du 
Lac  County,  is  a  flourishing  city,  favorably 
situated  at  the  head  of  Lake  Winnebago, 
87  miles  N.  N.  W.  from  Milwaukee,  and 
176  miles  from  Chicago,  by  the  Ghir.ago 
and  North-  Western  Bailway,  now  finished 
through  to  Green  Bay,  a  total  distance  of 
242  miles.  Here  are  located  the  county 
buildings,  ten  churches,  four  banks,  six 
public-houses,  100  Htores  of  difTorsut 
kinds,  a  steam  grist  mill,  tet)  steam  saw 
mills,  a  steam  car  factory,  steam  engine 
manufactory,  machine  shops,  and  varioun 
other  manufacturing  estublislunents. 
Population,  11,000.  The  lumber  and  pro- 
duce business  is  very  extensively  carried 
on  here,  affording  profitable  returns.  Fonu 
du  Lac  is  celebrated  for  its  fountaim, 
water  being  found  of  a  pure  quality  by 
meaaa  of  Artesian  Wells,  in  which  the 
oitv  al>onnd8. 

The  City  of  Oshkosh,  193  miles 
from  Chicago,  lying  on^the  west  side  of 
Lake  Winnebago,  20  miles  north  of  Fond 
du  Lac,  is  a  large  oud  flourishing  place, 


being  favorably  situated  at  the  mouth  of 
Fox  river  on  both  sif'.es  of  the  stream. 
It  now  contains  an  bctivo  population  of 
about  9,000  inhabitants.  From  its  wharves 
steamers  run  to  all  the  pons  on  the  lake 
and  Fox  river,  while  the  Chicago  and 
North- Western  RaUway  extends  north- 
ward to  Oreen  Bay.  It  contains  the 
county  buildings,  ten  churches,  several 
well-kept  hotels,  100  stores  of  different 
kinds,  bef<ides  steam  grist  mills,  steam 
saw  mills,  iron  foundries,  cabinet  shops, 
and  »  groat  number  of  other  manufactur- 
ing establishments.  This  is  a  great  mart 
for  lumber,  being  brought  down  the  Fox 
or  Wolf  river  for  upwards  of  100  miles, 
this  stream  flowing  through  a  fine  pine 
region  of  country,  for  which  northern 
Wisconsin  is  justly  celebrated. 

Lakb  Winnerauo  is  a  most  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  being  32  miles  long  and 
about  12  miles  wide,  with  bold  land  oa 
the  oast  shore,  while  on  the  west  it  seema 
elevated  but  a  few  feet  above  the  waterd 
of  the  lake.  It  abounds  with  several  va- 
rieties of  fish,  of  a  fine  flavor,  affording 
rare  sport  to  the  angler.  Steamers  run 
through  the  Upper  Fox  or  Wolf  river, 
emptying  into  the'  lake  at  Oshkosh,  fot 
upwards  of  100  miles,  bringing  down  im- 
mense quantities  of  lumber,  and  agricul- 
tural products. 

The  Fox  River  Improvement  is  a  work 
of  great  magnitude,  aftbrdingby  meansor 
locks  and  dams  a  water  communication 
from  Green  Bay  to  Lake  WinnebiLgo,  and 
thence  south-weatward  through  the  Up- 
per Fox  river  to  Portage  City,  where,  by 
nionns  of  a  canal,  it  interlocks  with  the 
Wisconsin  river,  falling  into  the  Missis- 
ippi  at  Prairie  du  Chion. 

This  enterprise  is  thus  graphically  da- 
scribed: 

"  '  Meeting  of  the  Watekb.' — A  gen- 
tleman, recently  from  Qrccn  Ba»,  i>»e»»- 
tioned  a  curious  fact  k  day  or  t^v  #i»w 


n 

ti 

Ij 
si 
b 
b 
si 

01 

A 

si 

B) 
tl 
tl 
tl 

E 
L 
n 
P 

"V 

is 

si 
h 
a 

le 

tl 
o 

n 

ii 


situated  at  the  mouth  of 
>th  sM.es  of  the  stream. 

nn  hctivo  population  of 
bitauts.  From  its  wharves 
all  the  pon3  on  the  lake 

while  the  Chicago  and 
Railway  extends    north- 

Bay.  It  contains  the 
ten  churches,  several 
4,  100  stores  of  difTerent 
steam  grist  mills,  steam 
f<)undrie.s,  cabinet  shope, 
ibor  of  other  niauufactur- 
nts.  This  is  a  groat  mart 
1)^  brought  down  the  Fox 
or  upwards  of  100  miles, 
kving  through  a  lino  pine 
try,  for  which  northera 
stly  celebrated. 
BAOO  is  a  most  beautiful 

boiLg  3*2  miles  iong  and 
wide,  with  bold  land  oa 
while  on  the  west  it  soemfl 
few  feet  above  the  waterd 
:  abounds  with  several  va> 
of  a  fine  flavor,  affording 
le  angler.  Steamers  run 
rpper  Pox  or  Wolf  river, 
the'  lake  at  Oshkosh,  fot 
I  miles,  bringing  down  ink- 
as  of  lumber,  and  agricul- 

•er  TmprovetnetU  is  a  work 
tude,  aflbrding  by  means  or 
s  a  water  communication 
y  to  Lake  Winnebtigo,  and 
westward  through  the  Up- 
o  Portage  City,  where,  by 
lal,  it  interlocks  with  the 
r,  falling  into  the  Missis- 
du  Chion. 
ise  is  thus  graphically  do- 

OP  TriE  ■Waters." — A  gen- 
ly  from  (irecn  Bay,  iii»e'»- 
8  fact  a  day  or  t^v  *»<» 


OHIOAOO  TO  OaBKN  BAT. 


171 


;Uustnttiv«  of  the  results  of  the  comple- 
tion of  the  F.ivor  Improvement.  He  s.iw 
lying  at  the  d(x^k.<t  in  that  place  the 
steamer  Api>lelon  BelU,  built  at  Pitts- 
burgh, and  tho  steamer  Ourdon  OrarU, 
built  at  Philadelphia — |K>ints  on  opposite 
sidor  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and 
on  wstera  flowing  on  one  hand  to  the 
Atlitttiti,  and  on  tho  other  to  tho  Missis- 
sippi and  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  BtUe  had 
sailed  northward  and  westward  through 
tho  Ohio,  Mississippi,  and  Wisconsin ;  and 
the  Orunt  in  a  contrary  direction  through 
the  Delaware  r.nd  Hudson,  along  the 
ICrie  Canal,  and  the  chain  of  the  Groat 
I^akes.  Those  are  tho  victories  of  com- 
merce, in  which  Wisconsin  is  playing  a 
prominent  part." 

Nbenaii,  lying  at  tho  foot  of  Lake 
Winnebago,  on  the  west  shore,  is  a  flour- 
ishing village  of  about  2,600  inhabitants. 

Mbkasha,  35  miles  from  Green  Bay,  is 
situated  on  an  expansion  of  the  river, 
here  called  Lake  Butte  deg  Morti,  where  is 
a  look  and  a  canal  of  about  ono  mile  in 
length.  Here  are  several  largo  manufac- 
turing establishments,  and  a  population 
of  about  2,000. 

Applxton,  Outaganie  Co.,  Wis.,  213 
miles  from  Chicago,  is  situated  on  Fox  or 
Neenah  river,  30  miles  from  its  entrance 
into  Green  Bay,  and  five  miles  from  Lake 
Winnebago,  where  are  rapids  called  the 
Grand  Chute.  Tho  river  descends  here 
about  30  feet  in  one  mile  and  a  half,  af- 
fording an  inexhaustible  amount  of  water- 
power.  Hero  are  located  three  flouring 
mills,  six  saw  mills,  and  several  other 
extensive  manufacturing  establishments. 
This  is  the  capital  of  the  county,  where 
is  situated  the  Lavrraux  University ;  and 
it  is  no  doubt  destined  to  become  a  large 
iimuufacturing  and  iximmercial  place., 
from  the  fooilities  which  it  pctssessos,  by 
means  of  navigation  and  hydraulic  power. 
Population,  3,000.     Steamers  run  soutli 


into  Lake  Winnebago,  and  north  into 
Groen  Bay. 

The  approach  to  Appleton  from  Green 
Bay,  by  water,  is  most  lovely  and  pictur- 
esque— tho  river  iiore  winding  through 
a  rich  section  ol'  country,  clothed  for 
several  miles  by  a  denso  forest,  extend- 
ing to  the  very  margin  of  tho  water. 
During  the  early  autumn  months,  the 
scone  is  truly  gorgeou.s,  the  foliage  pre- 
senting every  variety  of  color. 

LiTTLB  Chutb,  2.5  miles  from  Green 
Bay,  is  a  small  French  settlonicut,  where 
is  an  old  Roman  Catliolio  Mis^  <iu  House. 
Here  are  four  locks,  there  being  a  de- 
scent of  40  feet  in  tho  river. 

Kaukauna,  4  miles  further,  is  a  small 
village.  Here  are  tive  locks,  overcoming 
a  ftdl  of  60  foot. 

Wbiohtstown,  16  miles  from  Green 
Bay,  is  a  small  settlement,  whore  is  a 
steam  saw  mill  and  other  manufactMring 
estabUshments. 

Little  Kaukauna,  here  ia  &  ^'all  of  8 
feet,  with  lock  and  dam. 

De  Pbbe,  6  miles  above  ^,'jen  Bay,  is 
a  town  of  about  TOO  inhabitants,  where 
is  a  fall  of  8  feet,  also  a  lock  for  the  pas- 
sage of  steamers. 


Green  Bay  to  Fond  4a  Ijms, 
Wiaconsin. 

There  is  now  a  railroad  and  steamboat 
route,  extending  from  Green  Bay  to  Ap- 
pleton, Oshkosh,  and  Fond  du  Lac,  situ- 
ated at  the  head  of  Lake  Winnebago,  60 
miles  distant,  the  latter  passing  through 
Fox  river  and  the  above  beautiful  sheet 
of  water. 

Fox,  or  Nbbvah  Riveb  rises  in  Mar- 
quette Co.,  Wis.,  and,  pas&ing  through 
Lake  Winnebago,  forms  its  outlet.  This 
importuut  stream  is  rendered  navigable 
for  steamei-s  of  a  small  class  by  means 


172 


TBK  CPPra  mSBIMIPFt 


of  damg  and  locks,  formlngf,  in  connec- 
tion with  a  short  canal  to  the  Wisconsin 
river,  a  direct  water  oonimiinication  from 
Green  Bay  to  the  Mississippi  river,  a 
distance  of  about  200  miles.  The  r'.pids 
in  the  lower  part  of  Fox  river  afford  an 
immenne  wator-power,  while  the  upper 
section  of  eoiintrf  through  which  it  flows, 
produces  lumber  and  gfrain  in  gr<)at 
abundance.  Here  is  a  fall  of  170  feet 
in  tlio  diHtance  of  35  miles,  after  leaving 
Lake  Winnebago. 


The  City  of  Oreen  Bay,  and  capital 
of  Brown  Co.,  Wis.,  is  favorably  situated  at 
tiie  head  of  Green  Bay,  where  enters  the 
Lower  Fox  and  East  rivers,  both  being 
navigable  for  a  few  miles,  the  former  be- 
ing improved,  by  means  of  locks  and 
canal.s,  so  as  to  form  a  navigable  commu- 
nication witl»  Lake  Winnebago  and  the 
Upper  Fox  river,  connecting  by  means 
of  a  canal,  1 1  miles  in  length,  with  the 
Wisconsin  river,  emptying  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi at  Prnirie  du  Chicn.  It  is  thus 
on  the  line  of  water  communication  be- 
tween the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence.  The  capacity  of  the 
harbor  is  unequalled,  there  being  a  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  to  admit  vessels  of 
a  large  8i7,o,  and  room  to  accommodate 
all  the  shipping  of  the  Upper  Lakes. 
Tlie  Chicago  and  North-  Western  Railway 
terminates  at  Fort  Howard,  opposite 
Green  Bay,  boing  242  miles  in  length, 
uniting  with  lines  of  travel  through  Wis- 
consin, and  connecting  at  its  terminus 
with  lines  of  Steamers  running  to  Esca- 
naba,  Mackinac,  and  other  ports  of  Ca- 
nada and  the  United  States.  A  railroad 
is  proposed  to  be  built  to  run  from  Green 
Bay  to  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and  another  to 
run  nortli  to  Kscanaba — thus  making  a 
direct  railroad  communication  from  Mil- 
waukee and  Chicago,  to  Lake  Superior. 
TJud  latter  route  has  become  a  favorite 


pleasure  trip,  connecting  at  Green  Bay 
with  a  daily  lino  of  Steamers  running  to 
Kscanaba,  Mich.,  there  again  connecting 
^v^th  the  Peninsular  Railroad,  running  to 
the  Iron  and  Copper  mines  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 

A  free  drawbridge  connects  Green  Baj- 
with  Fh,rt  Howard,  whore  is  located  the 
railroad  depot,  the  river  hero  being  about 
one  third  of  a  mile  in  width.  Docks  are 
erected  on  both  sides  of  the  stream  for 
the  accommodation  of  vessels. 

The  city  of  Green  Bay  and  IM  How- 
ard, united,  contain  a  population  of  about 
4,000  inhabitants,  their  interest  being 
closely  identiflod.  Here  are  congregated 
ten  churches,  two  national  bonks,  tet 
hotels,  fifty  or  sixty  stcTna  and  ware- 
houses, two  elevators,  one  steara  grist 
mill,  steam  saw  mills,  one  iron  foundry 
and  machine  shop,  one  ship  yard  for 
building  steamers,  Ac. 

The  water  power  of  Fox  river,  it  bar- 
ing a  descent  of  170  feet  below  Lake 
Winnebago,  affords  advantages  unsur- 
passed for  milling  and  manufacturing 
purposes.  At  De  Pert,  5  miles  above 
Green  Bay,  whore  lake  navigation  ceases, 
there  being  a  fall  of  12  feet  in  the  river, 
are  located  numerous  mills  and  manufao- 
turiug'estabnshmcnts,  the  water-power 
being  as  yet  but  partially  improved,  af- 
fording room  for  other  estttblishraents. 


Orben  B\t,  about  100  miles  long  and 
from  20  to  30  miles  wide,  is  a  splendid 
sheet  of  water,  destined  no  doubt  to  be 
enlivened  with  commerce  and  pleasure 
excursions.  Here  are  to  be  seen  a  num- 
ber of  picturesque  islands  and  headlands. 
Several  important  streams  enter  into 
Green  Bay.  the  largest  of  which  is  Nee- 
nah  or  Fox  ri^er,  at  its  head,  and  is  the 
outlet  of  Winnebago  Lake.  Meuomonee 
river  forms  the  boundary  between  tho 
States  of  Wisconsin  and  Michigan,  and 


■8 


,  connectin;^  at  Oreen  Ba^ 
lino  of  Steamers  running  to 
ch.,  there  ajrain  connooting 
insular  Railroad,  running  to 
Copper  mines  of  Lake  Supo- 

vbridge  connects  Oroen  Baj- 
ward,  whore  is  located  the 
t,  tlie  river  here  being  about 
a  mile  in  width.  Docks  are 
)tli  sides  uf  the  stream  for 
idation  of  vessels, 
f  Green  Bay  and  IM  Bow- 
contain  a  population  of  about 
Hants,  their  interest  being 
iflod.  Here  are  congregated 
I,  two  national  banks,  tec 
or  sixty  stores  and  ware- 
elevators,  one  steara  grist 
saw  mills,  one  iron  foundry 
}  shop,  one  ship  yard  for 
mers,  to. 

■  power  of  Fox  river,  it  har- 
nt  of  170  feet  below  Lake 
affords  advantages  nnsur- 
milling  and  manufacturing 
At  De  Pere,  fi  miles  above 
whore  lake  navigation  ceases, 
a  fall  of  12  feet  in  the  river, 
numerous  mills  and  manufac- 
biishmcnts,  the  water-power 
t  but  partially  improved,  af- 
n  for  other  establishments. 


\T,  about  100  miles  long  and 
30  miles  wide,  is  a  splendid 
iter,  destined  no  doubt  to  be 
vith  commerce  and  pleasure 
Here  are  to  be  seen  a  nura- 
resque  islands  and  headlands, 
portant  streams  enter  into 
the  largest  of  which  is  Nee- 
ri^er,  at  its  head,  and  is  the 
innebago  Lake.  Meuomone« 
1  the  boundary  between  the 
risconsin  and  Michigan,  and 


GREEN'  BAT  TO  UOANABA  AMU  MARQUETTE. 


173 


empties  into  the    bay  opposite    Green 
Island. 

The  recent  improvement  of  the  Fox 
•nd  'Wisconsin  rivers  not  only  opens 
steamboat  navigation  between  the  Bay 
and  the  head  of  Lake  Winnebago,  but  it 
connects  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  rivers, 
one  of  which,  flowing  northward,  falls 
iuto  the  Atlantic  through  the  St.  Law- 
rence, and  the  other,  running  southward, 
discharges  its  waters,  through  the  Mis- 
sissippi, into  the  Rulf  of  Mexico.  By 
this  connection  a  steamer  can  start  from 


New  Orleans,  pass  up  the  Mississippi  to 
the  mouth  of  the  WJHconsin,  pass  up  th'm 
river  to  Portage,  through  a  short  canal 
to  the  Upper  Fox  river,  down  tliis 
river  to  Lake  Winnebago,  at  Oshkoili — 
down  the  lake  to  the  point  where  it  con- 
tracts into  the  Lower  Fox— down  this 
romantic  river  some  thirty-five  miles,  by 
means  of  numerous  canals  aroimd  the 
principal  rapids,  into  Green  Bay,  and  so 
on  without  interruption  through  tlio  great 
lakes  into  the  St.  Lawrence  to  tlie  At- 
lantic Ocean. 


GREEIf  BAT  to  E8CANABA  and  IHARqVETTE, 

By  Steaueb  and  Railroad  Rootk. 


Ojc  leaving  the  City  of  Green  Bat  in 
one  of  the  steamers  of  the  Green  Bay 
Transit  Company  for  Escanaba,  100  miles, 
you  pass  through  one  of  the  roost  beauti- 
ful sheets  of  water,  connecting  with  Lake 
Michigan  on  the  north. 

The  harbor  of  Green  Bay  is  formed  by 
the  Fox  or  Neenah  river,  which  here  en- 
ters from  liie  south,  the  outward  channel 
being  crooked  and  circuitous  until  the 
Light-house,  7  miles  distant,  is  paesed, 
when  the  bay  widens,  and  a  large  ex- 
panse of  water  is  presented  to  view. 

Oconto,  30  miles  north  of  Green  Bay, 
having  daily  communicatiop  by  steam- 
boat, is  a  flourishing  lumbering  village 
lying  on  the  west  side  of  the  bay,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same  name. 

Little  Sturgeon  Point,  40  miles,  lies 
on  the  east  shore. 

Sturgeon  Bat  is  a  deep  indentation, 
running  nearly  across  the  neck  of  land 
which  separates  Green  Bay  from  Lake 
Michigan,  where  it  is  proposed  to  con- 
struct a  ship  canaL 

Menouonee,  68  miles,  lies  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same  name. 


which  divides  the  States  of  Wisconsin 
and  Michigan.  This  is  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing lumberiug  village,  from  where  are 
annually  shipped  large  quantities  of  lum- 
ber to  Chicago,  and  eastern  markets. 

Green  Island,  60  miles,  being  half- 
way to  Escanaba,  lies  in  the  middle  of 
the  bay,  where  is  a  light-house  to  guide 
the  mariner. 

Hat  Island  and  Strawberrt  Island 
are  small  bodies  of  land  passed  on  the 
east,  near  the  main  shore. 

Chamber's  Island,  75  miles,  is  a  large 
9nd  fertile  body  of  land,  lying  near  the 
middle  of  the  bay,  here  being  about  20 
miles  wide. 

Post  des  Morts,  or  Death's  Door,  is 
the  entrance  into  Lake  Michigan,  sepa- 
rating the  main  land  from  Washington 
Island,  on  the  north,  which  is  attached 
to  the  State  of  Michigan.  To  the  east 
lie  the  broad  waters  of  l^ko  Michigan. 

Ci!,'>AR  RivER,  90  miles,  enters  fh)m 
the  wcbt,  where  is  a  lumbering  establish- 
ment, the  whole  west  shore  of  Gi-een 
Bay  producing  a  large  growth  of  pine 
and  other  kindis  of  timber. 


jriM'.fc>w^ttt^.J!Mifea&'i>«ej!W^'^mi-;«ai^ 


174 


TIM  rPPBB  inSBlSWPPt. 


Tho  Sfoamer  now  runs  direct  for  lAttle 
Bay  d»  NoqukI,  \W  niilog  distant,  affording 
a  viow  of  tho  waters  of  Lake  Michixuu 
on  tho  cast,  while  to  tho  north  lios  Great 
Bay  de  Noquet,  about  10  miles  wide  and 
20  miles  in  length. 

I'BSSAUKEE,  I'ESUTioo,  and  other  towns 
are  springing  np  on  tho  west  shore  of 
Green  Bay,  where  are  to  Ije  found  nu- 
merous largo  lumber  establishment?,  sit- 
nated  on  the  streams  running  mto  the 

'csCANABA,   Delta  Co.,  Michigan,  is  a 
w  and  promising  town,  situated  on  the 
*tern  shore  of  Little  Bay  de  Noc,  120 
.4  les  north  of  the  city  of  Green  Bay.  and 
t  tho  southern  terminus  of  the  Pemnmkt 
Railroad  of  Michigan.    This  place,  laid 
•tut  in  the  Spring  of  1804,  has  command- 
ing odvantages,  where  is  a  good  and  se- 
cure harbor,  of  easy  access,  witii  a  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  for  the  largest  class 
,f   vessels  navigating  the  lakes.     The 
■locks  erected  by  the  railroad  company 
are   of  a   substantial  and    commodious 
character,  intended  for  the  transhipment 
of  iron  and  copper  ore  from  the  Lake  Su- 
perior mines,  distent  about  66  miles. 
The  site  of  the  town  Ues  on  Sand  Pomt, 


whore  is  a  favorable  view  of  the  wate*« 
of  Green  Bay  lying  to  the  south,  and 
Little  Bay  de  Noo  on  the  north.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles,  with 
ample  public  grounds  adjoining  the  water- 
front. Stores  and  warehouses  are  about 
bt'lng  erected,  also  a  church,  and  a  flrst- 
plass  hotel.  The  future  of  this  place  is 
hard  to  predict,  its  growth  being  identi- 
nod  with  the  rich  minuml  deposits  of  the 
Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  bordering 
on  Lake  Superior. 

The  Peninaui»r  liakoad  runs  from  the 
wharf  at  Escanaba,  .hrougli  a  now  and 
wild  section  of  country  to  NoK'onnee,  62 
miles,  there  intersecting  the  Bay  de  No- 
quel  and  Marquette  Haikoad,  14  miles 
above  Marquette,  forming  a  through  hns 
of  travel.  ,,         ^^  , 

The  Bay  de  Noquet  and  Marquette,  and 
the  Marquette  and  Ontonagon  Raaroadi, 
form  a  connection  at  tlie  iron  mines,  and 
now  extend  to  Lake  Miuhigommi,  40  miles 
from  Marquette.  Tliis  important  road 
will  be  extended  to  Ontonagon,  120  mites, 
also,  to  Portage  Lake,  thus  connectmg 
the  iron  and  copper  regions  of  Lake  Su- 
perior. 


..If. 


•.:A 


"W 


rayorable  view  of  the  witelf 
3ay  lying  to  the  south,  and 
de  Noo  on  the  north.  The 
laid  out  at  ri^ht  angles,  with 
c  grounds  adjoining  the  water- 
res  and  warehouses  ore  about 
ted,  also  a  church,  and  a  flrst- 
.  The  future  of  this  place  is 
edict,  its  growth  being  identi- 
lio  rich  mineriil  deposits  of  the 
linsula  of  Michigan,  bordering 
iiporior. 

inmdiir  liahvad  runs  from  the 
Escanaba,  ^hrougli  a  new  and 
m  of  country  to  Nogonnee,  62 
•e  intersecting  the  Bay  <fc  ^i>- 
Marquette  Raikoad,  14  miles 
rquette,  forming  a  through  lins 

y  de  Nhquel  and  MarqvelU,  and 
uette  and  Ontonagon  Railroads, 
nnection  at  tlio  iron  mines,  and 
id  to  Lake  Michigommi,  40  miles 
rquette.  Tliis  important  road 
tended  to  Ontonagon,  120  miles, 
Portage  Lake,  thus  connecting 
ind  copper  regions  of  Lake  Su- 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14'  !r 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


._J 


BAILROAO  AMD  BTEAHBOAT  BOVTB. 


176 


IIILWAUEEE  TO  MADISON  &  PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEN, 
Vu  Milwaukee  and  Praihik  du  Chien  RAawAT,  coknechno  with 


ihi-fT 


Bailboad  &  Steamers  for  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


OoluK  West. 

Tkroogb  Passenger  Trains 
I  leave  Milwaukee  at  11  a.m. 
-    aadSr.x. 


Officers. 

L.  H.  Mbtkr,  Prei.,  N.Tork. 
S.  S.  UxBBiLi.,  Qen.  Man., 

UUwaokee. 


STATioiia.      Miles.  Fan. 


Mllwankee 0  $  cts. 

mm  Grove 10 

JtTNOTION 14 

Wankesha 20 

Oenesee 28 

Eagie 36 

Mmyra 42 

WaiTi  Watkr.  ...  60 

Milton 62 

Milton  Jane 63 

Edgerton 70 

Stoughton 80 

MoFarland 89 

Madiaon 95 

Middleton 102 

Cross  Plains 110 

Black  EarOi 115 

Maiomaaie 118 

Arena 124 

Spring  Green 132 

Lone  Book 138 

Avooa 145 

Muscoda 151 

Boscobel 165 

Woodman 171 

Waiweka 176 

Bridgeport 186 

liower  Town 192 

I    PrarledttCliieul94 

i 


Going  Baat. 
Throogh    Passenger    Trains 
leave  Prairie  da  Chien  at 
7.50  A.  X.  and  9f.il 


Coiiuectlug  liinea. 


Railroads  and  Steamers. 

Milwaokee  aad  St.  Panl  B.  R. . 
for  Watertown,  Portage 
City,  La  Crosse,  etc. 


CUcwo  and  Northwestern 
R.  K. ,  ranning  flrom  Chicago 
to  Green  Bay,  eto. 

Beloit  and  Madison  B.  B. 


Wisconsin  River. 


Stations.       Miles.  Fare. 


Misslsaippi  Biver  k  McGregor 

Western  R.  R. 
Steamers  for  St.  Panl,  etc. 


Prairie  duChleu  0  t  ots. 

Lower  Town 2 

Bridgeport 8 

Waozeka 18 

Woodman 22 

Boscobel 28 

Muscoda 4S 

Avoca 49 

Lone  Rook 55 

Spring  Green 62 

Arena 69 

Masomanie 75 

Black  Earth 79 

Cross  Plains 84 

Middleton 92 

Madiaon 98 

McFarland 105 

StoQghton lis 

Edgerton 123 

MiUon  Junction.  ..130 

Milton ISa 

Wnm  Watib — 143 

Palmyra 152 

E&gle 157 

Oenesee 165 

Wankesha 173 

JONCTION 180 

Elm  Grove 184 

Milwavkee 194 


The  MiLWADMB  and  Prawoi  do  Chibm  Railway,  in  connection  with  the  Dwrow 

and  MiLWACKH  Railroad,  and  other  Railroads,  form  a  direct  Line  of  Travel  from  the 
Eastern  States  and  Canada,  to  the  Miasiss'ppi  River. 


176 


RAILROAD  Ain>  gTSAJCBOAT  BOUTK. 


CHICAGO  to  MILWAUKEE,  LA  CROSSE  &c  ST.  PAUL 

\iA  Chicago  and  Milwaukee,  and  Milwaukeb  and  St.  Paul  Railroads. 


Goiiie  North. 

Through  Ptigsenger  Trains 
leave  Chicago  for  Milwau 
kee,  &c.,  at  9  A.U.  and 
8.46  I'.M. 


Sino.vs       Miles.  Fare, 


Offlcen. 

GKO.L.DDNLAr,iSup(.,Chica«o 
A.RBASONBH,Su|>(.,Milwaakee 
D.X.OLiH,AMit.a»ft->  " 


Couiiectiiig  liliies. 


CHICAGO 0  t   cts 

Bustfhill 8 

Kvanstown 12 

Winnetka 16 

Olencoe 19 

Highland  Park....  33 

Lake  Forrest. 38 

Bockland SO 

Waukboam SS 

State  Line. 45 

Kb-nuhba,  Wis....  S3 
Baciae  Junction.. .  60 

Haclne <3 

Oak  Creek 73 

Milwaukee 85     3  00 

Depart         and         P.M. 
{MUvBoukte  4-  SI.  Paul  R.R.) 
Oconomowoo. ...  116 

Watkutown 128     4  75 

Columbus 148     6  76 

l>oiiTAOB  CITT....176     6  80 
Kilbourn  City....  190     7  60 

Manston 313 

Lisbon 217     8  60 

Ureenfleld 241   ,_  ^_ 

SparU .256   10  00 

West  8alem 2i>9 

IjA  CUO8BB..380   11  00 


Railroad  and  Steamers. 


GoliiK  South. 

Through  Passenger  Trains 
leave  La  Cro^is^  for  .Mil- 
waukee, etc.,  at  6  A.M. 
Md  »  P.M. 


Stations.      Miles.  Fare. 


Kenosha  and  Bookford  B.It. 
Racine  and  MissiBaippl  B.B. 
Bailroads  and  Steamers. 


Chicago  &  Northwestern  Bail 
way  running  to  Ureen  Bay 
Wisconsin  Biver. 


Arrio*, 


Steamers  on  the  Mississippi 
running  to  St.  Paul. 


LiA  CROSSE  . .    0   t  cU. 

West  Salem 11 

Sparta 25 

Greenfleld 39 

Lisbon 63 

Manston 68 

Kilbourn  City  ... .  90 

Portaob  CiTr 104 

Columbus 132 

Watbktown 153 

Oconomowoo    . .  .164 

Milwaukee 195 

Depart,         A.M.&        P.M. 
{Chieago  4*  MibemUu*  1LR.) 

Oak  Creek 804 

Ractiie.. 218 

Racine  Junction.  .220 

Kenosha 228 

HU  e  Line 235 

Wauucoan,  Ill.;..245 

Rockland....- 250 

Lake  Forest 252 

Highland  Park....  357 

Ulencoe .....261 

Winnetka 384 

Evanston 308 

Rosehill 373 

CHICAGO 380  U  00 


Arrive, 


STEAMBOAT     ROUTE 

Fbom   La  Crossb  to   St.  Paul,   Minw. 

CD  the  arrival  of  Through  Trains  at  La  Cbossb,  ftom  Chicaoo  tnd  MttWAOTm,  passen- 

gen  are  Immediately  conveyed  by  Steamers,  running  on  the  Mississippi  Biver,  to  St.  PACt 

wai  all  the  toiemediaie  l»ndingi»-*ffordlng  the  moat  direct  and  speedy  roate  to  the  Oppor 

'«ti[sliaippi. 


BOUTK. 

lOSSE  <3b  ST.  PAUL 
!  AND  St.  Paul  Railroads. 


GoliiK  South. 

«o 

Through    Pagsenger    Trains 

leave    La  Cross^    for   .Mil- 

waukee, etc.,    at   5  A.M. 

«nd  0  P.M. 

Stations.      Miles.  Fare. 

liA  CROSSE  . .    0   t  ct8. 

West  Salem il 

gparta 26 

Greenfield 39 

Lisbon 63 

Manston 68 

KilbournCity....  90 

PORTAOB  CiTr 104 

Colarohus 133 

Watbktown 152 

n. 

Oconomowoo    . .  .164 

Milwaukee 195 

B. 

Depart,         A.M.*        P.M. 

iChifago  4-  Mibeaukt*  R.R.) 

Oak  Creek M4 

Racliie.. 218 

Kacine  Junction.  .220 

Kenosha 228 

Ail- 

rttoeLine 235 

lay. 

Wauooan,  lll.i..246 

Rockland.... 260 

Uke  Forest 282 

Highland  Park....  267 

(itpiiftoe   .....•••  (ttSl 

Winnetka M4 

Rosehill     272 

ppi 

CHICAGO 280  U  00 

Arrive, 

ULWAUKKi  TO  HAoarai  Am  pbaiu  do  OHmr. 


Ill 


I  O  UT  E 
AOL,   Minn. 

Chicago  end  MawAinmi,  pwwn- 
the  UiulMippi  Blver,  to  St.  Padi. 
wot  and  speedy  route  to  tbe  %p«r 


RAILROAD  ROUTE  fk>oiii  IHILWAIJKfiE  to  HADI§OIII 
and    PRAIRIE   da  CHIEN. 


This  popular  and  direct  route  of  travel, 
running  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  runs  for  the  most  part 
through  a  rich  agricultural  section  of 
country,  passing  through  several  ha- 
portant  cities  and  villages. 

At  the  Junction,  14  miles,  the  Mil- 
waukee and  Watertown  Diviaion  of  the 
Milwaukee  and  St  Paul  Railway  diverges 
towards  Watertown,  forming  a  line  of 
travel  to  La  Crosse  and  St.  Pai«L 

Waukesha,  20  miles,  is  a  flourishing 
village,  and  the  capital  of  Waukesha 
county,  situated  on  Fox  river.  The 
court-house  and  jail  are  built  of  a  fine 
quality  of  limestone,  quarried  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity.  There  are  6  churches, 
2  banks,  an  institution  styled  Carroll  Col- 
lege, several  public  houses,  a  flouring 
mill,  iron  foundiy,  b  machine  shop  and 
car  factory.  The  population  of  the  vil- 
lage is  about  3,0P0. 

White  Water,  60  miles,  is  a  thriving 
village,  situated  on  an  affluent  of  Rock 
river,  where  is  a  good  water  power. 
Here  are  6  churches,  2  banks,  flouring 
mills,  a  paper  mill,  and  other  manufac- 
turing establishments.  The  population 
in  1860  was  2,731. 

Milton  Jdnotion,  63  miles,  is  situated 
99  miles  north  of  Chicago.  Here  crosses 
the  Chicago  and  North-  Western  RaUway, 
running  to  Green  Bay,  143  miles  distant. 

The  Railroad  route  from  Milton  Junc- 
tion to  Madison,  32  miles,  runs  through 
a  good  section  of  country,  where  lie 
several  beautiful  bodies  of  water,  forming 
the  head  sources  of  Rock  river,  which 
river  in  its  course  to  the  Mississippi 
drains  the  finest  portions  of  Wisconsin 
and  Illinois. 


Railroad  Route  Continued — Cuuaoo 
AND  Milwaukee  to  St.  Paul. 

The  City  of  niadlEOn,  the  capital  of 
the  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  seat  of  justice 
of  Dane  co.,  is  delightfully  situated  on  an 
isthmus  between  I<akes  Mendotaand  Mo- 
nona, 96  miles,  by  railroad  route  west  of 
Milwaukee,  and  132  miles  north-west  of 
Chicago,  in  lat.  43°  6'  north,  long.  89° 
20'  west,  being  elevated  266  feet  above 
Lake  Michigan,  and  843  feet  above  th|6 
Atlantic  ocean.  The  new  capitol  is  a 
beautiful  structure,  standing  70  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  surrounding  lakes,  and 
in  the  centre  of  a  public  park  adomad 
with  beautiful  forest  trees.  The  Uni- 
versity of  Wisconsin,  which  was  insti- 
tuted in  1849,  stands  on  an  eminence 
one  mile  west  of  the  capitol,  on  ground 
elevated  about  126  feet  above  the  Idcefl. 
The  Wisconsin  Historical  Sodety  is  a 
flourishing  and  highly  useful  institution. 
It  possesses  a  rare  library  of  choice  booka 
and  many  fine  specimens  of  great  interest. 
The  city  contains  12  churches,  4  banks, 
4  hotels,  76  stores,  a  woolen  factorj^, 
2  iron  foundries,  several  steam  mills,  a&d 
other  manufacturing  establishments.  It 
contained,  in  1866,  9,191  inhabitants. 

Here  are  four  beautiful  lakes  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  city:  Lake 
Mendota,  the  largest,  which  lies  on  the 
north  side,  is  6  miles  long  by  4  miles 
wide,  being  a  lovely  sheet  of  water,  with 
clean,  gravelly  shores  and  bold  banks. 
Lake  Monona  is  rather  smaller,  and  floats 
a  small  steamer,  which  atTords  a  most  de- 
lightful excursion  around  the  h^e. 

This  beautiful  city  and  its  vicinity  is 
much  frequented  by  pleasure  seekers  aa 


itb 


THB  VPPKE  llISSIRUPn. 


a  place  of  summer  resort.  The  author  of 
"  Western  Portraiture"  gives  tlie  follow- 
ing lively  sketch  of  this  place  and  its  en- 
virons: "Madison  perhaps  combines  and 
overlooks  more  charming  and  diversified 
scenery  to  please  the  eye  of  fancy  and 
promote  health  and  pleasure  than  any 
town  in  the  West :  and  in  these  respects 
it  surpasses  every  other  State  capital  in 
the  Union.  Its  bright  clear  lakes,  fresh 
groves,  rippling  rivulets,  shady  dales, 
and  flowery  meadow  lawns,  are  com- 
mingled in  greater  profusion  and  disposed 
in  more  picturesque  order  than  we  have 
ever  elsewhere  beheld.  Nor  is  it  less 
noteworthy  for  its  business  advantages 
and  its  healthy  position." 

The  railroad  route  west  of  Madison 
passes  through  a  bro;ien  and  hilly  section 
of  country  producing  large  crops  of  wheat 
and  other  kinds  of  grain,  although  not  so 
thickly  settled  as  the  more  favored  por- 
tions of  the  State. 

Moso-Maink,  23  miles  from  Madison, 
is  a  thriving  village,  surrounded  by  a  good 
section  of  country,  which  becomes  more 
sandy  as  you  proceed  westward,  toward 
tiie  valley  of  tiie  Wisconsin  river. 


At  Helkna,  36  miles  west  of  Madison, 
the  railroad  track  crosses  the  Wisconsin 
river,  hero  about  one-third  of  a  mile  in 
width.  This  stream  is  navigable  for  a 
small  class  of  steamers  from  its  mouth  to 
Portage  City,  where  is  constructed  a  canal, 
uniting  with  Fox  river,  which  empties 
into  Winnebago  Lake,  thus  forming  a 
water  communication,  when  the  river 
is  high,  from  the  Mississippi  river  to 
Green  Bay,  and  thence  into  Lake  Michi- 
gan. 

The  Milwaukee  and  Prairie  du  Ckien 
Railroad  continues  on  the  north  side  of 
Wisconsin  River,  passing  through  its 
valley,  which  is  fringed  with  hills  or 
bluffs  in  many  places,  the  soil  being  sandy 
and  rather  unproductive. 

BosooBBL,  70  miles  west  of  Madison, 
is  a  flourishing  village,  situated  on  the 
river.  Other  small  villages  are  passed 
before  reaching  Prairie  du  Chien,  which 
is  divided  into  two  villages  or  settlements. 
A  steam  ferry  crosses  the  Mississippi 
from  Lower  Prairie  du  Chien  to  McGregor, 
Iowa. 

For  a  desf  ription  of  PRAiitiB  du  Chibh, 
see  p.  42. 


Table,  ataowlnff  the  Elevatlou  of  leTeral  Place*  abOTe  the 

Oulf  of  Mexico. 


Feet 

Cairo,  IlUnois 275 

IX  Louis,  Missouri 335 

Alton,  lUinois 246 

Kock  Island,  Illinois 628 

D^.buque,  Iowa 676 

Prdlrie  du  Chien,  Wis 602 

La  Orosse,  Wis 632 

I'rcs :>otf^  Win 677 

St.  Paul,  Minn 690 

St.  Authony,  Minn 760 


rttL 

Crow  Wing,  Minn 1,100 

Itasca  Lake,  Minn 1,650 

Lake  Michigan,  at  Chicago,  111 678 

Lake  Winnebago,  Wisconsin 748 

Lake  Superior 600 

Lake  Huron 676 

I«ke8t.Clair 670 

Lake  Erie 665 

LakeOntario 232 


A,  35  miles  west  of  Madison, 
track  crosses  the  Wisconsin 
kbout  one-third  of  a  mile  in 
3  stream  is  navigable  for  a 
(f  steamers  from  its  mouth  to 
,  where  is  constructed  a  canal, 
1  Fox  river,  which  empties 
bago  Lake,  thus  forming  a 
aunication,  when  the  river 
im  the  Mississippi  river  to 
and  thence  into  Lake  Michi- 

cniket  and  PnirU  dit  Chien 
ntinues  on  the  north  side  of 
River,  passing  throngh  its 
2h  is  fringed  with  hills  or 
ly  places,  the  soil  being  sandy 
inproductive. 

,  70  miles  west  of  Madison, 
ling  village,  situated  on  the 
sr  small  villages  are  passed 
liing  Prairie  du  Chien,  which 
to  two  villages  or  settlements, 
srry  crosses  the  Mississippi 
Prairie  du  Chien  to  McGregor, 

ription  of  PRAiitiB  du  Chihk, 


ral  Place*  above  the 


Feat. 

,  Minn 1,100 

,  Minn 1,660 

l^n,  at  Chicago,  111 678 

Bbago,  Wisconsin 748 

ior 600 

1 576 

lir 570 

565 

lo 232 


WKWAinUU  TO  U  0WW8I. 


Railroad  Route  Trowk  Milwaukee  to  Ia  Croise, 

Via  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad. 


179 


This  favoriie  railroad  route  nms  west 
from  Milwaukee,  through  a  fine  section 
.  of  country,  to  Watertown,  44  miles; 
there  connecting  with  the  Chicago  and 
North-ivettern  Railway,  running  north  to 
Fond  du  Lac,  and  Green  Buy,  the  latter 
being  165  miles  north  of  Milwaukee. 

A  railroad  extends  westward  from  the 
Watertwn  Junction,  to  Sun  Prairie,  to 
near  Madison,  the  capital  of  the  State, 
while  the  main  line  extends  north- west, 
through  Columbus  to  PoRTAaE  City, 
there  un'ting  with  the  line  of  luu  La 
Crosse  and  Milwaukee  Railroad  proper, 
running  through  Horicon,  about  half  way 
from  Milwaukee. 

At  Purtage  Cil /  the  Fox  River  Canal  is 
passed,  which  unites  the  waters  of  the 
Wisconsin  river  with  Lake  Michigan,  by 
means  of  the  Fox  river  Improvement, 
terminating  at  Green  Bay. 

The  Fhx  River  Canal,  1^  miles  in  leugth, 
flows  from  the  Wisconsin  river,  at  Port- 
age City,  into  Fox  river,  thus  uniting 
the  tributary  waters  of  the  Mississippi 
and  St.  Lawrence  rivers.  Tlie  fall  of 
Water  in  the  canal  is  7  feet,  affording 
good  hydraulic  power  for  propelling 
mills,  and  other  manufacturing  purposes. 
The  elevation  of  the  water,  at  Portage 
City,  Wis.,  is  773  feet  above  the  ocean, 
being  195  feet  above  Lake  Michigan, 
and  173  feet  above  the  Mississippi,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  river. 

From  Portage  (Hty,  the  Milwaukee  and 
8t  Paul  Railway  runs  through  KiOxmm 


City,  109  miles,  where  the  Wisconsin 
.iver  is  passed  toward  Lisbon,  135  miles. 
Here  is  a  tine  section  of  country,  which 
is  soon  followed  by  a  barren  section, 
being,  for  the  most  part,  clotiied  with  a 
small  growth  of  trees,  while  the  soil  is 
light  and  sandy. 

Near  Qreer^dd  Stalivn,  157  miles  from 
Milwaukee,  and  38  miles  from  La  Crosse, 
are  encountered  the  dividing  bluffs  which 
separate  the  la  Crosse  Valley  from  the 
tributaries  of  the  Wisconsin  river.  Here 
is  a  tunnel,  68  rods  in  length,  through 
which  the  railroad  track  passes,  and  poor 
land  continues  until  near  Sparta,  37 
miles  from  the  Mississippi,  when  the  rich 
La  Crosse  valley  is  reached  and  followed, 
the  railroad  runaing  through  a  fine  sec- 
tion of  country. 

From  Sparta  it  is  proposed  to  run  a 
a  railroad  north-west  to  opposite  Winona, 
Minn.,  a  distance  of  about  60  miles,  cross- 
ing Black  river,  which  is  a  fine  stream 
flowing  into  the  Mississippi  near  La 
Crosse,  and  affording  along  its  valley  an 
abundance  of  pine  timber. 

The  railroad  terminates  at  KoRTQ  La 
Crosse,  195  miles  from  Milwaukee,  where 
are  commodious  freight  houses  and  the 
steamboat  landing.  Passengers  are  car- 
ried to  and  from  La  Crosse,  half  a  mile 
distant,  in  omnibuses,  over  a  bridge 
which  spans  the  La  Crosse  river,  here  a 
sluggish  stream. 

For  a  description  of  La  Cbossi,  see 
page  43. 


r 


180 


na  vtm 


Climate  of  Wlteoiirfii. 


"WisooNSiN,  lying  between  42*  30'  and 
47°  north  latitude,  extending  to  the 
south  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  being 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Lake  Michigan, 
and  on  the  west  by  the  Mississippi  river, 
IS  geographicaSy  considered  one  of  the 
most  highly  favored  of  the  States.  "  Its 
latitude  would  indicate  a  rather  cold  cli- 
mate. Meteorological  observations  have 
demonstrated,  however,  that  the  mere 
circumstance  of  latitude  is  an  unsafe  cri- 
terion by  which  to  judge  of  temperatures, 
since,  within  a  given  zone,  owmg  to  pe- 
culiarities of  position,  and  configuration 
of  surface,  it  not  unfrequently  happens 
that  the  terms  north  and  south  lose  all 
their  significance  as  indices  of  the  distri- 
bution of  heat. 

"  Bounded  by  great  lakes  on  the  north 
and  east,  and  exposed  on  the  south  and 
north-west  to  the  warm,  moist  winds  of 
tropical  seas  in  summer,  and  to  the  cold, 
and  dry  winds  of  sub-Arctic  regions  in 
winter,  the  scientific  climatologist  might 
with  certainty  predict  an  extensive  range 
of  temperature  for  the  year  between  the 
maximum  and  minimum  of  summer  and 
winter,  respectively,  aa  also  between  the 
mean  or  average  of  one  and  the  other  of 
these  extreme  seasons.  And  the  results 
of  numerous  actual  observations,  extend- 
ing through  a  series  of  years,  show  that 
the  caused  named  do  really  produce 
those  anticipated  contrasts  and  local  pe- 
culiarities, and  to  a  very  remarkable  ex- 
tent modiiy  the  climate  of  the  State. 

"  Beginning  with  Spring,  the  season 
of  planting,  and  early  vegetable  growth, 
and  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  all,  is 
that  which  indicates  a  mean  temperature 
of  45°  Fahr.,  for  the  season  embracing 


March,  April,  and  May.  Commencing  at 
St  Paul,  Minn.,  or  Hudson,  on  the  St. 
Croix  Lake,  it  passes  Bucccsaively,  in  a 
south-east  direction,  to  near  Pojtage, 
north  of  Madison,  and  there  by  a  rapid 
soutihera  descent  to  Chicago,  111.;  thus 
showing  that  the  mean  temperature  of 
spring  IS  as  high  in  the  north-western 

Sirt  of  this  State,  even  as  far  north  ai 
udson,  as  it  is  in  Chicago,  in  northern 
lUioois.  This  is  a  remarkable  fact,  and, 
when  generidly  known,  can  not  fail  U> 
correct  the  erroneous  impressions  which 
now  prevail  as  to  the  agricultural  capa- 
city of  the  climate  of  north-western  Wia- 
consin. 

The  Isothermal  Lines  (lines  passing 
through  points  whose  S^mmer  tempera* 
ture  is  equal)  are  also  worthy  of  special 
attention.  It  will  be  observed  that  the 
meac  of  70°  Fahr.  (which  is  the  average 
tomp»irature  of  Southern  New  York,  and 
of  Northern  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois) 
when  t  reaches  Chicago,  in  its  western 
course,  suddenly  bends  northward,  enter- 
ing Wisoousia  afrBeloit,  in  Rock  county, 
passing  through  Madison,  the  capital  of 
:he  State,  and  tiien  bears  north-wertward 
to  the  county  of  St  Croix,  whose  v  eatem 
boundary  it  cuts  near  Prescott  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  St  Croix  river,  and 
fVom  thence  strikes  St.  Paul,  continuing 
northward  toward  Pembina,  situated  on 
the  Red  river  of  the  North." 

By  a  reference  to  L  A.  Lapham'b  "OU- 
matie  Map  of  Wi»e<mrin,"'iiie  range  of  sum- 
mer and  winter  temperatures  is  most 
ingeniously  and  singularly  shown;  the 
influence  of  the  Great  Lakes  tending  to 
elevate  the  mean  temperature  of  winter, 
and  depressing  that  of  summer. 


I 


B. 

^  and  May.  Commencing  at 
DO.,  or  Hudson,  on  the  St. 
it  passes  sucoossively,  in  a 
irection,  to  near  Pojtage, 
dison,  and  there  by  a  rapid 
jcent  to  Chicago,  111.;  thus 
t  the  mean  temperature  of 
high  in  the  north-western 
State,  even  as  far  north  aa 
it  is  in  Chicago  in  northern 
is  if  a  remarkable  fact,  and| 
ally  known,  can  not  fail  t» 
irroneous  impresaione  which 
as  to  the  agricultural  capa- 
limate  of  north-western  Witt- 

>thermal  Lines  (lines  pasting 
its  whose  Summer  tempera* 
1)  are  also  worthy  of  specnal 
(t  will  ba  observed  that  the 
Fahr.  (which  is  the  average 
of  Southern  New  York,  and 
I  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois) 
;hes  Chicago,  in  its  western 
lenly  bends  northward,  enter- 
•in  afrBeloit,  in  Rock  county, 
ou^h  Madison,  the  capital  of 
td  tiien  bears  north-wertward 
ty  of  St.  Croix,  whose  v  eatem 
cuts  near  Presoott,  situated 
h  of  the  St.  Croix  river,  and 
I  strikes  St.  Paul,  continuing 
toward  Pembina,  situated  on 
er  of  the  North." 
renoe  to  I.  A.  Lapham's  "OU- 
f  Tl'«»««n,"'the  range  of  sum- 
rinter  temperatures  is  most 
and  singularly  shown;  the 
the  Great  Lakes  tending  to 
mean  temperature  of  winter, 
ling  that  of  summer. 


UUBWmiU  to  ■>.  MVU 


■TEAHBOAT    fSXCUBnON, 


181 


;•''■  '.\\i 


Vant  DnBCQtm  to  St.  Paul,  Minn,,  enriNO  a  DBSORipnoK  of  the  Omm,  and  Xitr 
LAOis,  and  Objects  of  iKraaan  on  the  IJpfbb  Miasiaaippi  Ritib. 

On  starting  (Vora  Dubuque,  by 
Steamer,  the  river  here  being 
about  half-a-mile  wide,  you  en- 
counter low  wooded  islands, 
which  are  continually  in  sight 
fK>m  the  deck  oi  the  fleet  boat, 
Krhioh  is  alike  calculated  for  the 
aooommodation  of  passengers  and 
for  the  carrying  of  freight  

The  bluffs  on  either  side  of  the  stream, 
rising  from  100  to  400  feet  above  the 
water,  are  also  continually  in  sight,  being 
separated  fVom  one  to  five  miles  asunder, 
with  wooded  sides,  or  prairie-like  ap- 
pearance of  the  interior.  No  language 
osut  describe  the  beauty  and  picturesque 
variety  of  these  blufTs  and  islands,  as 
seen  under  different  efl'ects  of  light  and 
shade— the  bright  moonlight  vying  with 
the  noon-day  sun  of  this  transparent 
region. 

Porosi,  Wis.,  18  miles,  is  a  flourishing 
town  in  Grant  county,  Ijring  near  the 
mouth  of  a  stream  of  the  same  name. 
It  is  situated  in  a  narrow  and  picturesque 
valley  or  ravine,  through  which  the 
water  flows.  The  town  is  divided  into 
three  settlements  or  villages,  namely, 
DMin,  Lafayette,  and  Van  Buren,  alto- 
gether, being  the  most  important  place  in 
the  county.  Large  quantities  of  lead  are 
rained  in  this  and  the  acyocent  oountiea, 
and  shipped  at'  Fotosi  in  steamboats. 
Here  are  congregated  about  2,000  in- 
habitants. 

BuiNA  Vista,  Iowa,  15  mQes  fVirther, 
is  a  small  village  lying  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Mississippi. ' 

Cassvillb,  Wis.,  3*  miles  above  Du- 
buque, is  a  flourishing  village  and  steam- 
boat lauding,  flrom  which  large  quantities 


of  lead  and  agricultural  products  are 
shipped.    Population,  about  1,000. 

GumNBBRO,  Iowa,  44  '  liles  above 
Dubuque,  is  a  thriving  village,  situated  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi,  in  Clay- 
ton county.  Lead  mines  are  worked  in 
this  vicinity,  producing  large  quantities 
of  ore;  while  the  agricultural  products 
shipped  from  this  place  are  annually  in- 
creasing in  quantity.  Population,  about 
1,200. 

Clattok,  Iowa,  12  miles  ftirther,  is 
another  flourishing  village  on  the  west 
side  of  the  river.  A  large  quantity  of 
the  sunilus  produce  of  Clayton  county  is 
shipped  by  steamboats  at  this  place. 
Lead  mines  are  worked  near  Clayton 
with  considerable  success.  Population, 
about  1,000. 

Clayton  Conifrr,  Iowa,  extends  30  or 
40  miles  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  contained,  in  18G5,  21,922 
inhabitants,  mostly  being  engaged  in  agri- 
cultural pursuits.  There  were  produced 
the  same  year  in  the  county  897,063 
bushels  of  -vheat,  934,881  bushels  of 
com,  and  607,928  bushels  of  oats,  be- 
sides large  quantities  of  other  agricultural 
products. 

McGrgoob,  Iowa,  67  miles  above  Du- 
buque, situated  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  is  an  incorporated  city  of 


18S 


TBI  trpFKK  Missnnm. 


growing  imporUmce.  It  Uea  iwarly  oppo- 
site Prairie  dii  Chien,  Wis.,  whicli  is  the 
western  torminus  of  the  Milwaukee  and 
Prairie  du  Chien  Ruilmay,  being  in  close 
connection  with  both  Milwaukee  nnd 
Chicago  by  railroad  routes.  It  was  long 
known  as  "  UoGregor'i  Landing,"  being 
the  depot  of  a  large  grain  and  produce 
market  of  wide  extent,  the  interior 
country  being  very  fertile  and  rapidly  in-' 
creasing  in  wealth  and  popukitiou.  Here 
are  aeveral  hoteln,  two  banks,  lumber 
yards,  planing  mills,  saw  mills,  and  other 
pvanufacturing  establishments.  Popula- 
tion, in  1865,  1,900. 

The  McGregor  Western  Railroad  ex- 
tends north-westward  to  the  State  Line, 
there  connecting  with  the  Minnesota 
Central  Railroad,  which  is  being  con- 
structed northward  to  St.  Paul.  It  will 
also  extend  westward  to  the  rich  coal  re- 
gion of  the  Des  Moines  valley. 

Prairie  da  Clilen,  Wis.,  is  an  old 
and  interesting  town,  situated  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Mississippi  river,  4  miles 
north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Wiscon- 
sin river,  which  is  here  elevated  600 
feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  being 
71  miles  above  Dubuque,  and  292  miles 
below  St.  Paul.  By  railroad  route  it  is 
194  miles  west  of  Milwaukee,  and  229 
miles  north-west  of  Chicago.  The  site  is 
a  level  prairie,  one  or  two  miles  wide,  in- 
closed on  the  east  by  rocky  bluffs,  which 
stretch  along  the  Mississippi  on  both 
sides  for  hundreds  of  miles.  It  is  the 
western  terminus  of  the  Milwaukee  and 
Prairie  du  CMen  Railway,  which  runs 
through  Madison,  the  capital  of  the  State 
of  Wisconsin,  98  miles  distant.  It  con- 
tains 6  churches,  a  bank',  several  public 
houses,  stores,  and  store  h  )UBes.  Popu- 
lation, in  1865,  3,556. 

Prairie  du  Chicr.  is  connected  with 
MoOregor,  Iowa,  by  means  of  a  steam 
f.>rry :  it  is  alio  a  great  place  for  tran- 
shipment to  the  Upper  Mississippi,  seve- 
ral UuM  of  steamerf  stopping  here  dally 


on  their  upward  and  downward  tript 
from  St.  Paul  to  Dubiique  and  St.  Louis. 

The  Railroad  route  from  Milwaukee  to 
Prairie  du  Chien,  passing  through  Madi< 
son,  is  fully  described  on  page  .17. 

Lynxville,  Wis.,  14  miles  above 
Prairie  du  Chien,  is  a  small  settlement 
lying  on  the  east  side  of  the  river.  ^ 

Lahhin'O,  Iowa,  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  in  Alamakee 
county,  near  the  northern  border  of  the 
State,  100  miles  north  of  Dubuque,  is 
a  flourishing  place,  being  first  settled 
in  1862.  Here  are  several  manufac- 
turing establishments,  a  national  bank, 
8  cluirches,  hotels,  stores,  and  ware- 
houses, it  being  a  great  depot  for  wheat 
and  other  produce.     Pop.,  in  1865, 1,676. 

Dk  Soto,  Wis.,  36  miles  above  Prairie 
du  Chien,  is  a  small  settlement  on  the 
east  side  of  the  river. 

Victory,  Wis.,  10  miles  further,  is 
another  small  settlement.  Here  the  river 
bottom  is  wide,  and  numerous  islands  are 


Bad  Ax  Omr,  Wis.,  66  miles  above 
Prairie  du  Chien,  in  Vernon  county,  is 
the  name  given  to.  a  small  village  situated 
a  few  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Bad  Ax 
river. 

Bbownsville,  Houston  co.,  Minn.,  is 
favorably  situated  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  12  miles  below  La  Crosse, 
being  surrounded  by  an  agricultural  dis- 
trict of  country  producing  large  crops  of 
wheat  and  other  farm  products.  This 
town  was  laid  out  in  1853,  and  is  a  com- 
mercial point  of  growing  importance. 
Here  are  several  stores,  and  store-houses 
for  grain,  from  which  are  shipped  large 
quantities  of  wheat  Population,  800. 
The  river-bottom  is  here  wide,  with  nu- 
merous islands,  the  water  rising  and 
falling  at  this  point  usually  about  15  feet, 
The  town  stands  above  high-water  mark, 
under  a  high  and  picturesque  bluff,  called 
Wild  Cat  Mountain,  elevated  600  or  600 
feet  alove  the  river. 


ard  Bud  downward  tripi 
to  Dnbiique  and  St.  Loiiia. 
d  ro\ite  ttom  Milwaukee  to 
en,  passing  through  Madi* 
ascribed  on  page  37. 

Wis.,  14  miles  above 
ien,  is  a  small  settlement 
Ekst  side  of  the  river. 
)wa,  situated  on  the  west 
ssissippi  river,  in  Alamakee 
;he  northern  border  of  the 
les  north  of  Dubuque,  is 
place,  being  first  settled 
ire  are  several  manufuc- 
shments,  a  national  bank, 
hotels,  stores,  and  ware- 
tg  a  great  depot  for  wheat 
duce.  Pop.,  in  1865, 1,676. 
ITis.,  36  mUes  above  Prairie 
a  small  settlement  on  the 
le  river. 

WiB.,  10  miles  further,  !a 
settlement.  Here  the  river 
e,  and  numerous  islands  are 

mr,  Wis.,  56  miles  above 
lien,  in  Vernon  county,  is 
)n  to.  a  small  village  situated 
bove  the  mouth  of  Bad  Ax 

.LE,  Houston  CO.,  Minn.,  is 
lated  on  the  west  bank  of 
>i,  12  mUes  below  La  Crosse, 
ided  l>y  an  agricultural  dis- 
ry  producing  large  crops  of 
>thcr  farm  products.  This 
i  out  in  1853,  and  is  a  com- 
it  of  growing  importance, 
srol  stores,  and  store-houses 
m  which  are  shipped  large 
wheat  Population,  800. 
ttom  is  here  wide,  with  nu- 
[ds,  the  water  rising  and 
>  point  usually  about  15  feet, 
nds  above  high-water  mark, 
and  picturesque  bluCT,  called 
imtain,  elevated  600  or  600 
3  river. 


Ol'BUqUI  TO  8T.    PAUl. 


191 


Tha  City  of  Im 
CrOM«,  La  CrnsM 
00.,  Wis,  issitfiatMt 
On  the  east  hkIp  of 
the  MisRinrh/pi  riv- 
er, 84  iri'vi  ttbove 
Prairir.  >iii  Ohien, 
iiXunditf  VJO  feet 
•»bovr  )ji  Oulf  of 
UfxjTj,  110  miles  below  St.  Paul,  and 
Df  j'j't*!  fVom  Milwaukee  by  nulroad 
toti'ji.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  con- 
(tt'/)  rg  about  7,000  inhabitants,  a  court- 
t»  If*  and  jail,  United  States  Land  Office, 
i  churches,  2  banks,  10  hotels,  80  stores, 
12  warehouses,  2  elevators,  6  steam  saw 
•Bills,  2  steam  shinH»  mills,  1  engine 
■Aop  and  boiler  shop,  •>  founderies,  1  ship 
yard,  thrashing  machine  factory,  1  reaper 
•nd  plow  factory,  2  fanning  mill  fac- 
tories, 2  flouring  mills,  1  woolen  factory, 
and  4  printing  offices,  besides  many  other 
kinds  of  mechanics'  shops.  The  town  is 
beautifully  laid  out  in  squares,  and  shade 
trees,  consisting  of  elm,  maple,  and  locust, 
adorn  the  streets.  It  is  favored  with  a 
large  amount  of  trade  trom  southern 
Minnesota  and  the  surrounding  country, 
embracing  the  valleys  of  Black  and  La 
Crosse  rivers. 

Steamers  land  and  receive  passengers 
several  times  daily  on  their  upward  and 
downward  trips  during  the  season  of 
navigation. 


RoxNiNO    the    MimsaiPPi    Ritib   by 

IfOONUORT. 

This  magnificent  stream  above  Du- 
buque preEents  varied  beauties  of  the 
most  romantic  and  picturesque  character. 
Aa  se^  by  moonlight  fi'om  th«  deck  of 


the  steamer,  during  the  summer  or  au- 
tumn montjis,  nothing  can  exceed  the 
panoramic  view  of  its  banks,  reflected  in 
the  water  below.  If  to  this  sublime 
eflect  be  added  the  aurora  borealis,  or 
northern  lights,  when  the  sky  is  partially 
obscured  by  clouds,  you  have  the  most 
gorgeous  reflection  in  the  waters  that  can 
be  imagined — the  dark  somber  appear- 
ance of  the  forest  being  enlivened  by  the 
dilvery  color  of  the  water,  reflecting  the 
moon  and  all  the  prominent  stars  in  ita 
bosom. 

This  effect  is  often  witnessed  for  hours, 
when,  if  the  clouds  are  dispersed,  a  fog 
often  rises  that  effectually  obscures  the 
banks  and  the  Loavens  above ;  then  the 
bell  is  sounded,  and  the  impatient  steamer 
is  run  for  the  nearest  shore,  bow  fore- 
most, and  made  fast  to  a  tree  until  such 
time  as  Uie  fog  disappears,  which  usually 
is  soon  after  the  sun  rises  on  the  ensu- 
ing morning. 

The  sun  effect  during  the  day,  if  dear, 
is  equally  magnificent  when  passing  the 
castellated  bluffs  which  line  both  shores 
ibr  many  miles  above  La  Crosse,  the 
water  below  reflecting  in  splendor  all  the 
colors  and  inequalities  of  the  elevated 
headlands,  aa  well  as  the  rich  forest  tr^es 
that  line  its  banks. 

The  numerous  low  islands,  also,  mostly 
wooded,  are  lovely  in  the  extreme,  often 
presenting  a  labyrinth  that  seems  ex- 
ceedingly intricattttoaU  tut  th«  practiced 


184 


THB  UPPIB  uuBunm, 


pilot,  who,  from  his  eyrie  in  the  wheel- 
house,  directs  tho  niolioiiRof  the  steamer 
M  if  she  were  a  thing  of  life.  It  is  utterly 
impossible  for  pen  or  brush  to  describe 
tho  varied  boaiitios  of  the  Upper  Mlasis- 
■ippi — nothing  but  a  visit  to  its  romantic 
THlley,  from  one  to  ten  roUea  in  width, 
with  rocicy  blufl^  partly  dothed  with 
/  green  verdure,  oan  convey  anv  idea  of  ita 
^  pure  dark  waters,  green  bonka,  and  the 
blue  akj  here  witueaaed  during  meat  of 
the  season  of  navigation. 

Tho  villages  and  settlements  that  lie 
'sslljd  along  its  shores  at  intervals  of 
some  ten  or  twelve  miles,  inhabited  by 
an  intelligent  class  of  people,  giving  life 
to  the  scene,  altogether  stamps  this  noble 
Btream  as  exceeding  all  others  on  the 
continent  of  America,  if  not  in  the  wide 
world. 


La  Crksoemt,  Minn.,  lying  nearly  op- 
posite La  Crosse,  Is  a  steam^Mt  landing. 
The  village  is  situated  on  high  table-land, 
about  half  a  mile  from  the  river.  Here 
are  2  churches,  3  public  houses,  and  seve- 
ral stores  and  store-houses.  Population, 
600.  It  is  in  contemplation  to  construct 
a  railroad  from  this  place  to  Winona,  40 
miles,  running  along  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mississippi 

KiomfONV,  Minn.,  18  milea  above  La 
Crosse,  is  a  small  settlement  in  Winona 
county,  where  the  steamers  usually  atop 
to  receive  passengers  and  fivight 

Trkmpeleait,  wis.,  23  milea  above  La 
Crosse,  situated  in  Trempeleau  county, 
near  the  mouth  of  a  river  of  the  same 
name,  is  a  flourishing  village,  surrounded 
by  a  rich  ag^cultural  country,  producing 
large  crops  of  wheat  and  other  agricul- 
tural products.  Here  are  several  stores 
and  store-houses,  and  about  1,000  in- 


habitants.   The  river-bottom  ia  wids  al 

this  point,  with  several  largo  islands 
along  the  Wisconsin  shore,  while  the 
bluflk  are  truly  grand  and  beatitiful. 

The  City  of  IVlnonn,  Minn,,  the 
county  seat  of  Winona  county,  is  fiivor^ 
ably  situated  upon  a  beautiful  level 
prairie  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Misai*- 
aippt  river,  195  milea  above  Dubuque, 
and  168  milea  below  St.  Paul  It  is  sur- 
rounded  by  a  fertile,  woU-cultivatod,  and 
populoua  section  of  country,  being  con- 
nected with  the  Wisconsin  side  by  a 
steam  ferry.  It  is  the  weatorn  terminua 
of  the  Winona  dnd  St.  Peter  HaOnad, 
completed  and  in  running  order  as  far 
west  as  Rochester,  60  miles,  and  is  being 
rapidly  constructed  west  of  that  point  to 
the  Minnesota  river. 

The  first  white  settlement  was  made 
in  this  place  during  the  fall  of  1861.  In 
1867  a  charter  was  granted,  and  it  was 
then  regularly  organized  as  a  city.  Popu- 
lation, in  1860,  2,468;  in  1865,  4,4;t9. 
Besides  the  city  and  county  buildings, 
there  is  situated  the  Minnesota  State 
Normal  School,  now  in  a  very  prosperous 
condition,  13  churches,  3  banks,  1  steam 
grist  mill,  2  steam  saw  mills,  2  machine 
shops,  1  foundery,  and  several  factories  of 
agricultural  implements,  furniture,  &o. 
Its  hotel  accommodations  are  good,  there 
being  several  well-kept  houses. 

It  is  by  far  the  largest  wheat  market 
in  the  State,  and  not  second  to  Any  west 
of  the  Mississippi  river.  The  receipt  of 
wheat  in  1860  was  1,600,000  bushels,  and 
each  succeeding  year  baa  marked  some 
increase  in  this  respect,  it  being  justly 
considered  the  entrepot  of  southern  and' 
western  Minnesota.  A  Railroad  is  now 
in  progress  of  construction  to  extend 
from  St.  Paul  to  Winona,  running  for  the 
most  part  on  the  west  side  of  the  river. 


rhe  river-bottom  is  wide  al 
with  Hovorul  largo  iaiunds 
Vigconnin  ihoro,  while  the 
Jy  ip'and  and  beautiful, 
of  Wlnonn,  Minn.,  the 
of  Winona  county,  is  fiivor* 
d  upon  a  beautiful  lerel 
te  west  bank  of  the  Mi8si»- 
195  miles  above  Dubuque, 
■  below  St.  Paul  It  is  aur- 
k  fertile,  woU-oultirated,  and 
ition  of  country,  being  con- 
the  WioconHin  aide  by  • 
It  is  the  weatom  terminua 
>na  cbid  &.  Peter  RaOnad, 
id  in  running  order  as  far 
tester,  60  miles,  and  is  being 
:ructed  west  of  that  point  to 
»  river. 

i«rhite  settlement  was  made 
during  the  fall  of  1851.  In 
«r  was  granted,  and  it  was 
y  organized  as  a  city.  Popu- 
860,  2,468;  in  1865,  4,4;<9. 
city  and  county  buildings, 
uated  the  Minnesota  State 
lol,  now  in  a  very  prosperous 
churches,  3  banks,  1  steam 
ste.im  saw  mills,  2  machine 
idery,  and  several  factories  of 
implements,  furniture,  &o. 
smmodutions  are  good,  there 
I  well-kept  houses. 
ir  the  largest  wheat  market 
and  not  second  to  Any  west 
ssippi  river.    The  receipt  of 

0  was  1,600,000  bushels,  and 
ling  year  has  marked  some 
Jiis  respect,  it  being  justly 
he  entrepot  of  southern  and' 
mesota.    A  Railroad  is  now 

of  construction  to  extend 

1  to  Winona,  running  for  the 
the  west  side  of  the  river. 


iii^kiii 


DUBUQUI  TO  ST.  PACL. 


IM 


Winona  and  St.  Peter  Rail* 
way, 

Finished  to  Kasson,  65  miles. 
Btatiohs.  MIIm. 

Winona 0 

Minnesota  City 6 

Vfarren % -t 

NewBo8ton.« 6-U 

Greenwood. 4-90 

Hichland »-25 

St.  Charles 8-38 

Saratoga 9-SO 

Ohatfleld 8-88 

'Preston 3-40 

RoouRSTia 10-50 

Kasson 15-05 

Mantorvilto 3-08 

Rice  Lake 10-84 

OWAtONUA. 13-97 

St.  Peter 150 

t^  Connecting  with  Steamers  on  the 
Minnesota  river,  when  finished. 

FooNTAiH  Crrr,  Wis.,  12  miles  above 
Winona,  is  a  flourishing  village,  situated 
on  the  eASt  side  of  the  Mississippi,  where 
are  a  convenient  steamboat  )uiding  and 
several  stores  and  store-houses.  P^ula- 
tion,  600. 

The  beauty  of  the  river  scenery  in- 
creases as  you  proceed  on  the  upward  trip 
toward  Lake  I^pin.  The  bluffs  often  ap- 
pear like  castles,  being  600  or  000  feet  In 
height;  their  shadows,  beiag  reflected^ in 
the  pure  waters  below,  seem  Uke  enchant- 
ment to  the  belidder. 

Mount  YlSHOir,  Iftntt,  is  »  landing 
and  small  settlement  in  the  north  pert  of 
Winona  county. 

MiNNEisKA,  Minn.,  is  ettokted  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  at  tJtfrmouth 
of  Whitewater  river,  130  miles  below  St 
Paul.  Here  are  shipped  annually  about 
400,000  bushels  of  wheat,  besides  oats, 
barley,  wool,  buttt;,  *o.  Population, 
about  600. 


Alua,  Wis.,  is  a  small  village  situated 
near  the  mouth  of  Buflalc  river.  Largo 
quantities  of  wheat  are  annually  shipped 
fVom  this  landrag. 

Wabasha,  Minn.,  249  miles  above  Du- 
buque, and  114  miles  below  St.  Pai'.l,  is 
the  county  seat  of  Wabasha  county.  It 
contains  a  court-house,  4  churches,  an 
academy,  3  hotels,  20  stores,  and  several 
large  warehouses  for  the  storage  of  grain 
and  shipping  purposes.  The  wheat  trade 
is  very  large  at  this  point,  as  Wabasha  is 
the  shipping  mart  for  several  counties  in 
Minnesota,  and  the  fertile  and  wealthy 
Talley  of  the  Chippewa,  in  Wisconsin.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  promising  of  the  young 
cities  of  the  State,  having  a  fine  loeation 
near  the  foot  of  Lake  Pepin. 

Rns'B  Landing,  Minn.,  4  miles  above 
Wabasha,  is  situated  opposite  the  mouth 
of  the  Chippewa  river,  and  at  the  foot  of 
Lake  Pepin,  35  miles  below  Red  Wing. 
It  is  »  flourishing  village,  ft-om  which 
large  quantities  of  wheat  are  tran- 
shipped. As  the  river  both  above  and 
below  Lake  Pepin  opens  earlier  in  the 
spring  than  the  lake,  passengers  destined 
for  points  above  are  conveyed  by  coaches 
to  Red  Wing,  and  there  re-embark. 

Laki  Pkpin,  an  expansion  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river,  lying  670  f^t  above  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  being  aboui  30  miles  in 
length  and  3  miles  wide,  is  a  most  lovely 
sheet  of  water,  lying  between  the  States 
of  Mtenesota  and  Wisconsin.  Here  may 
be  seen  ebrupt  headlands,  bluffs,  and  pic- 
turesque pruiie  slopes  of  great  beauty; 
Sdded  to  which,  the  pnritv  and  healthy 
influence  of  the  Lake  and  surrounding 
country  render  this  vicini^  one  of  the 
most  inviting  resorts  on  the  waters  of  the 
Uroer  Mississippi. 

The  villages  and  landings  on  both 
shores' are  being  annually  visited  by  great 
numbers  of  seekers  of  health  and  pleasure, 
during  warm  weather,  and  the  early  full 
months. 


IM 


I 


D0BCQVII  TO  ST.  PAUU 


18t 


f'»«#  ,1*  hns 


The  Maiden*!  Rock— Lake  Pepin. 

{Oopied/rom  Harper's  Magatine,  JvXy,  1853.) 


THB  maiden's  rook. 

"  Toward  noon  we  entered  that  grand 
expansion  of  the  MissiBsippi,  called  Lake 
Pepin.  Its  width  is  from  tliree  to  five 
milps,  and  its  length  about  twenty-flve. 
It  is  destitute  of  islands,  and  all  along 
its  shores  are  high  bluffs  of  picturesque 
forms,  crowned  with  shnibbeiy,  and  com- 
minglod  with  dense  forests.  The  white 
man  has  not  yet  made  his  mark  u^ion 
liake  Pepin  and  its  surroundings;  waA 
there  lay  its  calm  water,  and  yonder 
uprose  iia  mighty  watch-towers  in  all 
their  primal  beauty  and  grandeur.  High 
above  all  the  rest  loomed  the  bare  front 
of  the  Maiden's  Rock,  grand  in  nature, 
and  interesting  in  ite  romantic  associa- 
tions.   It  has  b  sad  story  to  tell  to  each 


passer-by;  and  as  each  passer-by  always 
repeats  It,  I  will  not  be  an.  exception,  It 
is  a  true  tale  of  Indian  life,  and  will 
forever  hallow  the  Maiden's  Rock,  or 
Lover's  Leap. 

"■Winona,  a  beautiful  girl  of  Wapasha's 
tribe,  loved  a  young  hunter  and  promised 
to  become  his  bride.  Her  parents,  like 
too  many  in  Christian  lands,  were  ambi- 
tious, and  promised  her  to  a  distinguished 
young  warrior,  who  had  smitten  manfully 
the  hostile  Chlppowas.  The  maiden  re- 
fused the  hand  of  the  brave,  and  clung 
to  the  fortunes  of  the  hunter,  who  had 
been  driven  to  the  wilderness  by  menaces 
of  death.  The  indignant  father  declared 
his  determination  to  wed  her  to  the  war- 
rior that  very  day.  The  faruily  were  en- 
camped on  Lake  Pepin,  in  the  shadow  of 
the  great  rock.  Starting  like  a  frightened 
fawn  at  the  cruel  anuouncemeut,  she 
swiftly  climbed  to  the  summit  of  the 
cliff,  and  there,  with  bitter  words,  re- 
proached her  friends  for  their  cruelty  to 
the  hunter  and  her  own  heart.  She  then 
commenced  singing  her  dirge.  The  re- 
lenting parents,  seeing  tlie  peril  of  their 
child,  besought  her  to  come  down,  and 
take  her  hunter  lover  for  a  husband. 
But  the  maiden  too  well  knew  the  treach- 
ery that  was  hidden  In  their  promises, 
and,  when  her  dirge  was  ended,  she 
leaped  from  the  lotly  pinnade,  and  fell 
among  the  rocks  and  shiubbery  at  Its 
base,  a  martyr  to  true  affection.  Super- 
stition invests  that  rock  with  a  voice ;  and 
oftentimes,  as  the  birch  canoe  glides 
hear  It  at  twilight,  the  dusky  paddlor 
fancies  he  he.  s  the  soft,  low  music  ot 
the  dirge  of  Wiaona." 


18ft 


•rail  irppn  MtaatMBm. 


TbR  SnV  BISIKO  ON  LAKK  PEPlIf. 

liiiring  warm  weather,  when  a  calm 
state  of  the  atmosphere  prevails  In  this 
latitude,  the  «raters  and  shores  of  Lake 
Pepin  present  a  grand  and  beautifVil  ap- 
pearance.   The  break  of  day  is  often  an- 
nounced by  a  golden  sky  in  the  east, 
fringing  the  horizon,  gradually  giving  way 
to  a  silver  tint  as  the  rising  sun  makes 
its  appearance.     Then  the  beauty  of  the 
land  and  water  is  enhanced  by  a  contrast 
of  colors,  the  silvery  tint  being   ,  ven 
to  the  water,  like  unto  a  mirror  of  vast 
proportions,  reflecting  the  sun  so  as  to 
daxzle  the  eye  in  its  direct  rays,  while 
the  yellow  bluffs  and  the  green  foliage  of 
the  forest  give  a  grandeur  and  beauty  to 
the  scene  as  witnessed  from  the  deck  of 
an  ascending  or  descending  steamer— 
the  ouly  perceptible  motion  of  the  air 
being  caused  by  the  speed  of  the  steamer, 
while  the  lungs  draw  in  this  healthy  and 
life-restoring    influence,    rendering    the 
spirits  buoyant  and  hopeful.      A  thin 
gossamer  mist,  or  fog,  sometimes  rises  in 
portions  of  the  lake,  giving  another  va- 
riety and  interest  to  the  scene,  which 
when  dispelled  by  the  noon-day  sun,  an 
extended  and  lovely  view  ia  presented  of 
uuequaled  splendor. 


North  Piput,  Wis.,  6  miles  above  the 
foot  of  the  lake,  ia  a  small  village  lying 
on  the  east  shore.  Here  the  scenery  be- 
comes grand  and  interesting. 

iMKe  City,  Minn.,  .270  miles  above 
Dubuque,  and  93  miles  below  St  Paul, 
has  a  most  beautiful  and  comn..inding  po- 
sition, overlooking  Lake  Pepin,  situated 
on  a  prairie  that  was,  until  a  few  yearn 
ago,  a  half-breed  reservation.  The  city 
lies  within  an  amphitheater  of  bluffs  that 
shield  it  ttom  the  prairie  above.    The  en- 


tire plain  is  nine  miles  iong,  of  irregular 
width,  embracing  "^bout  10,000  acres  of 
rich  land,  The  whole  view  is  commanded 
by  several  points,  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous of  which  is  a  sharp,  tall  peak, 
called  "Sugar  Loaf,"  From  these  the 
magnificent  expanse  of  water  and  plain, 
and  bluffs,  and  rocks,  is  spread  before 
the  eye  for  a  distanorf  of  fifteen  or  trenty 
miles  in  either  diredtion,  lit  up,  as  it 
were,  by  the  transparent  atmosphere  md 
bris^c  aky  of  Minnesota. 

L^e  Oi*y  oontains  six  drarchea,  tw« 
bauks,  four  hotels,  three  steam  saw 
mills,  a  mMhine  shop  and  plow  factory, 
several  stores  and  store-houses.  Popu- 
lation, in  1865,  1,411,  being  surrounded 
by  •  rich  aad  populous  sectioa  of  coun- 
try. 

The  first  English  or  ABMriom  Tiaitor 
to  the  Upper  Mississip^  Oi^tiin  Jona- 
than Carver,  in  1166,  paints  in  livfely 
terms  his  delight  in  beholding  Lake  Pe- 
pin, and  the  oountiy  below  it  on  the 
river.  "In  many  plaoea  pyramids  of 
rocks  appeared,  resembling  old  ruinous 
towers,  at  others,  amazing  precipices ; 
and  what  is  veir  remarkable,  whilst  this 
scene  presented  itself  on  one  side,  the 
opposite  side  of  the  same  mountain  was 
covered  with  the  finest  herbage,  which 
gradually  ascended  w  the  summit.  From 
thenoe  the  roost  beautiful  and  extensive 
prospect  that  imagination  can  form 
opens  to  your  view."  On  the  plain  oc- 
cupied by  Lake  City,  he  then  saw  "  great 
plenty  of  turkeys  and  partridges,"  and 
"the  largest  buffaloes  of  any  in  America." 
Maidbn  Rook,  Wis.,  6  miles  above 
Lake  City.  Here  Is  to  be  seen  some  of 
the  most  beautiful  scenery,  for  wlvioh 
Lake  Pepin  is  justly  celebrated. 

Fbontenao,  Minn.,   is  a  small  settle- 
ment on  the  west  side  of  Lake  Pepin. 

Rid  Wiko,  Minn.,  situated  at  the  head 
of  Lake  Pepin,  64  miles  below  St.  PauV 


1  nine  miles  ioag,  of  irregular 
jracing  about  10,000  acreB  of 
Thowhule  view  is  commanded 
points,  one  of  the  most  oon- 

which  is  a  sharp,  tall  peak, 
gar  Loaf."  From  these  the 
:  expanse  of  water  and  plain, 

and  rocks,  is  spread  tefore 
a  distanotT  of  fifteen  or  trenty 
ither  diredtion,  lit  up,  as  it 
te  transparent  atmosphere  and 
of  Minnesota. 

7  contains  six  diurohes,  two 
ir  hotels,  three  steam  saw 
ehine  shop  and  plow  factory, 
ires  and  store-houses.  Popu- 
.865,  1,411,  being  surrounded 
od  populous  sectioa  of  ooun« 

;  Bnglish  or  AnMrioas  risitor 
ler  Uississip^  Osptiin  Jona- 
9r,  in  iree,  paints  in  lively 
lelight  in  beholding  Lake  Pe- 
;he  country  below  it  on  the 
n   many  places  pyramids  of 
sared,  resemUtng  old  ruinous 
(  others,  amazing  precipices ; 
is  very  remarkable,  whilst  tliis 
iented  itself  on  one  side,  the 
ide  of  the  same  mountain  was 
ith  the  finest  herbage,  which 
ascended  w  the  summit.  From 
I  most  beautiful  and  extensive 
that    imagination    can    form 
four  view."    On  the  plain  oo« 
Lake  City,  he  then  saw  "  great 
turkeys  and  partridges,"  and 
ist  buffaloes  of  any  in  America." 
r  Rock,   Wis.,   6  miles  above 
.    Here  is  to  be  seen  some  of 
beautiful  scenery,  for  wlucb 
[n  is  justly  celebrated. 
iNAO,  Uinn.,   is  a  small  sottle- 
he  west  side  of  Lake  Pepin, 
ma,  Minn.,  situated  st  the  head 
Pepin,  64  miles  below  St.  PauV 


Dvmvn  to  ST.  PAOb 


189 


ta  one  of  the  most  beautifVil  places  on 
the  Upper  Mississippi,  being  surrounded 
in  part  by  high  and  precipitous  bluffs, 
rising  from  the  water's  edge,  350  feet  in 
height,  near  the  steamboat  landing.  It 
is  the  seat  of  justice  for  (Joodhue  county, 
being  well  situated  for  trade,  having  a 
good  agrioultural  region  back  of  it,  which 
hero  finds  an  outlet;  the  quantity  of 
grain  annually  shipped  from  this  place 
being  very  large.  Here  are  six  churches, 
several  public  houses,  and  a  number  of 
stores,  warehouses,  and  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments.   Population,  in  1865,2,362. 

Pbbscott,  Wis.,  36  miles  below  St. 
Paul,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Croix  river,  is  a  place  of  growing  impor- 
tance. It  contains  three  churches,  a  bank, 
several  stores,  a  large  steam  saw  mill, 
and  other  mills  and  factories.  Popula- 
tion, in  1865,  1.061. 

The  RiVBR  St.  Cboix,  an  important 
and  beautiful  stream,  rises  in  Douglass 
county,  Wis.,  near  the  West  end  of  Lake 
Superior,  affording  many  fine  water  privi- 
leges. Its  generai  course  is  south,  form- 
ing, in  part,  the  boundary  between  the 
States  of  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  and 


falling  into  the  Mississippi  36  miles  be< 
low  St.  Paul.  The  whole  length  is  about 
200  miles,  and  it  is  100  yards  wide  at  its 
mouth.  St.  Otviz  Lake,  an  expansion  of 
the  river,  is  36  miles  long,  and  three  or 
four  miles  wide;  commencing  about  one 
mile  from  its  mouth.  Several  falls  occur 
in  the  St.  Croix,  about  the  middle  of  its 
course^  where  is  to  be  seen  sowe  beauti- 
fill  river  scenery.  Steamers  run  on  this 
river  (mm.  its  mouth  to  St.  Oroiae  JfitUa, 
54  miles. 

HuDSOH,  Wis.,  16  miles  above  Pres- 
oott,  the  county  seat  of  St.  Croix  county, 
is  a  flourishing  village,  being  surrounded 
by  a  fine  agricultural  section  of  country, 
producing  wheat  in  great  abundance. 

SxiLLWATKB,  Minn.,  5  miles  farther, 
lying  on  the  north  bank  of  the  river,  ia 
well  situated  for  trade,  and  is  the  depot 
for  the  extensive  lumbering  interests  of 
tho  St  CroU  valley.  Steamers  of  a  large 
class  r  m  from  the  Mississippi  up  to  tlii# 
place.  It  is  the  capital  of  Washington 
county,  and  contains,  besides  the  county 
buildings,  several  churches,  hotels,  stores, 
and  manufacturing  estobUshment«.Poou- 
lation,  in  1865,  2,145. 


6tewnl»oat  Route 


Pbom  Pbbsoott,  Wia,  to  St.  Cboix  Palls,  54  miles. 

LiifDines.  UWt*. 

St.  Crotx  Falls,  Wis 0 

Osceola,  Wis • 

Marine  MUla,  Minn 9-M 

Stillwater,  Minn 16-33 

Hudson,  Wis 5-38 

Prbscott,  Wis 16-64. 

From  Pbbscott  to  St,  P/dl,  36  miles. 

Haotikos,  Minn.,  32  miles  below  St. 
Paul,  the  capital  of  Dakota  county,  is  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  west  bank 
of  th«  Mia^aaippi.    It  occupies  a  most 


tjitmant.  Mllet. 

Pbesoott,  Wis ® 

Hudson,  Wis 1« 

StUlwater,  Minn 6-21 

Marine  Mills,  Minn 15-36 

Osceola,  Wia 9-46 

Bt.  Croix  Falls,  Wia 9-64 


Point  Douolass,  Minn.,  36  miles  be- 
low St.  Paul,  is  a  sm^  seUlement  lying 
opposite  Preacott,  at  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Croix  river. 


wo 


Tut  UFFKB  msansipn.' 


bonutiftil  site,  rising  by  easy  grades  to 
the  prairie,  and  appearing:  to  excellent 
advimlngo  from  llio  rivor  ;  aa  a  ooramer- 
cinl  point,  it  possessos  advantajires  sotirco- 
ly  equiilod  in  tlie  State,  commanding  the 
trade  of  an  area  of  hundreds  of  miles  of 
interior  country,  fertile  and  populous. 
As  a  grain  depot,  few  places  possess  the 
advantages  that  Hastings  does,  and,  to 
accommodate  this  growing  trade,  many 
large  and  imposing  warehouses  have 
been  erected.  Besides  the  county  build- 
ings, here  are  five  churclws,  the  Minne- 
sota Central  University,  several  large 
stores  and  store-houses,  three  steam  su'w 
mills,  an  elovatoT,  and  several  manufac- 
turing establishment's.  Population,  in 
1865,  2,850.  A  railroad  is  in  progress 
of  construction,  to  run  from  St.  Paul,  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Mississippi,  here  to 
cross  the  river  and  continue  south  on  the 
west  side  to  Winona,  about  130  miles  by 
railroad  route. 

KiNNnfOEH.  Dakota  county,  Mmn.,  is 
»  small  village  situated  on  the  Mississip- 
pi river,  5  miles  above  Hastings. 

After  leaving  Hastings,  on  the  upward 
trip,  a  few  small  places  are  passed,  the 
river  here  inelining  to  the  westward 
until  Pine  Bend  is  reached,  then  the 
stream  resumes  its  northward  course  to 
the  city  of  St.  Paul,  the  termination  of 
navigation  for  steamers  of  a  large  class. 

The  City  of  St.  Paul,  »  port  of 
entry,  capital  of  Minnesota,  and  seat  of 
justice  qf  Ramsey  county,  is  most  ad- 
vantageously situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Mississippi,  2,080  miles  from  its 
mouth,  and  10  miles  by  land  below  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony;  being  elevated 
000  feet  above  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  in 
lat.  44^  52'  north,  long.  93°  5'  west  from 
Greenwich.  It  is  situated  on  a  blufi;  60 
or  70  feet  high,  rising  to  100  feet,  and 
presents  a  grand  view  from  the  river. 
It  is  near  Uw  bead  of  steamboat,  naviga- 


tion on  the  Mississippi,  Smiles  below t>i« 
mouth  of  the  Minnesota  river,  which 
enters  from  the  wtst  at  Fort  SneUing,  the 
river  here  being  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
in  width.  Xo  place  on  the  continent  of 
America  has  a  more  commuuding  po- 
sition or  healthy  location  tlwn  this  most 
favored  city.  Steamers  of  a  large  class, 
during  u  good  stage  of  water,  can  descend 
to  New  Orleans,  2,060  miles  distant; 
above  the  Falls  of  St.  Antliony  naviga- 
tion is  afforded,  for  steamers  of  a  small 
class,  for  about  150  miles,  while  the  St. 
Peter's  or  Minnesota  river  affords  about 
a  likb  extent  of  navigation,  flowing 
tlirough  a  very  fertile  section  of  country. 
Saint  Paul  is  one  of  the  oldest  settle- 
ments in  the  State.  Father  Hennepin 
visited  and  speaks  of  its  site  (1680). 
Jonathan  Carver  made  a  treaty  in  1766 
with  tlie  Dakotas  in  Carver's  Cuve,  wliicli 
is  still  in  existence  under  Dayton's  illuff, 
within  the  present  limits  of  tlie  city. 
The  site  of  the  city  was  known  to  the 
Dakotas  from  time  immemorial  aa  "  //»- 
min-i-JMka,"  or  "  White  Jioik,"  from  its 
high  bluff  of  white  sandstone,  a  promi- 
nent landmark. 

The  first  actilal  settlement  was  made 
In  1838  (just  after  the  Indian  title  to  the 
land  east  of  the  Mississippi  had  been  ex- 
tinguished) by  one  Parrant,  a  Canadian, 
who  built  a  cabin  on  Bench  Street.  In 
1840,  a  little  log  chapel  was  built  by 
Father  Gaultier,  a  Catholic  missionary, 
on  the  present  site  of  "  Catholic  Block." 
The  ohiirch,  or  mission  was  called  "  St 
Paul's,"  which  henceforth  became  the 
name  of  the  settlement.  From  this  date 
the  village  grew  slowly  until  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Territory  in  1849,  and  the 
location  of  the  capital  at  St.  Paul  gave  it 
a  new  impetus.  That  spring  there 
wore  only  thirty  buildings  of  all  kinds 
in  the  village,  but  at  the  dose  of 
the  season  St.  Paul  confauned  several 


ST.  PAmr— noQasM  or  wnmoTA. 


^1 


Misflissippi,  Smiles  below t>i« 
tho  Mianesota  river,    which 

the  wtst  at  Foit  SneUing,  tho 
jt'inir  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
No  pliicc  on  tlie  continent  ol' 
as  u  more  coinmaudinK  po- 
!althy  location  tlwn  this  most 
'.  Steamers  of  a  large  class, 
od  stage  of  water,  can  descend 
rleans,  2,060  miles  distant; 
Falls  of  St.  Antliony  naviga- 
>rdeil,  for  steamers  of  a  small 
bout  150  miloa,  while  the  St. 
Minnesota  river  affords  about 
tent  of  navigation,  flowiug 
rery  fertile  section  of  country, 
ul  is  one  of  tho  oldest  settle- 
the  State.  Father  Hennepin 
i  speaks  of  its  site  (1880). 
Jarver  made  a  treaty  in  17«6 
ikotas  in  Carver's  Cave,  wlUcli 
xisteuce  under  Dayton's  illuff, 
1  present  limits  of  tlie  city. 
i"  the  city  was  known  to  the 
i>m  time  immemorial  as  "  /«- 
,"  or  "  White  Jioik,"  from  its 
ttf  white  sandstone,  a  promi- 
lark. 

;  actilal  settlement  was  made 
ist  after  tho  Indian  title  to  the 
if  the  Mississippi  had  been  ex- 
)  by  one  Parrant,  a  Canadian, 

a  cabin  on  Bench  Street.  In 
;tle  log  chapel  was  buiU  by 
iultier,  a  Catholic  missionary, 
isent  site  of  "  Catholic  Block." 
li,  or  mission  was  called  "  St 
fhich  henceforth  became  the 
le  settlement.    From  this  dabs 

grew  slowly  until  the  organi- 
he  Territory  in  1819,  and  tlie 
'  the  capital'  at  St.  Paul  gave  it 
mpetus.      That   spring    there 

thirty  buildings  of  all  kinds 
illage,  but  at  the  dose  of 
a  St.  Paul  contained  soTeral 


hundred  people.  At  the  first  session  of 
the  Territorial  Legislature,  in  November, 
the  "  town  of  St.  Paul"  was  incorporated, 
with  an  area  of  290  acres.  On  March  4, 
1854,  the  'City  of  St.  Paul"  was  incor- 
porated, witli  2,-100  acres  in  its  bounda- 
rieB,  whiuli  was  amended  in  1838,  to  in- 
clude 3,200  acres,  its  present  area.  It 
has  a  river  front  of  almost  four  milen. 
Itx  growth  in  population  for  a  few  years 
was  perhaps  unsurpassed  by  any  city  in 
the  Union.  In  1638  it  had  only  three 
iuhabiiants;  in  1846,10;  in  1848,  about 
60 (white);  in  1849,400;  1850  (census), 
1,112;  1854,  4,500;  1857,  9,973;  1860 
(census),  10,277:   1865  (census),  15,107. 

The  public  buildings  in  St.  Paul  are  a 
State  House,  which  is  a  brick  edifice, 
standing  on  elevated  ground ;  a  court- 
house, jail,  and  city  hall;  a  public  market 
building,  five  public-school  edillcos,  an 
op(!ra  house.  20  church  edifices,  many  of 
tham  being  fine  structures;  also  4  na- 
tional banks,  besides  several  firms  en- 
gaged in  the  banking  business,  three 
insurance  companies,  a  gas  company, 
several  large  and  well-kept  hotels,  the 
JnlemaUon^  Ilotel  and  tho  Merchant»' 
Ootel  being  the  most  frequented ;  nu- 
merous stores  and  storehouses,  several 
extensive  breweries,  flouring  mills,  and 
printing  offices,  besides  numerous  other 
manufacturing  establishments.  A  wooden 
bridge  here  spans  the  Mississippi  River, 
b^ing  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  length ;  cost, 
$150,000.  A  Government  custom-house 
and  post-ofBce  building  is  also  being 
erected.  Several  railroaids  are  also  being 
ranstructed  to  run  east,  west,  north,  and 
.siiuth  from  St.  Paul,  making  it  the  center 
of  an  extensive  system  of  railways. 

The  arrival  and  departure  of  steamers 
are  numerous  during  the  season  of  navi- 
gation, there  being  daily  lines  flrom  St. 
Louis,  Dubuque,  Prairie  du  Chien,  La 
Orosse,  and  up  the  Minnesota  River. 


(Extract  fivm  (he  St  Paiul  Pren, 
June  30,  1866.) 

ABSITAL  or  BED  RIVER  TRADERS   AT 
ST.  PAUL. 

"The  past  two  or  three  days  an  ira 
mense  amount  of  furs  and  buffalo  robes 
have  been  received  by  Pembina  carts, 
and  also  by  rail,  from  the  Hudson  Bay 
region.  We  saw  yesterf'ay  at  the  rail- 
road depot  nearly  one  "-aousand  bales  ol 
buffalo  robes,  making  a  pile  as  hit;li  as  a 
house.  They  are  being  rapidly  shipped 
below.  There  are  ten  robes  in  eacb 
bundle,  making  nearly  ten  tliousnnd  robes 
in  all,  worth  ft'om  $10  to  $12  each. 
These  are  but  a  portion  of  those  on  the 
way  down,  which  are  estimated  at  fifteen 
or  twenty  thousand. 

"  In  addition  to  the  buffalo  robes,  there 
have  been  about  a  hundred  bimdies  of 
wolf-skins  and  other  furs,  many  of  them 
very  vahiable.  In  all,  there  will  probably 
be  $300,000  worth  of  furs  received  at  St. 
Paul  this  season,  fully  up  to  the  amount 
marketed  here  in  previous  years,  and 
maintaining  the  rank  of  St.  Paul  as  one 
of  the  largest  fur  markets  in  the  world. 

"About  150  Red  River  carts  were 
yesterday  loaded  up  with  groceries,  mis- 
cellaneoufs  and  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
stores,  preparatory  to  making  the  long 
trip  back  to  their  hunting  grounds  on  the 
shores  of  Lake  Winnipeg,  the  Saskatche* 
wan  and  Red  Rivera.  Busiuess,  conse- 
quently, was  unusually  lively  among  the 
wholesale  dealers,  and  the  streets  were 
crowded  with  the  unmistakable  residents 
of  tlie  far  Northwest,  whose  peculiarities 
of  feature  and  costume  are  as  distinctive 
as  if  they  belonged  to  another  race  " 


ProgreM    of  mtnnoHota    In 
Population  and  Wealth. 

The  following  table  shows  the  general 
increase  of  population  and  assessed  prop- 


102 


THa  xmtM  msBiBsiPFt 


ertT  valuation  in  the  State  at  large,  from 
the  date  of  ite  Territorial  organiMtion, 
and  tiio  superficial  expanaion  of  setUe- 
ment  as  indicated  by  tlie  number  of 
counticH  assessed.  The  census  enumera- 
tions of  population  are  given  for  the 
years  W  1857,  I860,  and  1865  the  I 
population  tor  the  remaining  years  being 
Qsfunated  from  the  popular  vote: 

TABLE    SHOWIKO    THE    OBOWTH    OF    THE 
STATE  8IKCB   1850. 

Tear.   No.«MP«9e<l     Val.ofpert.    Poputatlon. 
counties.     »nil  rca\  eatate. 


Tear.  Ko.B«ie»»ea     VaLof-^ra.    Popntattoa. 
oountlea.     and  real  estate. 


1887... 
18B8... 
ISIW... 
1800... 
1B61... 

18M 

1868 

18«t " 

1865 48 


81 
8T 
40 
41 
44 


«,88«,«78 

4l,84«,lT8 

83,5M,49a 

86,T&8,408 

89,077,681 

t9,882,71»- 

81,»1,824 

41,8i2,S«4 


1B0,08T 
158,000 
161,000 

iT«,on 

1*0,000 
S0O.00O 

a^^ooo 
(5o',6w 


POPDI-ATIOH  OF  ST.  PACT* 

The  following  table  Tvill  indicate  the 
growth  of  population  since  1 850 : 


1S50. 
1851.. 
18M. 

isns.. 

1864 

1865. 

1856. 


6 
8 

8 

6 

18 

18 

M 


$806,447 
I,2s2,ia3 
1,T15,88.'> 
2.701.487 
8,50S,5I3 
10,434.157 
24,894,8»5 


6,077 
7,000 
10,000 
14,000 
Si.OOO 
40.000 
100,000 


Tear. 

1850.. 
1852.. 
1853.. 
1854. . 
1866.. 


PopntattoD. 
840 
1,800 
2,500 
4,600 
8,600 


Tear.     Popalatton. 


1867. 

1868 

I860.... 

1864 

1866 


9,973 
10,000 
10,600 
12,600 
13,170 


St.   Paul   to  St.   Cloud,  MlnBWWtn, 

Via  the  St  Paul  and  Padflc  Bailroad  Eoute. 


HUM. 

0 

10 

S-18 


BTATioira. 

St.  Paul 

St.  Anthont •••• 

Manomin . 

Anolca ^^^l 

Itasca ^^° 

Elk  River 

Bio  Lake. 

Clear  Water  Sta Jf^^ 

St.  Cloud "-'* 


6-40 
9-49 


StATiom. 
St.  Cloud. \ 

Clear  Water  Sta. " 

Bio  Lao.. 'rf* 

Bile  River rtl 

Itasca 

Anoka 

Manomin •••• 

St.  Anthoht. 

St.  Paul 


5-39 
7-46 

10-66 
8-64 

10-74 


The  history  of  what  is  now  St.  Paul 
divides  itself  into  three  distinct  periods, 
marked    by  corresponding    changes   of 


mimes.  ..,, 

1.  The  period  of  Indian  occupancy  tUl 

1838.  when  it  was  known  as  im»(^<w*<»i  or 

"White  Rock."  ^^,         . 

2   The  period  of  squatter  settlement, 

from  1838  to  1849,  when  it  was  known 


Early  HUtory  of  »t.  Paul. 

bv  the  Indians  as  "the  place  where  they 
sell  whisky,"  and  by  the  whitea  aa 
"Pig's  Eye."  .  ,    .   . 

.H  Since  1849,  when  it  was  selected 
as  tlie  Capital  of  the  Territory  of  Mm- 
nesoto  by  the  name  of  -St  Patd,  which 
had  been  bestowed  upon  it  two  years 
before. 


U 


esMd     V»lof-..ar«.    PoputaUoa. 

lea.     and  nal  estate. 

I  <9,«8«,«78  1B0,«T 

1  l»,0T7,68l  1W.O0O 

»8«!,T1»-  S0O.O00 

M;«1,884  S«6,<W« 

JIATIOH  or  ST.  PAVh. 

wing  table  vna  indicate  the 

>opulation  since  1 850 : 

.pulatton.  Tear.     Popolatton. 

840  1857....     9,913 

1,800  1858....  10,000 

2  500  I860....  10,600 

AOO  1864....  12,600 

8,500  1866....  13,110 

Hlnnetota, 

roadBoute. 

MDm. 

.d ,; 

, 9-34 

5-S9 

7-46 

10-60 

r::::::::::::::::::  xtSi 

,  Paul. 

dians  as  "the  place  where  thej 
iky,"  and   by    the   whiten   aa 

i/e." 

«  1849,  when  it  was  selected 
apitol  of  the  Territory  of  Min- 
^  the  name  of  SL  Patd,  which 
1  bestowed  upon  it  two  years 


KABLT  UI8T0RT  OF  Iff.   PAUL. 


19S 


Finar  Wiiitb  Man  tjt  St.  Paul. — 
Louis  Hennepin,  whoso  name  is  immor- 
tally associated  witli  the  hiarory  of  Min- 
nesota aa  the  first  white  man  who  as- 
cended the  Mississippi  within  its  borders, 
nnd  as  the  discoverer  of  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  wns  iindonbtcdly  the  first  white 
man  who  ever  set  foot  upon  the  site  of 
St.  Patil.  On  pril  30th,  1680,  over 
one  hundred  ana  eighty-four  years  a«o, 
Hennepin,  a  captive  in  the  hands  of  a 
war  party  of  Dakotns  on  their  way  to 
Mille  Lacs,  "  landed  in  a  bay,  five  leagues 
below  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,"  a  descrip- 
tion of  which,  with  other  circumntanccs, 
fixes  the  locality  under  Dayton's  BluflT,  at 
the  mouth  of  Trout  Brook — about  three 
quarters  of  a  mi'.e  below  the  Steamboat 
landing. 

The  First  Ambrioan  is  St.  Paitl. — 
Eighty-seven  years  have  pas-ied  since  the 
arrival  of  Hennepin.  Perrot  has  built 
and  abandoned  a  fort  on  Luke  Pepin,  and 
planted  the  arms  of  France  in  Minnesota. 
Le  Seuer  has  explored  the  Minnesota  and 
given  it  the  name  of  his  gallant  friend, 
Capt.  St.  Pierre.  The  Dakotas  have  been 
driven  from  the  northern  lakes  by  the 
Chippewas,  and  Minnesota,  by  the  treaty 
of  Marseilles,  has  just  passed  from  the 
dominion  of  Franco  to  the  flag  of  Eng- 
land, when  on  one  fine  morning  in  No- 
vember, 1766,  a  keen,  practical  Yankee, 
the  forerunner  of  all  the  Yankees  in  this 
part  of  the  world,  stepped  into  St.  Paul 
near  where  Hennepin  had  landed  three 
generations  before.  It  was  Brother 
Jonathak  Carvkr,  fresh  from  Con- 
necticut, come  to  trade — Carver,  great 
Srogenitor  of  the  land  speculators  of 
linnesota,  first  and  greatest  of  the  race. 
Carter's  CAVE.--Jonathan'8  landing 
was  at  the  foot  of  Dayton's  Bluff,  and  his 
account  of  the  discovery  made  there  is 
the  flrat  memorial  which  links  St.  Paul 
with  the  traditions  of  the  Dakota*  :— 


"  Xho'.t  thirteen  miles  below  the  Falls 
of  St.  Anthony  *  ♦  is  a  remarkable 
cave,  of  amazing  depth.  The  Indians 
term  it  Wakan  teebe,  that  is,  the  iwdUng 
of  Vie  Cods. 

"  The  arch  within  is  near  fifteen  feet 
high  and  abont  thirty  brood ;  the  bottom 
consists  of  clear  sand.  About  thirty  feet 
from  the  entrance  begins  a  lake,  the  water 
of  which  is  transparent,  and  extends  to 
an  unsearchable  distance,  for  the  dark- 
ness of  the  cave  prevents  all  attempts  to 
acquire  a  knowledge  of  it.  *  ••  * 
I  found  in  this  cnve  many  Indian  hiero- 
glyphics, which  appeared  Very  ancient, 
for  they  wore  so  covered  with  moss  that 
it  was  with  difficulty  I  could  trace  them. 
They  were  cut  in  a  rude  manner  upon . 
the  inside  of  the  wall,  which  wns  com- 
posed of  a  stone  so  extremely  90ft  that 
it  might  be  easily  penetrated  with  a 
knife.  •  ♦  •  At  a  little  distance 
from  this  dreary  cavern  is  the  burying- 
place  of  several  bands  of  Naudowessie 
[Dakota]  Indians.  Though  these  people 
nave  no  fixed  residence,  being  in  tents, 
and  seldom  but  a  few  months  in  one  spot, 
yet  they  always  bring  the  bones  of  their 
dead  to  tliis  place,  which  they  take  tho 
opportunity  of  doing  when  the  ehiefa  tne«l 
to  hold  their  eouneila  and  to  settle  pMie  af' 
fairs  for  the  ensuing  summer." 

These  ancient  burial  mounds  still  exist 
on  Dayton's  Bluff,  and,  a  few  years  ago, 
Mr.  Ncill  had  one  of  them  opened.  In 
this,  which  was  218  feet  in  circumference 
and  18  feet  high,  he  found  the  remains  of 
skulls  and  teeth  at  the  depth  of  three  or 
four  feet. 

In  1807,  Major  Long  was  obliged  to 
creep  through  the  sandstone  debris  at  its 
mouth  on  all  fours.  In  1837,  Nicollet 
worked  fur  two  days  to  etfeot  on  entraneo. 
and  confirmed  the  aocuraoy  of  Carvir» 
description. 

"A  Chippewa  warrior  made  a  long 


TBI  uppn  mssnoFPL 


1#« 

htnuigDe  on  the  occasion,  throw  his  knife 
into  tho  Irtke  as  nn  offering  to  Wakan 
tibi."  Indian  pictographs  still  remain, 
gray  with  »ge,  upon  portions  of  tho  wall 
Btill  stnnciin)ir. 

After  a  voyage  to  what  is  new  Auoka, 
and  up  the  Minnesota  river  for  200  miles. 
Carver,  on  the  Istof  May,  1767,  returned 
to  the  "Oreat  Cave,"  where  ho  officiated 
as  the  first  representstivo  of  tho  whitus 
'  in  tho  groat  Annual  Legislative  Session 
of  tho  Dakota  bands,  and  made  the  first 
■pooch  over  delivered  by  a  Yankee  in  St 
Paul. 

"At  this  season,"  says  Carver,  "these 
bands  go  annually  to  tho  Great  Cavo  be- 
fore mentioned  to  hold  a  grand  cmncil, 
uith  ali  the  other  bands,  wherein  they  settle 
aU  their  operations  for  tiie  entuing  sum- 
i^ier."  Thus  early  was  St.  Paul  the 
Capital  of  Minnesota. 

Nothing  could  be  more  significant  of 
the  geographical  contrality  of  St  Paul 
than  this  fact,  that  from  immemorial  time 
it  had,  at  tliat  date,  been  the  political 
centre  of  the  scattered  bands  of  the  Da- 
kota nation. 

The  Piest  Land  Specolatob  in  St. 
Paul.— It  was  here,  tiw,  at  this  "Great 
Cave,"  that  the  first eouot^anee  of  land  wa« 
made  and  the  first  deed  signed  in  Minne- 
sota. This  was  the  instrument  by  which 
the  heirs  of  Carver  founded  their  title  to 
Carver's  tract,  which  contained  St  An- 
thony, St.  Paul,  and  a  large  part  of  Wis- 
consin. The  document  is  curious,  and 
runs  in  this  wise: 

"To  Jonathan  Carver,  a  chief  under 
the  most  mighty  and  potent  Georgo  the 
Third,  King  of  tho  English  and  other  na. 
tions,  the  fame  of  whose  warriors  has 
reached  our  ears,  has  been  now  fully  told 
us  by  our  good  brother  Jonathan,  afore- 
said, whom  we  rejoice  to  have  come 
among  us  and  bring  us  good  newt  from 
his  country. 


"We,  the  chiefs  of  tho  NaudowewiM. 
who  have  hereunto  set  our  seals,  do,  by 
those  presents  for  ourselves  and  our  heirs 
forever  in  return  for  the  aid  and  other 
good  services  done  by  the  said  Jonathan 
to  ourselves  and  our  alliesf  give,  grant, 
and  convey  to  him,  the  said  Jonathan, 
and  to  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever,  the 
whole  of  a  certain  tract  of  territory  or 
hind,  bounded  as  follows,  viz. :  From  the 
Fulls  of  St  Anthony,  running  on  the  east 
sido  of  the  Mississippi,  nearly  south-east, 
as  far  as  Lake  Pepin  where  tho  Chippewn 
joins  the  Mi«.ii«slppi,  and  fVora  thence 
eastward  five  days'  travel,  accounting 
twenty  Knglish  miles  per  day,  and  fh)m 
thenco  again  to  tho  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 
We  do,  for  ourselves,  heirs,  and  assigns 
forever  give  unto  the  said  Jonathan,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  with  all  the  trees,  rocks, 
and  rivers  therein,  reserving  the  sole 
liberty  of  hunting  and  fishing  on  land  not 
planted  or  improved  by  the  said  Jonnlhan, 
his  ht>irs  and  a8siKn.s,  to  which  we  have 
affixed  our  respective  seals,  at  the  Great 
Cave,  May  1st,  1767. 

t Signed] 
lAW-NO-PAW-A-TON. 
"  O-TOB-TON-GOOM-LISU-RAW." 


It  was  here,  too,  nearly  a  century  ago, 
that  Carver  anticipated  that  splendid 
scheme  of  commercial  intercommunica- 
tion whose  realization  in  our  day  is  to 
make  St.  Paul  the  focus  of  the  internal 
commerce  of  the  continent  With  the 
Dolphic  numen  of  the  cave  upon  him,  he 
foresaw  that  in  the  fat  soil  and  laughing 
waters  of  Minnesota  the  elements  were 
ripening  for  tho  sustenance  of  future 
populations,  who,  he  says,  will  be  -'able 
to  convey  their  produce  to  the  seaports 
with  great  faciUty.  *  *  This  might 
also  in  time  b«  facilitated  by  oanals  <« 


HI'.   HAUL  lU  Ml'.  A.NTUONY — rOKT  HNELLIMU 


If  ckiofs  of  the  NkudowemiMi 
hereunto  set  our  seals,  do,  by 
mts  for  ourselves  ond  our  heim 
return  for  the  aid  and  other 
ces  done  by  the  said  Jonathan 
DS  and  our  alliesf  (five,  grant, 
y  to  him,  the  said  Jonathan, 
heirs  and  assigns  forever,  tiM 
A  certain  tract  of  territory  or 
idod  08  follows,  viz. :  From  the 
.  Anthony,  running  on  the  east 
)  Mississippi,  nearly  south-east, 
^iko  I'epin  where  the  Chippewa 
MisslHslppi,  and  fVora  thenoe 
Ave  days'  travel,  accounting 
nglish  miles  per  day,  and  fh)m 
»in  to  tho  Fulls  of  St.  Anthony, 
r  ourselves,  hoirs,  and  assigns 
ve  unto  the  said  Jonathan,  hia 
issigns,  with  all  the  trees,  rocks, 
s  therein,  reserving  tlie  sole 
hunting  and  fishing  on  land  not 
'  improved  by  the  said  Jonnllian, 
md  a8siKn.s,  to  which  we  have 
r  respective  seals,  at  the  Great 
y  iBt,  1767. 
Bd] 

-SO-PAW-A-TON. 
a-TON-GOOM-LlSU-RAW." 


here,  too,  nearly  a  century  ago, 
ver  anticipated  that  splendid 
(f  commercial  intercomraunica- 
se  realization  in  our  day  is  to 
Paul  the  focus  of  the  internal 
9  of  the  continent.  With  the 
\umen  of  the  cave  upon  him,  he 
;hat  in  tlie  fat  soil  and  laughing 
'  Minnesota  the  elements  were 
for  tho  sustenance  of  future 
ns,  who,  he  says,  will  be  •'  able 
f  their  produce  to  the  seaports 
lat  facility.  *  *  This  might 
ome  ba  facilitated  by  canals  <a 


shorter  cuts,  and  a  emnmunieation  opened 
by  waler  wiUi  Kew  York,  by  way  of  the 


Hero,  too,  Carver  conceived  tho  project 
of  a  Northern  Pacific  route  by  tho  way  of 
the  Minnesota  and  Oregon  rivers,  which, 
he  says,  "  would  open  a  pass.igo  for  con- 
veying intelligence  to  China  and  the  Eng- 
lish settlements  in  the  East  Indies" — ap 
idea  which  will  doubtless  be  consum- 
mated in  our  day. 

Th«  Oracle  or  tub  Cavb  dwb. — 
After  Carver  robs  tho  "  Great  Cave"  of 
its  mighty  secret  that  hns  throbbed  for 
ages  at  its  heart,  the  "  Dwelling  of  the 
gods"  is  henceforth  shut  to  all  the 
world. 

Henceforth,  for  seventy  years,  the 
oracle  is  dumb,  silent,  stony,  impene- 
trable as  the  Sphin.T,  its  white  face  turned 


in  speechless  prophecy  toward  the  ter 
raced  sIojkjs  which  lay  there  before  its 
closed  mouth. 

History  rolled  over  "White  Rock"  and 
pndt  it,  but  took  no  notice  of  it.  The 
brave  Pike  goos  past  it  in  1805,  and  ig- 
nores it.  Long  besieges  tho  unuttorablo 
oracle  in  vain  in  1807.  Fort  Snelling  is 
established  in  1819.  Mondota  becomes 
tho  depot  of  tho  fur  trade.  Events  are 
clustering  around  it,  but  all  look  past  it, 
till  1837,  when  tho  Dnkotas  were  per- 
suaded to  cede  their  lands  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river  to  the  United  States, 
on  account  of  the  valuable  pine  lands 
and  w^uter  power  thereon.  The  treaty 
was  ratified  at  Washington  in  1838, 
and  Imnyaika  ceased  to  be  Indian  terri- 
tory 


Drive  flroHt  St.  Paul  to  the  Fall*  of  St.  Anthony,  retnralnc 

via  Fort  Snelliny . 


This  excursion  affords  one  of  the  most 
interesting  drives  in  any  part  of  tho 
country.  On  leaving  St.  Paul,  by  private 
conveyance,  you  poss  through  Madison 
avenue  to  the  open  plains  which  skirt  the 
city,  and  then  follow  tho  direct  road  to 
St.  Anthony,  10  miles.  One  or  two 
beautiful  cascades  are  passed  near  the 
roadside,  as  you  approach  the  great  Falls. 

The  State  University,  another  object  of 
Interest,  situated  east  of  the  road,  over- 
looking the  Falls,  is  a  flourishing  institu- 
tiition  of  learning.  Tho  town  of  St.  An- 
thony, with  its  saw  mills  apd  factories, 
propelled  by  water  power,  extends  for  near 
a  mile  above  and  below  the  Falls.  Here 
is  a  Svspention  Bridge  of  fine  propor- 
tions, spaooing  the  stream  above  Uie  cas- 
cade. 

MctsTKOPOMS,  a  large  and  flourishing 
plaoe,  is  situated  on  the  west  bank,  sur- 


rounding the  Falls,  where  are  very  ex- 
tensive saw  mills,  grist  mills,  paper  mills, 
and  other  factories,  all  being  propelled  by 
water-power,  and  all  well  worthy  of  s 
visit.  Hero  is  a  good  hotel,  where 
visitors  usually  stop  for  refreshments. 

On  returning,  the  rood  runs  along  the 
west  bank  of  the  Missis.slppi  for  foui 
miles,  when  the  Falla  of  ifinne-ha-ha  ars 
reached.  This  beautiful  fall  of  water, 
made  famous  by  poetry  and  romantic 
scenery,  is  almost  beyond  description,  as 
seen  at  different  sca.son3.  It  lias  a  per- 
pendicular fall  of  about  40  feet,  and  coa 
be  viewed  from  the  rear,  as  the  rocks  re- 
cede  so  as  to  allow  a  passage  from  side 
to  side  under  the  fall  of  water.  About 
half  a  mile  below,  tliis  pure  stream  enters 
into  the  Mississippi. 

Fort  Snelliko,  two  or  three  mllef 
farther,  and  six  miles  nbove  St  Paul,  I 


100 


TBI  UPPER  UlSaiW)IPi>I. 


an  old  OoTftrnment  port,  where  arc 
iiRuallr  quortcrpd  more  or  lens  troops ; 
at  the" present  time  (19(15)  there  ore  two 
rcginienta.  Stiindiiig  at  iho  junction  of 
the  Minnesotft  and  MiMUsippi  UiverK.on 
elevated  ground^  It  has  a  very  picturesque 
apiiearauco.  Here  is  a  rope  ferry  aorosB 
the  river,  loading  toward  St.  Paul,  it 
being  reached  by  »  circuitoim  road  iiin- 
ning  under  the  bluffs,  affording  higlily 
romantic  views.  Here  the  Minnesota 
Central  Railroad  crosses  the  Miimcsota 
River.  ,        ^ 

The  next  object  of  Interest  is  a  tave, 
2  miles  above  St.  Paul,  which  will  well 
repay  a  visit  to  Its  subterranean  caverns, 
ft-om  whence  iaaues  a  lovely  sheet  of  pure 
water. 


Mbndota,  Minn.,  1«  situated  on  Ui* 
right  bank  of  tRe  MisBissippi  River,  attha 
mouth  of  the  Minnesota,  6  miles  above 
St  rnnl.  This  is  one  of  the  earliest 
settled  places  in  the  State,  being  formerly 
tlio  head-quarters  of  the  American  iur 
Company.  Hero  are  two  churches,  an 
hotel,  iind  several  stores.  Populiition, 
•iOO  The  JAnnwoto  Centred  KaUroad  and 
the  Afinn<'«o<a  Valley  Railroad  form  a 
junction  at  Mendota,  both  rivers  bemg 
crossed  ty  a  drawbridge. 

Font  Snellino,  6  miles  above  St  Paul, 
is  an  important  United  States  post  and 
rendezvous,  situated  on  a  commanding 
eminence  at  ilie  junction  of  the  MinnesoU 
and  Mississippi  Rivers,  6  miles  below  «»• 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 


PLACES  AMD  OBJECTS  OF  INTEREST 

TWKOTT-TOCR  MlLM  AROUKO  St.   PACU 

West  Side  Mississippi  River. 


MI1c«. 

Mkhdota ^ 

Fort  SneUing  and  Vorry 6 

Falls  of  Minnehaha 8 

Diamond  Lake ^ 

Rice  Lake W 

Lake  Amelia '" 

Mother  Lake 1^ 

"Wood  Lake 'J 

Orass  Lake || 

MiNNKAPOUS * ' 

Cedar  Lake 1^ 

Crystal  Lake 1* 

Uke  Calhoun i* 

Lake  Harriet 1* 

Medicine  Lake lo 


East  Side  Mississippi  Riwtr. 

miM. 

Carver's  Cave ^ 

Fountain  Cave * 

Lake  Como \ 

Phalon's  Lake » 

Littte  Canada'. ^ 

Gervais  Lake ° 

Mazaska  Falls » 

Bass  Lake ° 

i  Vadnois  Lake ■ J 

Black-Basa  Lake •* 

Fawn's  Leap  and  Silver  Cascade • 

St.  Anthony's  Falls W 

White-Bear  Lake J* 

Bald-Eagle  Lake \* 

Stillwater  (St.  Croix  River) 18 


"Shak^.  .7". 22    Hudson,  Wis 

Lake  Minnetonka 24 1  Forest  Lake ^* 

Remark!. 

At  Wiiitk-Bbab  Lakk,  12  miles,  tliere  is 
good  boating  and  fishing,  and  two  well- 
kept  public-houses. 


At  Lakb  Como,  .1  miles  fW)m  St.  Paul, 
there  is  good  fishing  and  two  well-kept 
public-housea. 


r 


Minn.,  )■  aituatcd  on  tlie 
tRe  MinRisalppl  River,  attha 
!  Minnesota,  6  mileit  abovo 
his  in  one  of  the  earlieit 
a  in  the  iitatc,  being:  Tormerly 
lartera  of  the  American  Fur 
Here  are  two  uhurohea,  an 
several  atoroa.  Population, 
ifinnenota  Central  Kaiiroad  and 
ota  VuOfy  Railroad  I'orm  a 
Mendota,  both  riven  being 
a  drawbridge. 

ELLINQ,  6  miles  above  St  Paul, 
■tant  United  States  post  and 
situated  on  a  comroaudiug 
ttlic  junction  of  the  Minneaota 
ipfii  Itivera,  6  miles  below  the 
Anthony. 

INTEREST 

Jt.  Paul. 

(  Side  Miasisaippi  RiMT. 

MIlM. 

iave 1 

:;ave 3 

lO 3 

^ke 3 

Ida  ', (i 

Ike 6 

?all8 6 

B 6 

uake 1 

a  Lake it 

sap  and  Silver  Cascade. . ..     !* 

iny's  Falls, 10 

ir  Lake 12 

e  Lake 14 

(St.  Croix  River) 18 

ma 20 

ke 24 


tk-Bkab  Lakk,  12  milea,  there  is 
ing  and  fishing,  and  two  well- 
io-housea. 


Tin  FALM  or  rr.  AtrmoxT. 


m 


At  Laki  HAmsnrr,  H  miloa,  there  ia  a 
well-kept  hotel,  boating,  and  fishing. 

Lake  Min.vktomka,  24  milea  from  St. 
Paul,  by  railroad  route,  ia  one  of  tlio 
largest  sheets  of  water  in  the  State.  Its 
shores  are  indented  with  b<>aulil'ut  bnyr-, 
fitrtile  lands,  and  sloping  bluffs,  crowned 
with  forest  trees,  coming  down  lo  the 
water's  edge.  iKlands,  covered  with  the 
gorgeous  frreen  of  Mitinesota'a  foliage,  are 
acattercd  liberally  over  ita  surface  of  pure 
sparkling  waters,  abounding  with  the 
finest  of  fish,  aflbrding  great  sport  to  the 
angler.  Sail  and  row  lioaiscan  be  procured 
at  the  hotels  for  plensuro  parties,  and  thooo 
desiring  to  see  the  extended  beaiiti(>s  of 
land  and  water  scenery  can  do  so  by 
fiking  a  trip  on  the  miniature  steamer, 
"  Lady  of  tlie  Luke."  This  is  a  charming 
place  of  resort  for  invalids  and  seekera  of 
pleasure. 

The  fl»h  which  are  mostly  taken  in 
these  lakes  ore  bass,  pike,  and  pickerel  of 
a  fine  quality. 

MiNNEiiAUA  RrvER,  the  outlet  of  somo 
of  the  small  Inkea  in  this  vicinity,  is  n 
shallow,  sparkling  stream,  dashing  over 
ita  pebbly  bed  and  around  its  Uttle  islands 
in  the  most  f^leeful  manner.  ^Vithout  a 
warning,  witbeut  even  any  preliminary 
rapids,  it  makes  the  leap  which  is  called 
the  Falls  of  Minnehaha.  A  graceAil  leap 
it  is.  The  stream  springs  over  in  one 
sheet  of  sparkling  foam,  landing  in  a  ba- 
sin which  tor  centuries  it  has  been  busily 
hollowing  out  for  itself — a  basin  much 
like  that  into  which  the  Kaaterskill  Fall 
leaps,  and  like  that,  too,  in  preaenting 
'b'^hind  the  sheet  of  water  a  smooth  con- 
cave recess,  around  which  it  ia  possible 
for  a  man  to  pass,  coming  out  at  the  op- 
posite side  of  the  cataract.  The  foliage 
in  the  vicinity  is  as  gracefully  disposed 
by  nature  as  the  artist  could  wish,  and 
in  itself  and  all  its  surroundings  Minne- 
haha is  a  type  of  perfection  of  its  class — a 


model  fur  all  ambitioua  youog  waterfalls 
who  Tr.?j  wish  to  win  the  poet'a  aa  well 
as  the  public's  regard,  and  be  ever  asso- 
ciated with  the  fute  of  some  dear  maiden, 
as  ))eautifUI  aa  itself,  who  in  h>>r  delirium 
would  rave  about  it,  aa  did  the  old  arrow* 
makor'a  daughter : 

"Hitrk  I  the  mI<I,  I  hmr*  nii>hln|, 
Hoar  n  iiMrlnfr  i>n<l  n  riitblnir, 
Hear  the  Knlln  of  Mlnmlinlia 
i'allInK  til  nip  fruni  th«  dlitane*. 
No.  my  rhilil.  mIcI  old  Niiknmlt, 
Tia  the  wind  umung  th«  pine-trcei." 


At  CiiiKAOO  City,  near  the  line  of  the 
Ijttko  Superior  Railroad,  tliero  is  a  well- 
kept  hotel  and  accommodations  for  par- 
ties viMiing  the  several  beautiful  lakei 
in  this  vicinity.  Here  is  afforded  good 
flailing,  boating,  find  hunting. 

In  addition  to  the  lakes  which  surround 
St.  Paul,  a  visit  to  the  I)<dtes  on  the  St. 
Croix  Uiver  and  Taylor's  Falh,  40  milea 
distant  by  stngo,  is  recommended  to  all 
travelers  fond  of  sublime  river  scenery. 
Farther  up  the  St.  Croix  good  trotit 
flsliing  can  be  found — many  of  the  small 
streams  flowing  into  the  river  on  the 
Wisconsin  side  being  almost  alive  with 
speckled  trout. 

The   Fall*   or  At.   Antlionjr, 

ouce  the  UUima  Thule  of  the  nortli- 
wealcm  traveler,  are  not  so  striking  or 
grand  as  one  might  expect  from  the 
description  given  by  the  early  explorers 
of  Minnesota.  "There  is  no  prodigiou'? 
height  for  the  water  to  leap  from,  os  at 
Niagara,  but  the  rapids  are  grander  and 
quite  as  extensive,  wliile  their  power  ia 
shown  by  the  large  slabs  of  stone  whicJi 
lie  in  distorted  piles  along  the  shore, 
some  standing  up  on  end  like  giant  tomb- 
stones, others  piled  irregularly  as  if  try- 
ing to  crowd  away  from  the  fearful  force 
of  the  water.  The  retrogression  of  the 
falls  has   been   very    slow   until   this 


198 


TBX  UPPBI  UISSISSIPPI. 


ipring  (1861),  when  the  great  freshet, 
which  proved  so  disastrous  to  log-owners 
and  hiraber-merchants,  told  to  an  unpre- 
cedented extent  on  the  catara  't  itself. 

'•  The  reason  of  this  is  clearly  undor- 
etood.  For  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  the 
main  fall  the  bed  of  the  river  is  composed 
of  a  thin  stratum  of  limestoue,  supported 
by  sandstone.  This  latter,  being  soft 
and  crumbling,  is  worn  away  under  the 
constant  action  of  vhe  water,  thus  form- 
ing a  sort  of  cave,  with  the  slab  of  lime- 
stone from  which  the  water  falls  over- 
hanging it.  Of  course,  as  this  excava- 
tion  grows  deeper,  the  limestone  having 
nothing  to  support  it,  and  unable  to  boar 
the  heavy  mass  of  water,  breaks  away, 
and  thus  St.  Anthony's  Falls  recede. 

"  As  a  mere  spectacle,  St.  Anthony's 
Fall  is  grander  by  moonlight  than  at  any 
other  time,  for  then  the  unpoetical  and 
unsightly  buildinga  around  it  do  not  ob- 
trude themselves,  while  tlie  noise  and 
dasli  of  tlie  rapids  are  heard  and  seen  to 
perfection.  At  such  a  time  St.  Anthony's 
waters  present  an  overpowering  idea  of 
furious  strength,  and  one  worthy  to  be 
remembered  along  vitli  the  recollections 
of  Niagara  itself.  A  greater  contrast  to 
the  gentle  beauty  of  Minnehaha  it  would 
be  impossible  t'^'dnd;  and  yet  these  two 
cataracts  are  within  a  short  walking  dis- 
tance of  each  other,  and  to  tourists  both 
will  be,  for  ages  to  come,  among  tho 
greatest  attractions  of  the  Northwest.'' 


minnegota,  or  St.  Peter's 
River,  one  of  the  largest  streams 
that  rises  in  the  State,  is  navigable 
for  steamers,  at  most  seasons  of 
the  year,  from  St.  Paul  to  Mankato, 
148  milee,  passing  St.  Peter  and  other 
importirot  towns  on  its  banks.  In 
good  stages  of  water,  small  boats  run 


to  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow  Medicine,  238 
miles  from  its  mouth.  Beyond  this,  at  a 
slight  expense,  it  .night  be  rendered  navi- 
gable to  Big  .-itone  Lake,  where  a  portage 
of  about  three  miles  in  length  separates 
it  from  the  equally  navigable  waters  of 
the  Sioux  Wood,  which  empties  into  the 
Red  river  of  tho  North.  The  Red  river 
gives  over  300  miles  of  navigable  water 
on  the  western  boundary  of  the  State, 
before  entering  into  BritLih  America, 
above  Lake  Winnipeg. 

SuAKOPEE,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Minn., 
is  a  handsomely  situated  village  on  tlie 
south  bank  of  the  Minnesota  river,  22 
miles  from  St.  Paul  by  railroad.  It  was 
named  in  honor  of  an  old  Indian  chief  (a 
Sioux)  by  that  name,  and  when  translated 
into  English  is  simply  the  short  word 
"  Six."  At  this  pouit  an  important  In- 
dian town  was  located,  known  to  the 
early  settlers  as  "Shakopee's  village." 
In  1865  it  contained  1,260  iubah.iants, 
five  churches,  one  bank,  two  public 
houses,  and  several  stores.  The  sur- 
rounding country  is  fertile  and  thickly 
settled. 

Chaska,  Carver  co.,  Minn.,  38  miles 

above  St.  Paul,-  by  Steamer,  is  situated 

on  the  North  bank  of  tho  Minnesota  river, 

I  which  is  a.    -^ys  navigable  to  this  pomt. 

I  Population,  in  18fi5,  610. 

I     Carvee,  capital  of  Carver  co.,  Minn., 

!  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minue- 

I  sota  ri\  er,  42  miles  above  St.  Paul  by 

Steamer.    It  lies  at  the  head  of  naviga- 

i,  in  during  the  low  water  season,  and  is 

surrounded  by  a  rich  agricultural  region. 

Population,  500. 

Belle  Plains,  Minn.,  48  miles  froijQ  « 
St.  Paul  by  railroad,  and  69  miles  by 
Steamer,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
south  side  of  the  Minnesota  river.  Hero 
are  three  churches,  three  hotels,  one 
flouring  mill,  one  saw  mill,  and  several 
stores.    Population,  about    1,000.    The 


1  of  the  Yellow  Medicine,  J38 
its  mouth.  Beyond  this,  at  a 
ise,  it  '.night  be  rendered  navi- 
;  .'itone  Lake,  where  a  portage 
ree  miles  in  length  separates 
I  equally  navigable  waters  of 
rood,  which  empties  into  the 
f  the  North.  The  Red  riwr 
300  miles  of  navigable  water 
item  boundary  of  the  State, 
ering  into  British  America, 
I  Winnipeg. 

E,  capital  of  Scott  co.,  Minn., 
)mely  situated  village  on  tlte 
:  of  the  Minnesota  river,  22 
St.  Paul  by  railroad.  It  was 
onor  of  an  old  Indian  chief  (a 
hat  name,  and  when  translated 
ih  is  simply  the  short  word 
t  this  point  an  important  In- 

was  located,  known  to  the 
jrs  as   "Shakopee's  village." 

contained  1,260  iubah.iants, 
hes,  one  bank,  two  public 
d  several  stores.  The  sur- 
ountry  is  fertile  and  thickly 

Carver  co.,  Minn.,  38  miles 
Paul,-  by  Steamer,  is  situated 
h  bank  of  the  Minnesota  river, 

-^ys  navigable  to  this  point. 
,  in  18fi5,  610. 

capital  of  Carver  co.,  Minn., 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Minue- 

42  miles  above  St.  Paul  by 
It  lies  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
;  the  low  water  season,  and  is 
1  by  a  rich  agricultural  region. 
,  600. 

'I<AINB,  Minn.,  48  miles  froiga  « 
)y  railroad,  and  69  miles  by 
s  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
of  the  Minnesota  river.     Hero 

churches,  tliree  hotels,  one 
ill,  one  saw  mill,  and  several 
jpulatiou,  about    1,000.    The 


gt.  PETEK— SIAKKATa 


199 


Minnesota   Valley    Railroad    will    run 
through  this  place,  when  completed. 

Heki>..rson,  capital  of  Sibley  co., 
Minn.,  is  situated  on  the  Minnesota 
river,  80  miles  above  St.  PauL  Popula- 
tion, in  1865.  1,000. 

Lk  SuEDR,  capital  of  Le  Suenr  00., 
Minn.,  90  miles  above  St.  Paul,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  south  bank  of  the  Minnesota 
river,  in  the  midst  of  the  best  agricul- 
tural section  of  the  State.  Steamboats 
land  at  this  place  daily,  fVom  whicli  are 
■hipped  large  quantitios  of  produce.  The 
Minnesota  Volley  Railroad  will  run 
through  this  place.  Population,  in  1866, 
600. 

St  Peter,  the  county  seat  of  Nicollet 
CO.,  Mum.,  is  advantageously  situated  on 
the  Minnesota  river,  85  miles  from  St. 
Paul,  and  160  miles  from  Winona  by  rail- 
road route.  Here  are  five  churches, 
three  hotels,  two  banks,  and  a  number 
of  stores.  Population,  1,600.  The  Wi- 
nona and  St.  Peter  Railway,  when  ooro- 
pleted,  will  terminate  at  this  place. 

Mankato,  the  county  seat  of  Blue 
Earth  co.,  Minn.,  is  situated  at  the  great 
bend  of  the  Minnesota  river,  about  140 
mi'es  from  its  mouth.  It  is  the  head  of 
navigation  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
season,  and  is  one  of  tiio  best  commercial 
points  in  the  State.  This  is  the  proposed 
center  of  sevoral  railroads,  which,  when 
completed,  will  be  of  great  advantage  to 
this  whole  region  of  country,  which  tor 
a  great  part  is  extremely  fertile,  and 
rapidly  filling  up  with  an  industrioits 
and  intelligent  population.  Besides  tlie 
county  buildings,  liere  are  fourchurohes, 
four  hotels,  two  flouring  mills,  two  saw 
mills,  and  several  stores  and  storehouses. 
Population,  in  18C5,  2,654. 

Nkw  Ulm,  the  county  seat  of  Brown 
CO.,  Minn.,  is  a  flourishing  viUago  on  the 
Minnesota  river,  about  60  miles  above 
Mankato.    The  town  was  laid  out  in 


1856,  and  improved  steadily  until  the  In- 
dian outbreak  of  1862.  On  August  19th 
of  thot  year  it  was  attacked,  and  pvtly 
burred,  many  of  the  inhabitants  being 
butchered  by  the  savages.  Since  that 
period,  the  place  has  improved  rapidly, 
and  now  contains  a  population  of  about 
1,000,  mostly  Qermans. 


BnlBilo  Hunt  In  Mlnneiota. 

Extract  from  a  kUer,  dated,  St.  Feteb, 
Mink.,  Aug.  1,  1866 : 

"  I  have  just  returned  from  the  Rod- 
wood  Palls,  seventy-nine  miles  west  of 
this  town,  and  can  assure  you  the  trip 
has  given  me  a  good  knowledge  of  the 
western  portion  of  Minnesota.  At  Red- 
wood a  young  town  is  starting  into  exist- 
ence, already  containing  two  hundred  and 
sixty  inhabitants,  most  all  from  Massa- 
chusetts and  New  York.  The  falls  are 
thirty  feet  perpendicular  over  a  solid 
ledge  of  granite,  and  already  a  saw  mill 
is  cutting  the  logs  into  building  materials. 
In  a  distance  of  five  hundred  and  sixty 
yards,  there  is  a  fall  of  one  hundred  and 
two  feet  The  river  is  narrow,  but  the 
scenery  is  wild  and  romantic  in  the  ex- 
treme. In  the  rear  of  the  village,  the 
broad  pndries  extend  west,  I  know  not 
how  far,  but  am  told  a  hundred  miles  or 
more. 

"  Within  eighteen  miles,  straggling  buf- 
falo are  seen,  and  forty  miles  brings  the 
traveler  to  the  herds;  sometimes  they 
come  in  droves  below  the  village.  It 
may  be  of  interest  to  your  sporting  men 
and  those  who  may  wish  to  see  Minne- 
sota in  all  its  glory,  and  have  a  good 
time  generally,  to  tell  you  that  a  hunting 
party,  to  capture  buffalo,  is  to  leave  St. 
Peter  on  the  eleventh  of  September.  All 
the  camp  equipage,  ponies,  and  all  things 
necessary,  can  be  obtained  here. 


1 


npMM* 


JJR* 


i 


g 


ST.  AxrnoxY — uixnkopolis. 


201 


MiMNI-IIA-nA. 


"Hero  the  Fnlla  orMinne-ha-tiii 
FliMh  and  cleaoi  anions:  the  ixk  trees, 
Laii^h  and  It'op  Into  the  valley.'' 

The  City  of  §t.  Anthony,  situated 
10  miles  north  of  St.  Paul,  by  railroad, 
is  one  of  the  most  favored  localities  in 
the  State.  It  was  incorporated  in  1855, 
and  in  1865  contained  3,500  inhabitants. 
Here  are  nine  churches,  two  banks,  three 
liotcis,  several  stores,  and  numerous 
manufacturing  establisliments,  propelled 
by  water  power.  The  "St.  Anthony 
Falls  Water  Power  Company"  is  capable 
of  aawiut;  40,000,000  foot  of  lumber  an- 


nually. There  are  also  three  flouring 
mills,  a  paper  mill,  foundry  and  ma- 
chine shop,  two  breweries,  and  other 
extensive  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  University  of  the  State  of 
Minnesota  is  located  here,  on  an  emi- 
nence overlooking  the  falls  and  the 
two  towns.  An  elegant  suspension 
bridge,  erected  in  1855,  620  feet  long, 
spanning  the  main  branch  of  the  river 
above  vhe  Fal's,  connects  the  city  with 
Mimieopolis.  The  SL  Pautand  Pueific 
Railroad,  completed  to  a  point  60 
miles  northward,  now  extends  from  St 
Paul  to  Big  Lake. 

nilnneapoll*,  Minn.,  the  capi- 
tal of  Hennepin  county,  is  delightfully 
situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, at  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony, 
where  is  afforded  one  of  the  most  mag- 
uitlcciit  water  powers  on  the  continent. 
Hero  are  four  extensive  flouring  mills, 
a  woolen  factory,  a  sash,  door,  and 
blind  factory.  The  capacity  of  its  saw- 
mills is  50,000,000  feet ;  there  are  nine 
gangs  of  saws  with  rotaries,  and  the 
usual  proportion  of  lath  and  shingle 
mills.  In  addition  to  these  are  manu- 
factured ploughs,  wagons,  furniture, 
churns,  barrels,  Ac;  two  foundries, 
iiid  the  immense  machine  shops  and  car 
lactory  of  the  Minnesota  Central  Rail- 
way Company, 

The  Minneapolis  Water  Power  Compa- 
ny, and  the  St.  Anthony  Company,  hare 
oomb;ned  properties  of  quantity  and  avail- 
ability unsurpassed  in  the  United  States. 
Tlie  lineal  frontage  along  which  the  power 
can  be  carried  and  applied  at  a  trifling 
cost,  so  as  to  supply  a  mill  with  power 
in  every  hundred  feet  of  its  course,  !a 
over  15,000  feet.  The  value  of  such  a 
power,  as  well  as  the  amount  uf  machin- 
ery it  is  destined  to  propel,  as  the  vast 
and  fertile  region  north  and  west  of  it 
becomes  settled,  can  hardly  be  estimated 


hDb 


202 


TB>  UFPKB  lassuBim, 


i 


Here  IS  a  perpendicular  fall  of  about  18 
feet,  and  a  rapid  deseout  of  4G  feet,  with 
in  a  distanco  of  ore  mile. 

BoHides  the  county  buildingfs,  Minne- 
apolis contains  three  national  banks, 
eight  churches,  four  hotels,  numerous 
stores  and  store-houses,  together  with 
inanv  flno  private  residences.  Population, 
to  1865,  4,600. 

t  The  picturesque  scenery  in  and  around 
these  two  cities  at  the  Falls,  their  topo- 
graphicnl  beauty,  the  fine  hard  roada 
lo:iding  in  all  directions,  tlie  charming 
lakes  in  the  vicinity,  the  celebrated  Min 
neha-ha  Falls,  being  a  few  miles  below 
Minneapolis  on  the  Fort  Snelling  road," 
taken  together  wiih  the  dry,  bracing  a^ 
mosphcre  that  distinguishes  Minnesota 
from  all  other  Western  States,  have  con- 
tributed to  draw  crowds  of  pleasure-seek- 
ers, travelers,  and  invalids  to  this  locality. 

Two  beautiful  lakes,  Harriet  and  Cal- 
houn, lying  within  a  half  hour's  drive, 
and  Lake  Minuetonka,  12  miles  westward, 
are  places  of  constant  resort  in  summer. 
These  lakes,  and  about  thirty  others  in 
the  country,  abound  with  sunflsh,  bass, 
and  pickerel,  as  also  the  woods  and  prai- 
ries with  the  usual  varieties  of  game. 
The  old  fbrt  SneUiug,  and  its  reservation 
of  10,000  acres,  is  situated  in  this  coun- 
ty, at  the  eonttuenoe  of  the  Minnesota 
and  Mississippi  rivers.  The  Fort  is  now 
used  as  a  rendezvous  for  troops  and  re- 
cruits. Although  once  abandoned  by 
the  Government,  the  prospect  now  is  that 
it  will  be  permanently  retained  for  mili- 
tary purposes. 

The  railroads  terminating  at  Minneapo- 
lis, and  passing  through  St.  Anthony,  are 
the  JdmHesota  Central,  running  south  and 
connecting  with  all  the  roads  west  of  the 
Mississippi  as  far  as  Clinton,  in  Iowa ; 
he  Mitmetola  VaUey  road,  running  to- 
wards Sioux  City;  the  St.  Paul  and  Pa- 
.•^  Bttilroad,  running  west  aod  east. 


St.  Paul  akd  PAVino  Railroad 
Ro'n'E. 

Manouin,  the  capital  of  Manomin 
county,  is  a  small  village  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  river,  17  miles 
north  of  St  Paul  by  railroad  route. 

Anoka,  Minn.,  2S  miles  nwth  of  Sic 
Paul,  by  railroad,  is  tlie  county-seat  ol 
Anoka  county,  being  handsomely  situ  * 
ated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississip 
pi  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Mille  Lac,  Buii> 
river  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  latter 
stream.  The  surface  of  the  country  is 
here  diversified,  and  t!ie  climate  highly 
salubrious ;  the  soil  being  well  adapted 
to  agriculture.  Tho  natural  meadows 
are  an  important  feature,  and,  taken  in 
connection  with  other  facilities  which 
the  place  affords,  make  it  particularly 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  cattle  and  Bhee|^ 
Here  are  three  church  edifices,  two  ho- 
tels, several  stores,  and  about  1,000  in> 
habitants. 

Itasca,  Anoka  County,  Minn.,  is  a 
small  settlement  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  3S  miles  from  St 
Paul  by  railroad /oute. 

Elk  Ria'eb,  Minn.,  is  the  name  of  a 
village  situated  on  a  stream  of  the  same 
name,  jialf  a  mile  cost  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  distant  40  miles  fVom  St  Paul,  by 
railroad  route. 

Bio  Lake,  Minn.,  the  county-seat  of 
Sherburne  county,  50  miles  north  of  St. 
Paul  by  railroad  route,  is  situated  about 
two  miles  oust  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
containing  a  population  of  200  or  300. 

St.  Cloud,  Minn.,  lying  on  the  west 
-jide  of  the  Mississippi  river,  at  the  foot 
of  the  &iuk  Rapids,  is  the  capital  of 
Steams  county,  74  miles  north  of  St 
Paul  by  roilroad  route.  This  may  be 
called  the  head  of  navigation  for  tho  river 
above  the  Falls  of  St  Anthony,  being  on 
the  direct  route  flrom  St  Paul  to  the 


I  AKD  PAcmo  Bailroao 

RO'JI'E. 

the  capital  of  Manomin 
I  small  villain  on  the  east 
Mississippi  rivor,  17  miles 
Paul  by  railroad  route, 
[inn.,  2S  miles  north  of  SIC 
Iroad,  is  the  county-seat  of 
ity,  being  handsomely  situ  ■ 
east  bank  of  the  Mississip 
he  mouth  of  Uille  Lac,  Buiu 
on  both  sides  of  the  latter 
e  surface  of  the  country  is 
fled,  and  t!ie  climate  higlily 
the  soil  being  well  adapted 
re.  The  natural  meadows 
>rtant  feature,  and,  taken  in 
with  other  facilities  which 
ffords,  make  it  particularly 
M  raising  of  cattle  and  sheep, 
ree  church  edifloes,  two  ho- 
i  stores,  and  about  1,000  iii< 

Inoka  County,  Minn.,  is  ii 
aent  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
river,  35  miles  firom  St 
road  .route. 

SB,  Minn.,  is  the  name  of  • 
ted  on  a  stream  of  the  same 
.  mile  cost  of  the  Mississippi 
t  40  miles  fVom  St.  Paul,  by 
;e. 

s,  Minn.,  the  county-seat  of 
xmnty,  50  miles  north  of  St. 
road  route,  is  situated  aliout 
ust  of  the  Mississippi  river, 
,  population  of  200  or  300. 
9,  Minn.,  lying  on  the  west 
Mississippi  river,  at  tlie  foot 
k  Uapids,  is  the  capital  of 
tnty,  74  miles  north  of  St. 
ilroad  route.  This  may  be 
sad  of  navigation  for  tho  river 
alls  of  St.  Anthony,  being  on 
route  f^om  St.  Paul  to  the 


HAUK  SAPIDA-^OBTBKBK  UntmsmA. 


203 


Red  Rirer  settlement  of  the  North.  .A 
railroad  is  also  proposed  to  run  from 
Sauk  RiipidB  to  Superior  City,  120  miles, 
which,  when  flnished,  will  be  of  great 
benefit  to  this  whole  section  of  couutry. 

The  Tillage  now  contains  aljout  2,000 
inhabitants,  and  is  fast  increasing  in 
wealth  and  importance.  There  are  a  flne 
court-house  and  jail,  one  bank.  United 
States  land-ofBce,  five  churches,  three 
hotels,  twelve  stores,  and  two  printing- 
offices. 

From  St.  Cloud  to  the  Red  River  is 
about  200  miles,  the  distance  being 
about  200  more  miles  to  Fort  Gary, 
British  America.  A  large  trade  is  car- 
ried on,  by  means  of  oz-carts  passing 
over  the  prairie,  including  the  furs  and 
other  articles  belonging  to  the  Hudson 
Bay  Company. 

Saitk  Rapids,  Minn.,  lying  on  the  east 
■ide  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at  the  head 
of  the  rapids,  two  miles  above  St.  Cloud, 
is  the  capital  of  Benton  County.  It  con- 
tains about  700  inhabitants,  'i  diurches, 
i  hotels,  2  stores,  and  manufacturing 
establishmenta  The  St.  Paul  and  Pa- 
cific Rnilroad  runs  to  this  place  along  the 
east  bank  of  the  river.  Here  is  an  im- 
mense water-power,  created  by  the  Sauk 
Jiapids,  having  a  descent  in  half  a  mile 
of  about  15  feet,  where  a  dam  is  con- 
structed. 

The  Mimssippi  River,  above  the  Sauk 
Rapids,  (lows  through  a  level  country, 
interspersed  witii  groves  of  timber  of  dif- 
ferent kinds,  having  a  width  of  about  100 
vards,  to  Crow  Wing,  40  miles  above. 
North  of  the  latter'  place,  pine  timber  of 
a  large  growth  is  found  in  abundan«e, 
the  lumbering  business  being  the  princi- 
pal source  of  profit. 

Watab,  Benton  County,  Minn.,  80  miles 
above  St.  Paul,  lying  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Mississippi  River,  is  a  small  post  set- 
tlement, containing  about  ISO  inhabitants. 


LiTFLi  FALta,  Minn.,  100  mUes  north 
of  St.  Paul,  is  the  capital  of  Morrison 
county,  where  ar  a  flne  water-power  and 
saw-mills,  it  being  m  the  region  of  a 
good  lumbering  section  of  country. 

Cbow  Wino,  Minn.,  is  the  capital  of 
Crow  Wing  county,  situated  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Mississippi,  120  miles  north 
of  St.  Paul.  This  is  an  important  poet, 
where  is  located  the  Government  agency 
for  the  Chippewa  Indians,  and  commands 
a  considerable  Indian  trade.  It  is  on 
tho  line  of  tho  St.  Paul  and  Pueifle  Rail- 
road, which  there  crosses  the  river  and 
will  extend  in  a  north-westerly  direction 
to  Pembina,  on  Red  river  jt  he  North. 


Northern  Rlinaeiiota. 

The  distance  from  St.  Paul  to  Csow 
Wino,  Minn.,  is  about  120  miles,  the 
Chippewa  Agmey  being  seven  miles  aljove 
Crow  Wing,  on  Crow  Wing  river,  a  stream 
larger  than  tho  Mississippi  proper ;  it  is 
the  outlet  of  Otter  Tail  and  other  nume- 
some    sixty    miles    west- 


ward. The  Indian  agent  for  the  Chip- 
pewa, Pembina,  and  Pillager  Indians  re- 
sides at  the  above  agency.  The  agent 
makes  a  yearly  payment  to  the  above  In- 
dians, usually  leaving  the  agency  about 
the  first  of  October,  travels  west  to  Otter 
Tail  Lake,  thence  north,  over  the  old  Red 
river  trail,  to  Douglas,  Polk  county, 
Minn.,  situated  on  Red  Lako  river,  empty- 
ing into  the  Red  river  of  the  North, 
about  forty  miles  west  In  this  vicinity 
the  payments  are  made, 

Otteb  Tail  Lakk  and  the  surrounding 
chain  of  lakes  are  of  the  purest  water, 
abounding  in  delicious  flsli  of  difiibrent 
kinds.  The  shores  are  pebbly,  surrounded 
by  hard-wood  timber,  the  sugar  maple 
tree  here  predominating,  from  which 
large  quantios  of  maple  sugar  are  annually 
minufactured.  The  soil  is  unusually  ridi, 
pi  educing  wild  grass  three  or  four  feet 


1 


204 


THK  uppBB  uissnaiFPL 


in  iKsight  The  principal  game  left  is 
wild  fowl  of  different  kinds,  among  whicli 
may  be  named  the  prairie  cliiclcen,  grouse, 
partridges,  ducks,  and  wild  geese.  Deer, 
elk,  boar,  foxes,  badgers,  and  other  fur- 
bearing  animals,  heretofore  numerous, 
are  now  sparse,  being  nearly  exterminated 
by  the  Indians,  who  are  expert  huntsmen. 
The  healthy  influence  of  this  section  of 
the  country  is  unrivaled,  it  being  a  lux- 
ury to  breathe  the  pure  air  of  this  region. 

In  September,  1366,  a  resident  of  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.,  who  had  been  suffering 
from  ill  health,  tending  to  consumptioi^ 
started  for  St.  Paul  and  journeyed  toward 
Crow  Wing,  along  the  east  side  of  the 
Mississippi  river,  arriving  about  the  time 
of  the  leaving  of  the  Uuitod  States  agent 
and  his  party  for  the  interior,  the 
weather  being  then  cool  and  delight- 
ful. Joining  said  party,  and  partici- 
pating in  their  fare,  he  made  the 
journey  to  Otter  Tail  Lake,  and  thence  to 
Red  Lake  river,  on  horseback,  retummg 
with  said  party. 

During  this  trip  of  some  four  weeks, 
his  health  was  almost  entirely  restored, 
being  able  to  bear  ahnost  any  amount  of 
fatigue;  camping  out  in  the  open  air, 
hudting,  and  fishing  as  circumstances 
would  permit. 

This  is  the  happy  expenenqp  of  h\in- 
dredsof  invalids  who  have  the  resolution 
to  visit  this  health-restoring  section  of 
country,  where  fevers  and  consumption 
are  almost  entirely  unknown.  Even  the 
winter  months  are  endurable  and  healthy 
in  this  region,  extending  north  to  the 
British  settlement  near  I  ake  "Winnipeg, 
60°  north  latitude. 

Buffalo  and  other  large  game  may  be 
found  west  of  Red  river,  affording  whole- 
some food,  while  wheat  and  vegetables 
mre  raised  m  great  abundance  wherever 
gattlementa  have  been  made. 


Interesting  to  CouramptlTe*. 

WnO  SHOCIP  00  TO  inNNMOXA  AND  WHO 
BHOnU)    MOT. 

Exiraet  fr<m  a  kUer,  doled,  St.  Paui, 
ifwn.,  Dee.  24j  1865: 

"  It  is  not  (ho  object  of  your  correspond- 
ent to  court  any  argument  upon  the  rela- 
tive merits  of  a  northern  or  southern  di- 
matofor  the  cure  of  that  fell  destroyer  of 
human  life  and  happiness,  consumption, 
but  merely  to  give  his  experience  r  t  ^  in- 
valid during  a  sojourn  of  several  lonths 
in  a  country  which  is  fast  becoming  one 
of  the  most  popular  resorts  for  invalids 
from  all  parts  of  the  Union.  Neither  do 
I  wish  to  be  understood  as  claiming  for 
Minnesota  entire  immunity  from  disease, 
nor  that  the  climate  is  a  sovereign 
remedy  for  all  cases  of  consumption ;  but, 
from  careful  observation,  I  believe  I  am 
justified  in  asserting  that  there  is  no  lo- 
cality on  this  continent  so  exempt  from 
'  all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  heir  to'  as  this. 
The  dryness  of  the  atmosphere,  the  pe- 
culiar character  of  the  soil,  the  almost 
total  absence  of -fogs  and  moist  winds,  all 
contribute  to  render  the  climate  one  of 
unrivaled  salubrity. 

In  its  first  stages,  consumption  appoara 
to  yield  readily  to  the  peculiar  Influence 
of  the  climate ;  and,  even  in  the  more  ad- 
vanced stages  of  the  disease,  the  patient, 
by  a  continued  residence  in  this  country, 
finds  permanent  relief  and  comparative 
good  health.  I  find  that  three  classes  of 
cases  arrive  in  this  country  in  search  of 
relief:  1.  Those  slightly  affected,  who 
take  time  by  the  forelock,  get  well  m  a 
few  months,  and  return  to  their  homes 
perfectly  oftred.  2.  Those  more  seriously 
affected,  who  never  fully  recover  the  use 
of  their  lungs,  but  by  a  permanent  resi- 
dence in  IKnnesoU  enjoy  comparative 


»imm 


|nK  to  CouaamptlTM. 

i  00  TO  illNyESOTA  AKD  WHO 
SBOnU)    NOT. 

ttmt  a  teller,  doled,  St.  Paul, 

124,  1865: 

(ho  object  of  your  correnpond- 
any  argument  upon  the  rela- 
if  a  northern  or  southern  oli- 
cure  of  that  fell  destroyer  of 
and  happiness,  consumption, 

0  give  his  experience  e^jfi  in- 
a  sojourn  of  several  ibntlis 
which  is  fast  becoming  one 

popular  resorts  for  invalids 
ts  of  the  Union.  Neither  do 
le  understood  as  claiming  for 
jntiro  immunity  from  disease, 
ho  climate  is  a  sovereign 
[ill  cases  of  consumption;  but, 

1  observation,  I  believe  I  am 
asserting  that  there  is  no  lo- 
lis  continent  so  exempt  from 
I  that  flesli  is  heir  to'  as  this, 
s  of  tho  atmosphere,  the  pe- 
icter  of  the  soil,  the  almost 
BO  of  .fogs  and  moist  winds,  all 
to  render  tho  climate  one  of 
olubrity. 

)t  stages,  consumption  appears 
idily  to  the  peculiar  Influence 
hto ;  and,  even  in  the  more  ad- 
^03  of  the  disease,  the  patient, 
uod  Tv  sidence  in  this  country, 
ment  relief  and  comparative 
I.  I  find  that  three  classes  of 
3  in  this  country  in  search  of 
'hose  slightly  affected,  who 
)y  the  forelock,  get  well  in  a 
3,  and  return  to  their  homes 
red.  2.  Those  more  seriously 
10  never  fully  recover  the  use 
.gs,  but  by  a  permanent  roai- 
finnosota  enjoy  comparative 


iiORTnnur  uinnisota. 


808 


.. .^^.yf....^ 


good  heMth.  X  Those  who  wait  until  it 
is  too  late,  and  arrive  here  only  to  linger 
a  few  week;)  and  die  among  strangers. 

'•It  is  to  bu  regretted  that  tho  majority 
of  the  invalids  who  arrive  hero  are  not  nf 
the  first  class.  Unfortunately,  owing  to 
tho  ignorance  of  physicians,  tho  disease 
is  seldom  detected  in  its  first  stages ;  and 
it  is  not  until  a  hemorrliage  takes  placo, 
or  tubercles  commence  to  soften,  that 
thoy  see  the  necessity  for  tho  removal 
of  the  patient  to  a  more  salubrious  cli- 
mate. 

*f  he  second,  or  predominating  class, 
are  scattered  all  over  the  entire  State, 
A'om  the  Iowa  line  to  the  shores  of  Lake 
Superior.  Go  where  you  will  through 
Minnesota  and  you  will  meet  persons,  ap- 
parently in  good  health,  who  could  not 
exist  two  years  under  the  influence  of 
tlie  cold  moist  winds  of  the  Atlantic 
States.  Many  of  them  arrive  here  quite 
low,  but,  with  the  help  of  a  good  consti- 
tution and  the  peculiar  salubrity  of  the 
climate,  they  manage  to  rally  and  enjoy 
tolerably  good  healtli.  In  one  or  two  in- 
stances which  came  under  my  observa- 
tion, the  patients  had  to  be  removed  from 
the  steamboat  in  a  carriage,  and  several 
months  elapsed  before  any  visible  im- 
provement could  be  noted;  but  finally 
the  patients  commenced  to  mend,  and 
the  clear,  bracing  atmosphere  of  winter 
soon  restored  them  to  health.  A  few 
Sundays  ago  we  buried  one  of  the  oldest 
residents  of  this  city,  who  had  been  ill 
with  consumption  for  flfteen  years.  He 
had  been  sick  with  the  disease  three 
years  when  he  entered  the  State,  and  did 
not  expect  to  live  many  months ;  but  he 
rallied,  and  by  a  continued  residence 
in  tho  country  managed  to  prolong  his 
existence  a  dozen  years.  Some  of  the 
leaning  business  men  of  this  city,  men 
noted  for  their  enterprise  and  success  in 
Mfe,   belong  to  the  second  class,   and,  I 


although  to  all  appearance  in  tho  fidl 
possession  of  ii^nlth,  tell  you  that  it 
would  be  impossible  for  them  to  exist 
East. 

''  Of  the  third  class  not  much  noed  be 
said.  They  never  ought  to  come  here, 
as  the  fatigue  and  excitement  of  the 
journey  only  tend  *"■  hasten  death. 
Some  die  on  their  way  up  the  river,  some 
at  tho  hotels  and  boarding-houses  before 
they  havo  been  domiciled  among  us 
a  fortnight,  and  others,  feeling  that 
death  's  inovitablo,  start  for  home  be- 
fore thoy  have  been  a  week  in  the 
country. 

"A  very  intelligent  g^tntleman  from 
Xew  York,  whose  acqumiitance  I  made 
when  I  first  arrived  in  St.  Paul,  esti- 
mated that  about  three  out  of  every  ten 
persons  who  came  here  afflicted  with 
lung  complaints  recovered  so  as  to  be 
able  to  return  to  their  homes,  and  that 
over  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  invalids  were 
afforded  permanent  relief.  My  inform- 
ant, who  is  an  invalid  himself,  has  spent 
three  years  in  the  State,  and,  although 
in  the  enjoyment  of  apparent  good  health, 
says  he  will  never  be  ablo  to  live  in  his 
native  place  agnun.  He  has  therefore 
sent  East  for  his  family,  and  intends 
going  into  business  here. 

"  It  would  be  a  difllcult  task  to  arrire  at 
anything  like  the  approximate  number  of 
invalids  in  the  State,  for  there  are  no 
statistics  on  the  subject,  but  it  is  safe  to 
estimate  them  by  thousands.  In  the 
summer  you  find  them  scattered  all  over 
the  State,  amusing  themselves  by  fishing 
and  hunting.  The  attractions  in  this 
respect  are  superior  to  anything  of  the  < 
kind  in  tho  United  States  perhaps.  The 
entire  surface  of  the  State  is  dotted  with 
lakes,  varying  in  ciroumferenoo  from  one 
mile  to  ono  hundred,  which  abound  in 
tho  largest  and  choicest  kind  of  fish. 
Pickerel,  weighing  from  twelve  to  fl/tton 


ii 


206 


m  OFPn  maBiHBipPL 


pounds,  baM,  wan-«7ed  ptkeand  trout  in 
proportion  are  caught  in  large  quantities 
in  all  the  lakosand  rivulets.  Trolling  on 
the  lalces  is  especially  recommended  by 
the  physicians  as  the  most  fitting  exer- 
cise for  invalids  who  are  too  reduced  to 
follow  the  more  fatiguing  sport  of  gun- 
Ding.  In  the  fall  o\'  the  year,  which  is 
certainly  a  delightful  season,  the  woods 
abound  with  deer,  r;.-\rtridges  and  quail, 
while  the  stubble  fteWs  (Vimish  the  Nim- 
rod  with  all  the  pralne  ohicHcns  he  can 
carry  in  an  ordinary  sized  wagon.  GSeese 
and  ducks  of  the  finest  flavor  tVequent 
the  lakes  in  immense  flocks,  and  afford 
splendid  sport.  Occasionally  you  stumble 
upon  a  bear,  but  invalids  are  not  very 
partial  to  Bruin  as  a  general  thing,  and 
usually  allow  him  to  follow  the  bent  of 
hia  inclination  unmolested. 

"  The  cost  of  living  in  this  far  off  West- 
era  country  is  by  no  means  as  expensive 
as  some  would  imagine.  Board  at  the 
best  hotels  in  St.  Paul  can  be  procured 
cheaper  than  at  the  East,  and  in  the 
country  towns  one  can  live  very  com- 
fortably for  about  five  or  six  dollars  a 


week.  As  winter  sets  in,  the  Ihtaftds  all 
flock  to  the  towns,  rhero  they  can  spcnl 
the  season  more  agreeably  than  they  can 
in  the  country.  Such  places  as  St.  Paul, 
Minneopolis,  St  Antliony,  St.  Cloud. 
Farrihault  and  Winona  are  crowded  with 
them,  and  the  citizens  derive  no  little 
profit  by  tlie  presence  of  such  visitors. 
The  pineries,  which  extend  along  the  St. 
Croix  river,  and  run  as  far  north  as  Lake 
Superior,  are  much  flrequented  by  con- 
sumptives. A  belief  is  prevalent  here 
that  the  pine  emits  an  odor  which  is  pe- 
culiarly healing,  and  highly  benoflcial  fbr 
invalids;  hence  it  is  no  uncommon  thibg 
for  small  parties  to  take  up  their  quarters 
in  the  wilderness,  and  spend  the  winter 
there  with  the  numerous  gangs  of  lumber- 
men engaged  in  foiling  trees  and  hauling 
logs  to  the  banks  of  the  neighboring 
creeks,  with  the  view  of  floating  them 
down  the  St.  Croix  in  the  spring.  Those 
who  have  the  strength  and  courage  to 
endure  this  wild  mode  of  lifb  generaRy 
experience  the  most  beneficial  effects, 
and  in  the  spring  are  enabled  to  return 
fat  and  hearty." 


Ballroadt  of  Hlnnetota,  IfMW. 

The  following  Table,  based  upon  in- 1  deemed  reliable,  presents  the  condition  of 
formation  obtained  fhim  sources  that  are  1  Railroads  now  in  process  of  consiruction: 

_  tillM 

VxuK.  Completed. 

WlnoM  and  8t  Petnr  Railroad IJJ 

lliniireote  Cemtral  Kailwar lis 

latUiv.  St.  Paal  and  Pacific— Main  Line — 

lit  Dlv.  St.  Paul  and  Paciac— Upper  Miss.  Branch ,  W 

Bt  Paul  and  Pacino— Winona  Branch — 

Minnesota  Vallfjr  Knilroail •« 

Bouthern  Minnesota  Hailroad ••  "• 

JjilieBuperJ  / and  Misbissippi  Bailroad — 


Total. 


4T< 


4aeologlcal  Surrey. 

T^.e  State  Geologist,  in  his  late  re- 
soarohes  has  confirmed  the  hope  that 
Tsst  oud  rich  beds  of  iron  and  copper  ore 
would  be  found  within  the  counttos  bor- 


dering on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Su- 
perior ;  and  in  the  Ticinity  of  Lake  Ver- 
milion, m  St.  Louis  County,  he  has  dis- 
covered veins  of  gold  and  silver  bearing 
quarts,  that  promise  to  hb  highly  valuable 
and  productive. 


rintor  Mts  in,  the  InTsltdi  all 
owns,  T.  hero  they  can  spcn:] 
lore  a^rooably  than  they  can 
■y.  Such  places  as  St.  Paul, 
St  Anthony,  St.  Cloud, 
id  Winona  are  crowded  wltli 
;ho  cltjzena  derive  no  little 

0  presence  of  such  visitors, 
which  extend  along  the  St. 

and  run  as  far  north  as  Lake 
e  much  frequented  by  con- 
A  belief  is  prevalent  here 
e  emits  an  odor  which  is  pe- 
ingr,  and  highly  benoflcial  rbr 
nee  it  Is  no  uncommon  thibg 
ties  to  take  up  their  quarters 
imess,  and  spend  the  winter 
le  numerous  gangs  of  lumber* 

1  in  felling  trees  and  hauling 
banks  of  the  neighboring 

1  the  view  of  floating  them 
.  Croiz  in  the  spring.  Those 
he  strength  and  courage  to 
wild  mode  of  lifV<  generally 
the  most  beneficial  effects, 
ipring  are  enabled  to  reiura 
ty." 

,  lies. 

ible,  presenta  the  condition  of 
)w  in  process  of  oonstruotion : 

MIlM 
CompleMd. 

1U6 

, «« 

M 

47« 

le  northern  shore  of  Lake  8tt> 
I  in  the  ricinity  of  Lake  Ver- 
It  Louis  County,  he  has  dis- 
DS  of  gold  and  silver  bearing 
promiaa  to  b6  highly  raluabw 
ive. 


HMtkcm  Parlfle  Railroad— MortkWMlem  HlaaMola. 

Extract  from  a  (kmrnpondtnt  of  the  Nete  York  FSiening  PMt,  dated, 
St.  Cloud,  ifim.,  A%tgu»t  29,  I'tOT. 


"Tlie  Northern  Paciflo  Railroad  Com- 
pany has  now  four  surveying  parties  of 
flfteon  men  each  at  work  in  the  field 
making  surveys  to  enable  tlie  chief  en- 
gineer to  Obiignate  the  most  suitable 
route.  One  rf  these  began  operations  at 
Bayfield,  on  Lake  Superior,  and  is  sur- 
veying westward  toward  this  point 
The  other  began  at  Superior  City,  and 
has  got  through  to  the  Mississippi,  a 
little  above  Crow  Wing.  The  country 
through  which  these  parties  are  passing 
is  principally  a  forest,  alternating  with 
hard  wood  and  pine :  the  surface  some- 
what broken  but  well  watered.  The 
soil  is  of  middling  quality,  and  in  some 
places  there  is  an  abundance  of  stone. 

"  The  Northern  Paciflo  Railroad  Com- 
pany does  not  contemplate  building  any 
part  of  this  road  until  it  receives  from 
Congress  the  same  kind  of  aid  that  has 
been  extended  to  the  Central  or  Union 
route;  namely,  a  loan  of  the  national 
credit  to  the  amount  of  sixteen  thousand 
dollars  per  mile  for  the  main  part  of  the 
live,  twice  that  amount  as  the  line  ap- 
proaches the  mountains,  and  treble  that 
amount  over  the  most  difficult  part  of 
the  mountains  on  its  route  to  Puget 
Sound.  The  friends  of  this  road  diUm 
that  it  ii  Ave  hundred  miles  shorter  than 
the  Centra',  r'^'tte,  and  that  it  acquires 
peculiar  advantaftc^  by  its  connection 
with  groat  natural  water  channels. 

"  Mr.  Johnson,  the  chief  engilieer,  after 
visiting  Bsyfleld  and  Superior,  went  down 
to  St.  Paul  on  the  militivy  stage  road,  and 
thence  by  rail  to  this  point  and  Souk 
Rapids,  and  by  stage  to  Crow  Wing. 
After  examining  that  region,  and  going 
up  as  for  as  ths  Fnnch  Rapids  of  the 
Mississippi  in  a  canoa,  he  returned  to  St 


Cloud  with  a  view  of  visiting  the  IkmoiM 
prairie  and  lake  regkm  lying  betweet 
this  point  and  the  Red  River  of  tlw 
North .  Eight  years  ago  that  part  of  the 
country  to  the  Red  River  had  made 
some  progress,  but  throe  years  later  the 
Indian  outbreak  gave  it  a  severe  blow 
from  which  it  only  began  to  rally  aliout 
two  years  ago.  The  fact  that  this  tour 
to  the  Red  River  took  in  eleven  respect- 
able villages,  besides  the  stations  of 
Chippewa  and  Pomme  de  Terre,  will 
rIiow  to  what  extent  the  settlements 
have  grown.  The  names  of  those  vil- 
lages ara  as  follows:  St  Joseph,  Cold 
Spring,  Richmond,  New  Munich.  Sank 
Center,  Osakis,  Alexandria.  McCaulay- 
ville,  Battle  Lake,  OttcrUil  City,  and 
liolmea  City.  Some  of  these  aro  phcee 
supporting  three  or  four  good  storas, 
while  Sauk  Center  is  a  busy  villaae  of 
about  eight  hundred  inhabitants,  having 
mills,  a  printing-office,  and  a  weekly 
Journal. 

"The  famed  Sauk  Talley  is  a  little 
more  than  sixty  miles  in  extent,  follow- 
ing the  stage  road  along  the  bend  ef  the 
river.  For  the  first  forty  miles  it  is 
settled  pretty  thickly  by  Oermans,  and 
thence  on  chiefly  by  Americans.  The 
abundant  wheat,  oat,  and  potato  crop  in- 
dicated the  fiivorable  condition  of  the 
soil  and  of  the  people.  From  St  Joseph 
to  New  Munich  a  road  has  been  cut 
through  the  timber,  shortening  the  dis- 
tance fifteen  miles  to  Sauk  Center,  but  it 
has  not  been  suffloiently  worked  to  be 
traveled,  except  in  winter.  It  may  be 
remarked  that  the  Germans  in  this  val- 
ley are  Roman  Catholics,  and  fr«m  St 
Joseph  to  New  Munich  have  seven  neat- 
looking  chuidies. 


208 


TBI  UPPIB  MIBSIflBIPPL 


"Fi^m  8«nk  Cnin  to  Pomnw  de 

Tcrre,  on  tlie  staue  routo.  tlio  country  is 
elevated  and  rolling  prairie,  but  well  sup- 
plied with  timber  and  watered  by  nu- 
merouH  dear  streams  and  beatttifnl  lakes. 
The  route  pue»c«  close  to  the  O^akis  and 
Pelii«.i  Lakes,  the  view  of  and  countiy 
round  each  being  exceedingly  charminff. 
The  succession  of  prairie,  proves,  and 
lakes  in  the  vicinity  of  Alexandria  also 
render  that  repon  nwiet  agreeable  to  the 
eye.  Cultivated  farms  are  now  numerous 
in  that  locality.  Ilundsomo  harvest 
fields  are  also  to  be  seen  at  Chippewa, 
KvnnKville,  and  Pomme  de  Terre ;  but. 
as  a  genernl  thing,  after  getting  a  few 
miles  from  Alexandria,  the  settlements 
are  some  distance  off  from  tlie  route,  the 
first  settlers  having  gone  to  timber  or 
the  lake  shore  to  cull  the  most  inv  ting 
tract! .  At  Chippewa  and  Pomiie  de 
Terre  are  ample  log  buildings,  sur- 
rounded by  desirable  stockades,  erected 
soon  after  the  Indian  outbreak. 

"  One  mile  west  of  the  latter  station 
the  Pomme  de  Terre  River  is  easily 
forded,  aud  thence  on  the  countrj'  soon 
becomes  more  level  till  the  bro!id  horizon 
bounded  VHlley  of  the  Red  River  is 
reached.  The  Boil  in  that  valley  is  re- 
markably rich,  and  the  surface  continues 
level  to  the  Cheyenne  and  beyond.  The 
Rod  River  flows  so  stealthily  in  its  nar- 
row bnnlis  that  the  traveler  comes  upon 
it  unexpectedly.  Though  its  general 
course  is  direct,  it  has  frequent  abrupt 
bends,  and  its  current,  though  strong  and 
rapid,  seema  never  to  wear  its  tenacious 
banks,  so  as  to  give  itself  more  room, 
but  keeps  on  in  its  obscure  and  confined 
channel,  thus  rendering  itself  more  liable 
to  overflow.  Il  its  upper  valley  there  is 
no  appearance  of  rock,  except  occasional 
bowlders  of  granite  and  limestone. 

"  Going  north  from  Chippewa  the  first 
five  miles  are  through  a  splendid  region 


of  oonntry,  which  is  Jnat  heirlnninr  t«»  he 
cotlled.     On  a  rise  ^f  ground  <nic  mile 
north  of  Chipiicwa  tli«>  view  lakes  i    nn 
eipnnse    of   mnny   miles    of    lux\irinnt 
prairie  and  meadow,  skirted  with  timber, 
through   which,  toward  the  northwest, 
can  be  seen  a  silver  gleam  of  lake.     Many 
snug  cabins  and  ample  fields  of  ripened 
wheat  were  also  visible,  while  fnrtlier  to 
the  north   the  Leaf  Hills,   rising   to  » 
height  of  250  feet,  gave  picturesquenesi 
to    the    delightful   prospect    In    some 
places  the  prairie   grass  was  five   feel 
high,  and  was  rapidly  making  into  hay 
by  the   settlers.     In    that  locality  waa 
noticed  one  of  the   handsomest  home- 
steads that  could  well  be  imagined ;  the 
natural  beauty  of  which  could  hardly  be 
improved  by  the  most  skillful  land-^cape 
artist.    On  one  side  is  a  lake  just  visible 
through  the  trees.    The  soil  is  of  the 
best  quality  and  covered  with  luxuriant 
grass,  and  for  half  a  mile  on  each  side  of 
the  road  are  clusters  of  tall  and  thrifty 
oaks,  so  that  the  traveler  can  almost 
fancy  he  is  traversing  the  lawns  and 
avenues  of  some  old  estate  of  air  English 
nobleman. 

"Tlie  Otter- fail  Lake  is  »  large  and 
beautiful  sheet  of  water,  having  hand- 
some prairie-sloping  shores,  fringed  with 
forest  The  soil  for  the  most  part,  how- 
ever, is  only  second-rate.  From  the  vil- 
lage at  the  head  of  the  lake  to  Leaf 
Lake  is  the  portage  of  a  mile  and  a  half 
in  extent,  over  which,  in  former  yeara, 
many  explorers  have  passed  in  going 
from  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  those  of  Hudson 

Bay." 

There  are  not  less  than  600,000  square 
miles  of  most  productive  aoil,  with  m 
favorable  climate,  in  Minnesota,  Dakota, 
and  the  British  Possessions,  north  of  the 
49th  parallel  of  latitude,  which  will  find 
its  outlet  to  the  eastern  marketa  through 


LAKE  BCPnuoB  K&iLBOAD— nrm  unmssTPn  tallit. 


20f 


nrhloh  i«  Jniit  hcirlRnlnr  t«»  he 

I  a  ripe  ^l'  ground  <'iic  mile 
ipiK'wa  till"  view  inkoR  i'  nil 
'  mnny  milcB  of  )imirifliit 
neadow,  skirted  with  timber, 
licli,  toward  the  northwest, 

II  Rilver  KlcHm  of  lake.  Many 
»  and  amplo  fields  ot  ripened 

also  viBible.  while  fnrttier  to 
the  Leaf  Hills,  risiufr  to  • 
50  feet,  gave  picturesquene^s 
I'phtfiil  prospect  In  some 
prairie  grass  was  five  feel 
i-as  rapidly  making  into  hay 
tiers.  In  that  locality  waa 
i  of  the  handsomest  home- 
could  well  be  imagined ;  the 
uty  of  which  could  hardly  be 
y  the  most  skillful  laiid:'cape 
one  side  is  n  lake  just  visible 
(  trees.  The  soil  is  of  the 
y  and  covered  with  luxuriant 
for  half  a  mile  ou  each  side  of 
re  clusters  of  tall  and  thrifty 
liat  the  traveler  can  almost 
8  traversing  the  lawns  and 
some  old  estate  of  an  English 

iter- tail  Lake  is  •  large  and 
heet  of  water,  having  hnnd- 
ie-sloping  shores,  fringed  with 
le  soil  for  the  most  part,  how- 
ly  second-rate.  From  the  vil- 
e  head  of  the  lake  to  Leaf 
)  portage  of  a  mile  and  a  half 
over  which,  in  former  yean, 
lorers  have  passed  in  going 
waters  of  tlio  Mississippi  and 
if  Mexico  to  those  of  Hudson 

«  not  less  than  600,000  square 
most  productive  aoil,  with  m 
slimate,  in  Minnesota,  Dakota, 
ritish  Possessions,  north  of  the 
lei  of  latitude,  which  will  Bnd 
10  the  eastern  markets  tbrougii 


Lake  fluperior,  ai  soon  as  a  railroad  la  j 
built  (Vom  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  the 
Red  River  of  the  North  to  Superior  City 
or  Bayfield.  That  great  region  can  have 
no  other  outlet  that  can  oompete  with 
the  Great  Lakes,  the  River  St.  Lawrence, 
and  the  Rr!o  Canal. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,*  as  soon 
as  its  eastern  division  is  completed  to  the 
Red  River  of  the  North,  io  connection 
with  the  Lake  Superior  and  Mi»a%$aippi 
Baitroad,  running  from  St.  Paul  to  the 
head  of  Lake  Superior,  160  miles,  will 
give  such  an  impetus  to  the  commerce  of 
the  upper  lakes,  or  "  Inland  Seas,"  as  to 
build  up  a  city,  or  cities,  that  will  vie 
with  Chicago  or  St.  Louis  in  magnitude. 

Lake  StTPERiOK  and  Mtssissippi  Rail- 
road. 
Tills  much  needed  connecting  link  be- 
tween the  navigable  waters  of  the  Upper 
Mississippi  and  the  head  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, 160  miles  in  length,  is  of  the  ut- 
most importance  to  both  Canada  and  the 
United  States.  It  is  now  in  the  course 
of  construction,  and  when  completed  will 
afford  an  uninterrupted  route  of  travel 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.    The    distance  from  St. 

*  Th«  charter  of  the  NoRTnKEW  PAnnc  Rail- 
BOAD,  ApproTfHl  July  2,  ISM.  reads  lit  follnwt: 

"  An  Act  granting  land*  to  aid  in  Ih*  eon- 
utructiim  of  a  Railroad  and  Ttlegrapli  Lint 
from-  f.att  Sttperior  to  Pugtt  Sound,  on  the 
PaH/le  Coa$t.  by  tht  Northern  Boutt." 

Further,  "8i»ld  C'«rporatlon  I*  hireb;r  «a- 
thorised  and  empowered  to  In^  nut,  locate,  eon- 
■tmet,  flirnish,  mnlntaln.  and  enjoy  a  continiioiis 
rnllroM  and  telecrapb  line,  with  the  nppnrte- 
naneea.  namely,  beirlnninii  at  a  point  on  /Mtt 
Superior,  in  tlie  Btata  of  Minnesota  or  Wis- 
enntin,  tbenee  westerly,  by  the  most  ellirible 
railroad  route,  as  shall  bo  determined  t<y  snUI 
Company,  within  the  territory  «t  the  I'nitod 
.^Blstea,  on  aline  north  of  the  Airty  flflh  deirree 
of  latitude,  to  tome  point  on  Pugtt  Sound,  with 
a  braneh,  tia  the  valley  of  the  Cdlnmbia  Htvcr. 
to  a  point  at  or  near  Portland,  la  the  Btate  of 


Panl  to  New  Orleans  by  water  ia  aN)ut 
2,000  miles,  and  the  distance  tnm  the 
head  of  Lake  Superior  to  Quebec,  via 
Toronto,  passing  through  Georgian  Bay, 
is  about  1,400  miles — thus  shortening  tlie 
distance  about  400  miles  by  kvoiding 
Lakes  Hurcn  and  Erie. 

This  in'.emational  and  inland  route, 
passing  through  the  most  fertile  region 
of  the  United  States  and  portions  of 
Canada,  is  destined  to  form  the  shortest 
and  most  desirable  through  lino  of  transit 
f^om  North  America  to  Europe,  carrying 
the  mineral,  agricultural,  ana  other  pro- 
ducts of  this  wide  extended  region  of 
country. 

This  great  route,  in  connection  with 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  for  which 
a  very  liberal  grant  of  land  has  been 
given  by  the  United  States  Government, 
ought  to  encourage  capitalists  both  in 
America  and  Europe  to  invest  their  sur- 
plus means  so  as  to  insure  their  early 
completion. 

The   Upper  Mississippi  Yallet  ako 

TUB  Great  Lakes. 
Extract  from  the  United  State*  Railroai 

and  Mining  Regieter,  dated  May,  1867. 

"A  glance  at  the  map  of  North 
America — including  in  the  view  the  con- 
tinent iVom  sea  to  sea — always  draws 
attention  t«  the  river  system  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  which  empties  into  the 
Gulf,  and  to  the  group  of  great  lakea 
which  empty  down  the  St.  Lawrence. 

"  Tlie  falls  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, the  St.  CUir  Flats,  below  the  out- 
let of  Lake  Huron,  and  the  Palls  of 
Niagara,  between  Laites  Erie  and  Ontario, 
Interrupt  navigation,  and  constrained  the 
erection  of  artificial  works  around  the 
two  falls  and  through  the  flats  named. 

"  The  great  present  mart  of  trade  on 
Lake  Michigan  is  Chicago;  the  great 
future  scuroe  of  trade  on  Lake  Superiur 


W 


;iio 


THK  cri-BK  UlBSlfiSirrt 


U  SupeHtyr    CitV-    From   Ch|c««o  andi 
from  Superior  City   there  will  be  un- 
broken communication  by  iron  rail,  or 
direct   routea,  through   to  the   Pacifto 
Ocean.  .  ..  . 

"  It  ia  an  otject  to  ahorten  the  water 
line  from  the  points  of  termination  of  lake 
navigation  to  the  Atlantic  aeaporta,  and 
to  do  this  cffectuflUy  it  ia  only  necMsary 
to  construct  60  milea  of  canal  and  im- 
prove 16  miles  of  river  navigation. 

"  From  Georgian  Bay  to  Lake  Ontario 
the  distance  is  1 00  miles.  Between  thew 
two  navigations  ia  I*ke  Simcoe,  navi- 
mble  for  24  miles,  and  serving  for  an  in- 
exhaustible and  abundant  summit  supply 
of  water,  leaving,  to  connect  Ukes  Michi- 
gan, Superior,  and  Huron,  but  IG  miles 
of  river  improvement  and  60  miles  of 
canaL  to  save  375  miles  of  distance  over 
the  route  through  the  St  Clair  Flats  and 
the  Wolland  CanaL 

•'  What,  then,  in  future  time,  wlu  be 


the  productiveneaa  of  the  ffitron  and  On- 
tario Ship  Canal,  which  will  cut  off  375 
miles  of  disUnce  between  Chicago  iind 
Now  York  and  428  mUes  bclwwn  Chi- 
cago and  Quebec  T 

"  From  Lake  Ontario,  the  distributing 
basin  of  Western  trade,  the  St  Lawrence 
ia  available  for  Canada,  the  New  York 
State  canals  and  the  Hudson  River  are 
available  for  New  York,  and  tht  New 
York  Bute  canals  to  Elmlra  and  the 
Susquehanna  Valley  canals,  with  a  gently 
descending  lockage  to  tidewater  in  the 
Chesapeake,  are  available  to  Philadel- 
phia and  Baltimore." 

This  grand  commercial  project  of  the 
future  makes  Lake  Ontario  the  dii- 
tributing  basin  of  the  whole  northwest 
region  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
The  outlets  of  this  immense  trade  will 
mostly  flow  through  the  St  Lawrence 
and  the  canala  extending  to  the  Hudson 
river  and  thence  to  the  city  of  New  York. 


STAGIB    ROUTE, 
Fi«i  MiLiTART  BoAD.  nmning  from  the  Crrr  or  Supkbior,  "Wis., 
St.  Paul,  Minn.— Dibtakoks,  *o. 


Going  SimtK  Xllfc 

Superior  City » 

Minnesota  State  Line 15 

FineGrove \—\° 

Clear  Creek J— " 

Twin  Lakes,  F.  0 6—22 

Black  Hoof ,»— 28 

vfo-^seLake 12—40 

„fi«/e  River }l~ll 

Deer  Creek J'- 10 

*  Chengtuatana,  P.  O ,     ol 

1  Ruahseba \]~ll 

Wyoming 19-^28 

Cwitorville irll. 

Lim  Canada,  V.0 12-15* 

gt.  Paul «-i6<> 


Going  NfrOi. 

St.  Paul 

Littk  Canada,  T.O 

Centorville 

Wyoming 

Sunrise  City,  P.  0 

Rushseba 

Chenguaiana,  P.  O 

Deer  Creek. 

Kettle  River .... 

Moose  Lake 

Black  Hoof 

Twin  Lakes,  P.  0 

Clear  Creek 

Pine  Grove 

Wisconsin  State  Line.   . . . 
Superior  City 


to 

Ifilrt. 

0 

6 

12—18 

14—32 

19—51 

11—62 

11—73 

17—90 

13-103 

17-120 

12-132 

6-138 

6-143 

1-144 

1-145 

15-160 


Usual  Time,  2i  days.    Fare,  $16. 


I 


iv«Mn  of  the  Buron  and  On- 
Canal,  which  will  cut  off  375 
itanc«  between  ChicaRO  "nd 
and  428  miles  betwaen  Chi- 
uebecT 

>ako  Ontario,  the  distributing 
estem  trade,  the  St  Lawrence 
(  for  Canada,  the  New  York 
Is  and  the  Hudson  River  are 
jr  Now  York,  and  the  New 
e  canals  to  Elmira  and  the 
na  Valley  canals,  with  a  gently 
'  lockage  to  tidewater  in  the 
9,  are  available  to  Pbiladel- 
^timore." 

ind  commercial  project  of  the 
ikes  Lake  Ontario  the  dis- 
lasin  of  the  whole  northwest 
ihe  United  States  and  Canada. 
;8  of  this  immense  trade  will 
iw  through  the  St.  Lawrence 
mala  extending  to  the  Hudioa 
,bence  to  the  city  of  New  York. 

B,  V 

r  or  SuPKBioR,  Via.,  to 
ES,  Ac. 

Going  Nfiih.  Vilrt. 

II..... 0 

o<f«,P.0 6 

e.?. "-18 

14—82 

Wy,  P.0 19—61 

^        11—62 

una,  P.  0 11—13 

ek.. I'-M 

m-. 13-103 

ke I'-l'O 

x)f 12-'82 

«,P.O «-l-'»8 

ek 6-1*3 

ve 1-1*4 

n  State  Line. 1-145 

lor  City lS-160 

e,  $16. 


211 
tap«rlor  City  to  St.  Paul,  Minn. 


The  Military  Jfood^  extending  through 
the  States  of  VVtHconMin  and  Minnesota, 
runs  ncurly  parallel  to  the  line  of  the 
Lak«  Superior  and  Mistiasippi  Railroad, 
now  in  progress  of  conBtniction,  being 
about  160  miles  in  length;  the  Stage 
route  passing  for  most  of  the  distance 
through  an  unbroken  forest,  with  but 
few  openings  or  Rettlomente.  A  large 
growth  of  white  pine  is  passed  near  the 
BtaU  line,  15  miles  firora  Superior  City; 
lor  the  remainder  of  tho  distance  there  is 
a  mixed  forest,  abounding  in  hard  and 
soft  wood,  with  oocasionnl  burnt  districta, 
presenting  a  gloomy  appearance. 

The  road  for  most  of  the  distance  of 
the  flrst  eighty  miles  ia  exceedingly 
rough  and  the  soil  of  a  second-rate  char- 
acter, while  the  public  houses,  or  stop- 
ping places  are  of  the  rudest  kind,  af- 
fording a  specimen  of  pioneer  life  in  the 
wilderness.  On  reaching  Chmgwatanek, 
the  county  seat  of  Pine  County,  Minn., 
the  character  of  the  country  begins  to 
improve,  and  occasional  cultivated  fields 
are  passed,  also  several  small  lakes. 
During  the  months  of  July  and  August 
the  traveler  is  most  terribly  annoyed  by 
the  mosquitoes,  which  are  here  en- 
countered in  immense  numbers.  Nothing 
but  a  mosquito-net,  properly  fastened 
over  the  head  wilt  afford  relief  flrom  these 
tormentors. 

The  speedy  co-  juletion  of  the  railroad 
connecting  the  waters  of  the  Upper  Mia- 
aiesippi  with  those  of  Lake  Superior  is 
a  work  of  pressing  importanco.  As  soon 
as  flnisiied  it  will  afford  a  water  and  rail- 
road communication  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexwo  to  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  a 
total  distance  of  upward  of  3,000  miles. 


The  section  of  country  mot  to  be  bene- 
fited will  bo  Minnesota,  Northern  Iowa, 
and  Wisconsin  and  all  iho  Lake  Superior 
country,  together  with  the  cities  of  De- 
troit, Cleveland,  Buffalo,  Oswego,  To- 
ronto, and  Montreal 

The  lumber,  together  with  the  agri- 
cultural and  the  mineral  productions, 
will  all  be  flOk.ted  eastward  on  reaching 
the  head  of  Lake  Superior,  and  manu- 
factured products  pass  westward,  thus 
enriching  every  branch  of  industry,  East 
•Bd  West. 

On  arrival  at  8t  Paul,  during  warm 
weather,  the  tourist  is  refretihed  by  the 
comforts  and  attractions  centered  at  this 
point,  where  may  usually  be  found 
pleasure-seeking  travelers  and  Invalids 
from  every  section  of  tne  country.  A 
subject  of  complaint  with  many  strangers 
is  the  limestone  water  which  prevails  in 
this  section  of  the  Mississippi  Valley, 
added  to  which  is  the  want  of  proper 
ventilation  and  cleanliness  in  the  publia 
houses.  It  is  to  these,  by  many  con- 
sidered small  evils,  that  often  health  and 
enjoyment  is  seriously  affected,  while  in 
the  moral  world  erroneous  and  pernicious 
sentiments  alike  damage  the  community. 
So  sensitive  are  our  moral  and  physical 
faculties,  that,  when  rightly  timed,  we 
eqjoy  the  breathing  of  the  pure  at- 
mosphere, the  gorgeous  simset,  the 
falling  of  waters,  the  singing  of  birds, 
and  the  perfbme  of  the  wild  rose  and 
other  flowers  that  adorn  the  wide-spread 
prairies,  as  well  as  good  food,  raiment, 
or  elevating  society.  Tho  true  phi- 
losophy and  the  highest  enjoyment  of 
traveling  has  yet  to  be  attained  by  the 
American  public. 


POBTAOE  BOUTS  PBOM  IAK2  SVPEBIOB  TO  LAKE 

WINHIPEO. 

Stabtino  rnoM  Fort  Wiilum,  o.  w. 


/-I:l 
■■..j^ 


Kaministaquoiah  Riter,  emptying  into 
Thunder  Bay  of  Lake  Superior,  foniR  the 
west  boundary  of  Cnnada  proper ;  to  the 
north  and  west  lies  the  nxtensive  region 
or  country  known  as  the  Hudson  Bay 
Company's  Territory.  Here  commences 
tlio  great  Portage  Road  to  Rainy  Lake, 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  and  the  Red  River 
settlement;  also,  to  Lake  Winnipeg,  Nor- 
way House,  and  York  Factory,  situated 
un  Hudson  Bay.  At  the  mouth  of  the  Kam- 
inistaquoiah stands  Ibrt  WiUiam.  "The 
banks  of  the  river  average  in  height  from 
eiglit  to  twenty  feet;  tlie  soil  is  aUuvial 
and  very  rich.  The  vegetation  all  alonp; 
its  banks  is  remarkably  thrifty  and  luxuri- 
ant in  its  appearance.  The  land  is  well 
timbered ;  there  are  found  m  great  abun- 
dance, the  flr-tree,  bircli,  tamarack;  poplar, 
elm,  and  the  spruce,  There  is  also  white 
pine,  but  not  in  great  plenty.  Wild  hops 
and  peas  are  found  in  abundance,  and 
some  bushes  and  othor  flowering  shrubs, 
in  many  places  cover  the  baxSta  down 
to  the  very  margin  of  the  river,  adorning 
them  with  beauty,  and  often  filling  the 
air  with  fragrance.  The  land  on  (bis  river 
up  to  the  Mountain  Portage  (32  miles), 
•ud  for  a  long  way  back,  is  unsarpassed 
in  ricbnesB  and  beau^  by  any  lands  in 
British  America." 

The  Mountain  IbU,  situated  on  this 
stream,  is  thus  described:  "We  had  great 
difficulty  in  finding  it  at  first,  but,  gmdod 
'oy  its  Plundering  roar,  through  such  a 
thicket  of  brush,  thorns  and  briars,  as  I 
never  before  thought  of,  we  reached  the 
spot  from  whence  it  was  visible.  The 
wholo  river  plunged  in  one  broad  white 
slioet,  through  a  space  not  more  than  fifty 
feet  wide,  and  over  a  precipice  higher,  by 
many  feet,  than  the  Niagara  Falls.  The 
oonnave  sheet  comea  together  about  three- 


fourths  of  the  way  to  the  bottom,  fW>m 
whence  the  spray  spriTigs  high  into  the 
air,  bedewing  and  whitening  the  precipi- 
tous and  wild  looking  crags  with  which 
the  fall  is  composed,  and  clothing  with 
drapety  of  foam. the  gloomy  pines,  that 
hang  about  the  clefts  and  fissures  of  the 
rooks.  The  f'Ala  and  the  whole  surround- 
ing scenery,  for  sublimity,  wildnesH,  and 
novel  grandeur,  exceeds  any  thing  of  tlie 
kind  I  ever  saw." — Bev.  J.  Ryerson's  Tour. 

The  danger  of  navigating  these  moun- 
tain streams,  in  a  birch  canoe,  is  greater 
than  many  would  expect  who  had  never 
witnessed  the  force  of  the  current  some- 
times encountered.  Mr.  Ryerson  rt^marks: 
"  During  the  day  we  passed  a  large  num- 
ber of  strong  and  some  dangerous  rapida. 
Several  times  the  canoe,  in  spite  of  the 
most  strenuous  exertions  of  the  men,  was 
driven  back,  such  was  the  violence  of  the 
currents.  On  one  occasion  such  was  the 
force  of  the  stream,  that  though  four  strong 
men  were  holding  the  rope,  it  was  wrencli- 
ed  out  of  their  hands  in  an  instant,  and 
we  were  hurled  down  the  rapids  with 
violent  speed,  at  the  mercy  of  the  foaming 
waves  and  irresistible  torrent,  until  fortu- 
natehr  in  safety  we  reached  an  eddy  be- 
low..    (See  Engraving.) 

Doa  Lakb  is  an  expansion  of  the  river, 
distant  by  its  winding  course,  76  miles 
from  its  mouth.  Other  lakes  and  expan- 
picma  of  streams  are  passed  otf'the  route 
westward. 

"The  Satak,  or  Prairii  Portaqk,  120 
miles  from  Fort  William,  by  portage  route, 
forms  the  height  of  land  between  Lake 
Superior  and  tlie  waters  falling  into  Lake 
Wmnipeg;  it  is  between  three  and  four 
miles  long,  and  a  continuous  cedar  swamp 
from  one  end  to  tlie  other,  and  is  therefore 
very  properly  named  the  Sarart  or  Sviamo 


mmmn    ■  ''■■J'ji:!-w?>".4j.aBMaMB»H»taw 


2U 


TitlP  THROUGH   Tire    LAKK8. 


Portage.  It  lies  seTen  or  eight  hundred 
fact  above  Lakes  Superior  and  Winnipeg, 
and  1,483  feet  above  tlie  sea." 

The  Savan  Rivkr,  wiiich  is  first  formed 
by  the  waters  of  tlie  Swamp,  enters  into 
the  Lac  Du  MiUe,  or  the  Lalte  of  Thou- 
sands, so  called  because  of  the  innumer- 
»blo  islands  which  are  in  it.  This  lake 
is  comparatively  narrow,  being  sixty  or 
seventy  miles  in  length. 

The  River  Du  MiUe,  the  outlet  of  the 
Lake,  is  a  precipitous  stream,  whereon 
are  several  portages,  Vjefore  entering  into 
Lac  La  Pluie,  distant  350  miles  firom  Fort 
William. 

Rainy  Lakb,  ot  Lacla  Pluie,  through 
which  -;!...  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  is  a  most  beau- 
tiful sheet  of  water ;  it  is  forty-eight  miles 
long,  and  averages  about  ton  miles  in 
breadth.  It  receives  the  waters  flowing 
westward  fi-om  tlie  dividing  ridge  separa- 
ting the  waters  flowing  into  Lake  Supe- 
rior. 


Raiht  Lake  Rttzr,  the  outlet  of  tU* 
lake  of  the  same  name,  is  a  magnificent 
atrciim  of  water;  it  has  a  rapid  current 
and  averages  about  a  tiuartor  of  a  mile  in 
width ;  its  banks  are  covered  with  the 
richest  foliage  of  every  hue ;  U..'  trees  ih 
the  vicinity  arc  large  and  varied,  consisting 
of  ash,  cedar,  poplar,  oak,  bircli,  and  red 
and  '."hite  pines;  also  an  abundance  of 
fljwers  of  gaudy  and  variegated  colors. 
The  climate  is  also  very  fine,  with  a  rich 
soil,  and  well  calculated  to  sustain  a  dena^ 
population  as  any  part  of  Canada. 

The  Laki  op  thk  Woods,  ot  Lae  Dtt 
Bois,  68  m'ues  in  length,  and  from  fliteon 
to  twent'-five  miles  wide,  is  a  sptendiil 
sheet  of  water,  dotted  all  over  with  hnij- 
dreds  of  beautiful  isli>nds,  manv  of  wliicl^ 
are  covered  witli  a  heavy  and  luxuriant 
fdiage.  Warm  and  frequent  showers  o<S; 
cur  here  '-^  May  and  June  bringing  forth 
vegetat'.a  at  arapid  rate,  although  situated 
on  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude,  froin 
whence  extends  westward  to  the  PaciiiQ 


ii 


?nuaii*  A  CAKpa  m  tu  BAruk  ~ 


>8. 

lAKE  Rttki,  the  outlet  of  tUt 
I  game  name,  is  a  magnificent 
ivatcr;  it  has  a  rapid  current 
ea  about  a  ([uartor  of  a  mile  in 

banks  are  covered  with  tho 
xge  of  every  hue ;  U..'  trees  ih 
arc  large  and  varied,  consisting 
nr,  poplar,  oak,  bircli,  and  irca 
pines;  also  an  abundance  of 

gaudy  and  variegated  colors. 
I  is  also  very  fine,  with  a  rich 
ill  calculated  to  sustain  a  denS^ 
as  any  part  of  Canada. 
:k  op  tub  Woods,  or  Lae  Dm 
uea  in  length,  and  from  fifteoa 
Sve  miles  wide,  is  a  splendid 
iter,  dotted  all  over  with  hntj- 
sautiful  isiunds,  many  of  wliidi 
i  with  a  heavy  and  luxuriant 
rarm  and  frequent  showers  oor 
-  May  and  June  bringing  forth 
it  a  rapid  rate,  although  situatdd 
>  degree  of  north  latitude,  froiq. 
tends  ttttatward  to  the  Padfia 


4rii!» 


LAKB  BUPIRIOB  TO  LAKK  WINHIPKO. 


2I4I 


MX 


Oeean,  the  boundary  line  between  the 
ITnited  States  and  Canada. 

"There  is  nothing,  I  think,  bettor  cal- 
culated to  awaken  the  more  solemn  feelings 
of  our  nature,  than  these  noble  lakes  stud- 
ded with  innumorable  islets,  suddenly 
bursting  on  the  traveller's  view  as  he  emer- 
ges  fttMn  the  sombre  forest  rivers  of  the 
Xmerican "wilderness.  The  cloar,  unnifBed 
water,  stretching  out  on  the  horia)n ;  here 
interaeCIng  the  heavy  and  luxuriant  foli- 
age of  an  hundifed  woody  isles,  or  reflect- 
thg  the  wood-clad  mountains  on  its  margin, 
dothed  in  all  the  variegated  hues  of  au- 
tumn; and  there  glittering  with  daszling 
brillia&ciy  in  the  bright  rays  of  the  even- 
ing sun,  or  rippling  among  the  reeds 
and  rushes  of  some  shallow  bay,  where 
hundreds  of  wild  fowl  chatter  as  they 
feed  with  varied  cry,  rendering  more  ap- 
parent,  rather  i>an  disturbing  the  solemn 
stillness  of  the  scene:  all  tend  to  raise 
the  soul  from  nature  up  to  nature's  Ood, 
and  remind  one  of  the  beautiful  passage 
<tt  ScHpiure,  '  O  Lord,  how  marvellcus  are 
thy  works,  in  wisdom  hast  thou  made 
them  all;  the  earth  is  <hll  of  thy  riches.' " 

The  WiHXiPio  RiTKB,  the  outlet  of  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  is  a  r^id  stream,  of 
'large  sice,  fUUng  into  Winnipeg  Lake,  3 
I  miles  below  Fart  AhreamJer,  onr.  of  the 
(  Hudson  Bay  Company's  Posts.  A  great 
number  of  Indians  resort  to  the  Fort  every 
'  year,  besides  a  aumber  of  Aunilies  who  are 
I  reatdenti  in  the  vtcfaiity,  here  being  one 
I  of  tbeir  tevorite  haunts. 

Rev.  Mr.  Ryerson  remarks :— "The 
scenery  for  many  miles  around  is  strik- 
ingly beaotifW!.  The  oUmate  for  Hud- 
son's Bscr  Territory  is  herb  remarkably 
fine  and  aatatbrious,  the  hmd  amaiiagty 
rich  and  productive.  The  water  in  Lakes 
Lao  U  Plttis,  Lao  Du  Bois,  Winnipeg,  tc., 
is  not  deep,  and  beoanse  of  theh'  wide  sur- 
faoe  and  great  shaUowness;  during  the 
summer  season,  they  become  exceedingly 
warm ;  this  has  a  wonderful  sCbct  on  the 


temperature  of  the  atmosphere  hi  tiie  ad> 
jncent  neighborhoods,  and  no  doubt  make* 
the  great  difference  in  the  climate  (or  at 
least  is  one  of  the  principal  causes  of  it), 
in  these  pwrts,  to  the  climate  and  vegetable 
productions  in  the  neighborhood  of  Lake 
Superior,  near  Fort  William.  They  grow 
spring  wheat  here  to  perfection,  and  vege- 
tation is  rapid,  luxuriant,  and  comes  to 
maturity  before  fhjsts  occur." 

The  whole  region  of  country  surround- 
ing Lake  Winnipeg,  the  Red  River  conn- 
try,  as  well  ss  the  Assiniboine  and  Sas- 
katchewan country,  are  all  sooner  or  kter 
destined  t  sustain  a  vigorous  and  denaa 
population. 


LAKE  WDTHIPBO, 

ffituated  between  60«  and  (6°  north 
latitude,  is  about  300  miles  long,  and  in 
several  parta  more  than  60  miles  broad; 
having  an  estimated  area  of  &,600  square 
miles.*  Lake  Winnipeg  receives  the  wa. 
ters  of  numerous  rivers,  which,  in  the 
aggregate,  drain  an  area  of  about  400,000 
square  miles.  The  SaBkaliAeioan  (the  riv- 
er that  runs  fast)  is  ita  most  important 
tributuy.  The  Assbiibohie,  the  Red  Riv- 
er of  the  North,  and  Whinipag  River  are  ita 
other  torgest  tributaries,  altogether  dis- 
charging an  fanmense  amonnt  of  water 
into  this  great  biland  lakd.  It  ii>  -..'levated 
about  700  feet  above  'Bja*JL<m  Bay,  and 
discharges  ita  snrplns  watar^  through 
Nelaon  %vgr,  a  large  and  magniSoent 
stream,  which  like  tte  St.  Lawrence  is 
filled  with  islands  and  numerous  rapids, 

•  Laxb  BAntAt,  the  mMt  •xt«iiil»e  l<ody  ef 
ftMk  watt' oa  tiM  EMiera  CoatlBMit,  ittaM*4  in 
Soathan  BlUria,  between  1st  H*  wd  Uf  aortb 
hitbeat  WO  milee  la  length,  4b  mile;  averMo 
widtb,  and  about  MO  milet  In  elrenit:  being 
•omewhat  •-i»er  than  Leke  Wlnalpeg  «••«»«■ 
lU  depth  iB  loiiM  pUoee  It  very  g»««L  b<.lng  la 
part  »arrcnnde<»  by  high  moiinuin*.  Th*  1  »■»•«- 
ifi,  lu  oatlet,  lows  north  Into  the  Aretie  Octan. 


mKeK^mmnvwmuunimmi « ■  m 


.lU 


TIUP  THROUOB   TBI   LAKKS. 


NATeiitiBK  navigatton  entirely  below  CrMB 
Litke. 

Jjoku  MawM>ah  and  Winnipegthtu,  uni- 
ted, ere  nearly  of  the  same  length  as  Win- 
nipeg, lying  40  or  50  miles  westward. 
Nearly  the  whole  country  between  Lake 
Winnipeg  and  its  western  rivals  is  occu- 
^ed  by  smaller  lakes,  so  that  between 
the  valley  of  the  Assiniboine  and  the 
eastera  shore  of  Winnipeg  fUUy  one-third 
is  under  water.  These  lakes,  both  large 
and  small,  are  shiaiow,  and  in  the  same 
water  area  riiow  mucli  uniformity  in  depth 
and  coast  line. 


I<akes  !■  the  Yall«y  of  tbe 
MwkatciaewaH. 

LcBgtIi  Breadth  EltraUoa  Area 
inmlki.   tn  mile*.  In  feet.  In  m'*. 

Winnipeg, 280      57       628      8,600 

Manitobah, 122      24      670      2,000 

Wlnnipego-tl8,..120      27       692      2,000 

8t  Martin, 30      16      656         350 

Oedar, 30      25      688         350 

Dauphin, 21      12      700         200 

All  the  smaller  lakes  lie  west  of  Lake 
Winnipeg,  which  receives  their  surplus 
waters;  the  wholo  volume,  withtlie  large 
streams,  ftowing  into  AUwit  River,  dis- 
duiraes  into  Hudson  Bay,  near  York  Fac- 
tory, in  67»  north  latitude.  The  naviga- 
tion of  the  latter  stream  is  interrupted  by 
falls  and  rapids,  having  a  descent  of  628 
feet  in  its  course  of  about  350  miles. 

"  The  dimate  in  the  region  of  the  above 
lakes  and  the  Bed  Blver  Settlement  will 
compare  not  unfavorably  with  that  of 
Kingston  and  Toronto,  Canada  West. 
The  Spring  generally  opens  somewhat 
earlier,  but  owing  to  the  proximity  of  Lake 
Winnipeg  which  is  late  of  breakmg  up, 
the  weather  is  always  variable  until  the 
middle  of  May.  The  slightest  breeze  from 
the  north  or  northwest,  blowing  over  the 
frozen  surfiMo  of  that  inland  sea,  has  an 


immediate  effect  on  the  temper«tur»  dil. 
ring  the  Spring  Dionths.  On  the  other 
band,  the  Fall  is  generally  open,  with 
mild,  dry,  and  pleasant  weather." 


Red  River  of  tbe  Ifortk. 

This  interesting  section  of  country  be« 
ingcloeely  connected  with  the  Upper  Lakes, 
and  attracting  much  attention  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  we  subjoin  the  following  eztraot 
fh>m  "Minnesota  and  Daoota,"  by  0. 
C.  Andrews: 

"  It  is  common  to  say  that  settlement 
have  not  been  extended  beyond  Crow 
Wing,  Minnesota.  This  is  only  techni- 
cally true.  A  few  facts  in  regard  to  the 
people  who  live  four  or  five  hundred  milM 
to  the  north  will  best  illustrate  the  natuis 
of  the  climate  and  its  adaptedness  to  agri- 
culture. 

"There  is  a  settlement  at  Pembina,  near 
the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  where  the  di- 
viding line  between  British  America  and 
the  United  Stat-:  3  crosses  the  Red  River  of 
the  North.   Pembina  is  said  to  have  about 
60U  inhabitants.    It  is  situated  on  the 
Pembina  River.    It  is  an  Indian-French 
word  meaning  '  Oonierry.'  Men  live  there 
who  were  born  there,  and  it  is  in  fact  an 
old  settlement.    It  was  founded  by  Brit-  . 
ish  subjects,  who  thought  they  bad  looa-  i 
ted  on  British  soU.    The  greater  part  of  \ 
its  inhabitants  are  half-breeds,  who  earn 
a  oomforUble  livelihood  in  fVir-hunting  and 
farming.    It  is  460  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Paul,  and  330  miles  distant  from  Crow 
Wing.      Notwithstanding   the    distance, 
U^ere  is  considerable  communication  be- 
tween the  two  places.    West  of  Pembina, 
about  thirt;  miles,  is  a  settlement  called 
SI.  Joseph,  situated  near  a  large  mytho- 
logical body  of  water  called  iliniwakin,  or 
Devil's  Lake. 

"  Now  let  mo  say  something  about  this 
Bed  Riveb  of  the  Nortli,  for  it  is  begin- 


KKB. 


effect  on  the  teinperatur»  da> 
pring  Diontha.    On  the  other 
Fall  is  generally  open, 
tnd  pleaaant  weather." 


With 


LAKB   BUPKBIOB  TO   LAKK    WIHiriPSO. 


217 


River  of  tlie  Ifortk. 

treBting  eeotion  of  country  be* 
onnected  with  the  Upper  Lalcefl, 
iDg  much  attention  at  the  pres- 
e  subjoin  the  following  eitraok 

NESOTA   AND    DaOOTA,"  by  0. 

b: 

ommon  to  say  that  settlemente 
been  extended  beyond  Crow 
ineaota.  This  is  only  techni- 
A  few  facts  in  regard  to  the 
>  live  four  or  five  hundred  milet 
h  will  best  illustrate  the  nature 
ate  and  ita  adaptedness  to  agri- 

is  a  settlement  at  Pemhina,  near 

arallel  of  latitude,  where  the  di- 

I  between  British  America  and 

Stat-:  9  crosses  the  Red  River  of 

Pembina  is  said  to  have  about 
itants.    It  is  situated  on  the 
tliver.    It  is  an  Indian-French 
iiag 'Cranbtrry.'  Men  live  there 
born  there,  and  it  is  in  fact  an 
nent.    It  was  founded  by  Brit-  ; 
ts,  who  thought  they  had  looa-  i 
tish  soil    The  greater  part  of  \ 
ants  are  half-breeda,  who  earn 
ble  livelihood  in  ftir-hunting  and 
It  is  460  miles  northwest  of  8t. 

330  miles  distant  ttom  Crow 
liTotwithstaudiDg  the  distance, 
MDsiderable  communication  be- 
two  places.  West  of  Pembina. 
rt;  miles,  is  a  settlement  called 
,  situated  near  a  large  mytho- 
iy  of  water  called  Miniwakw,  or 
ike. 

let  mo  say  something  about  this 
IB  of  the  Nurtli,  for  it  is  begi» 


stag  to  be  a  great  feature  in  this  upper 
country.    It  runs  north  and  empties  into 
Lake  Winnipeg,  which  connects  with  Hud- 
son Bay  by  Nelson  River.    It  is  a  muddy 
and    sluggish    stream,   navigable  to   the 
mouth  of  the  Sioux  Wood  River  for  vessels 
of  three  foet  draught  for  four  montlis  in 
the  year,  so  that  the  extent  of  its  navigation 
within  Minnesota  alono  (between  Pem- 
bina and  the  mouth  of  Sioux  Wood  River) 
ia  400  miles.    Buffaloes  still  feed  on  its 
western  banks.     Its  tributaries  are  nu- 
iBiarouB  and  copious,  abounding  with  the 
ciioicest  kind  of  game,  and  skirted  with 
a  various  and  beautiful  foliage.    It  cannot 
be  many  years  before  this  magnifloont 
▼alley  (together  with  the  Saskatchewan) 
idudl  pour  its  products  into  our  markets, 
and  be  the  theatre  of  a  busy  and  genial  life. 
,    "/W  River  Settlement  ia  seventy  miles 
north  of  Pembina,  and  lies  on  both  sides 
of  tlte  river.    Its  popuUtion  is  estimated 
at  10,000  souls.    It  owes  its  origin  and 
growth  to  the  enterprise  and  success  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company.     Mony  of  the 
settlers  came  from  Scotland,  but  the  most 
were  from  Canada.    They  speak  English 
and  Canadian  French.    The  English  style 
of  society  is  well  kept  up,  whether  we  re- 
gard the  Church  witi.  its  bishop,  the  tra- 
der with  his  wine-cellar,  the  scholar  with 
his  library,  the  officer  with  his  sinecure,  or 
iheir  paper  currency.    The  great  business 
e^  (he  settlement,  of  course,  is  the  fur 
traffic. 

"Ai  immense  amount  of  Buffalo  akins 
M  taken  in  summer  and  autumn,  while  in 


the  winter  smaller  but  more  valuable  (Urt 
are  procured.  The  Indians  also  enlist  in 
the  hunts ;  and  it  is  estimated  tliat  upward 
of  $200,000  worth  of  furs  are  annually 
taken  from  our  territory  and  sold  to  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  It  is  high  time 
indeed  that  a  military  post  should  be  es- 
tablished somewhere  on  Red  River  by  our 
government. 

"The  Hudson  Bay  Company  is  now  a 
powerful  monopoly.  Not  so  magnificent 
and  potent  as  the  East  India  Company,  it 
is  still  a  powerful  combination,  showering 
opulence  on  its  members,  and  reflecting  a 
peculiar  feature  in  the  strength  and  gran- 
deur of  the  British  empire— a  power  whksh, 
to  use  the  eloquent  language  of  Daniel 
Webster,  '  has  dotted  over  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  globe  with  her  ponessions  and 
military  posts,  whose  morning  drum-beat 
following  the  sun,  and  keeping  company 
with  the  hours,  circles  the  earth  daily 
with  one  continuous  and  unbroken  itrain 
of  martial  music'  The  company  is  grow- 
ing richer  every  year,  and  its  jurisdiction 
and  its  hinds  will  soon  find  an  availability 
never  dreamed  of  by  its  founders,  un 
less,  as  may  possibly  happen,  popular  $ovef- 
eignty  stejis  m  to  grasp  the  fruitt  of  its  long 
apprenticeship." 

The  Charter  of  the  Hudsco  Bay  Compa- 
ny expired,  by  its  own  limitation,  in  1860, 
and  the  question  of  annexing  this  vast  do- 
main to  Canada,  or  forming  a  separata 
province,  is  now  dee|dy  agitating  the  Brit- 
hh  public,  both  in  Canada  and  in  Um 
mother  country. 


HrrVI'M**'-*"^''^^ 


218  TBIP  THBOCOII  TH«  LAKIS. 

TABLE  OF  DISTAVCSS, 

FroMi  F»rt  William,  •rruATra  at  tot  Modth  oi-  rai  KAHiOTAQiioif 
RivM,  to  F«rt  Alexander,  at  th«  head  of  Lad  Wnrmwio. 

llitei. 

FOBT  WlLUAM a? 

ParapUue  Portage 

(8  Portages)  „ 

DogPortage "   •■  "  '" 

(6  7:>orUges)  ^  ... 

Saran  or  Swamp  Portage* JJ  g* 

Thousand  Islands  Lake '^  ^' 

(2  Portages) 

Sturgeon  Lake '*  ^^" 

:4  Portages)  ^  .„ 

LacLaCroix "  "" 

(6  Portaget)  . 

Rainy  Lake *?  |^' 

Rainy  Uke  River ?!  ??» 

Lake  of  the  Woods °»  rj 

»«t  Portage *»"; 

Fob.'  AlbxandbbT **"  •"' 


Fron  Fort  Alexander  to  For  t  Garry 

OB  Rid  Rivxb  Sirrunanii,  bt  "Watib. 

To  Pointe  de  Grand  MaralB ^* 

"  Red  River  Beacon "  ft 

-Lower  Fort fit 

"  FOBT  Oabbt  

From  FOBT  Albzakdbb  to  Nobwat  Housb,  paasing  through  Lake  Winnipeg, 

Prom  Nobwat  Houbb  to  Tobx  Paotobt,  paaaing  through  OxfordLake  and  Haj*a 
Rlvar,  400  mitoa. 

•  Boamit,  •Uvatad  840  flMt  abw*  Lak*  Supfrior. 


s. 

m   or    TRI    KAXISTAQlkuiiUi 

or  Laxi  Wiinnnio. 

Mia*. 

0 

S6 

,.    ...       61  16 

54  130 

57  1»T 

11  258 

Sli  38S 

40  32S 

38  361 

88  444 

68  61S 

125  68T 

■     --if  . 

or  t  Garrj 

Watul 

XUw. 

U 

36  49 

S3  73 

24  06 

ling  through  Lake  Winaipag, 

irough  Oxford  Lake  and  Hayw 
I  Sapfilor. 


|Contval  R-  R-  of  Niiinr  Jmmvjfm 

ALLENfOWN  LINE. 

3  EXPRESS  TRAINS  DAILY 

FOR  THB  WBST, 

Prom  foot  of  Liberty  Street,  Horth  Biver, 

At  9  A.  M.,  and  5  and  8  P.  M., 

EXCEPT   SUNDAYS. 

ON  SUNDAY,  AT  8  P.  IC  ONLY. 

BUT  ONE  CHANGE  OF  CARS 
JBetween  New  York  and  Cincinnati  or  Chicago, 

And  bat  two  Ohaogoa  to  St.  Iionia. 


o    Ciiange    of   Cars 

BETWEEN  NEW  YORK  AND  PITTSBURGH. 


Silver  Palace  Sleeping  Cars 


From  Hew  York  to  Ohioago 

without  dumft,  on  Vtif  Tnint. 


Sleeping  Cars  '^/^r^JA^Zt  ^?^b^^  Without  Change. 

F®r@  SBm@  as  h^  M  OtKter  Routes. 


TICKET  OFFICES  IW  NEW  YORK: 

Na  aB4  BROADWAT,  oppoaita  Oitr  HalL  Ha  1  ASTOR  BOaSB, 

371  BROADWAT,  526  BROADWAT.  lo  ORBBNWIOH  ST, 

And  at  tha  SUtion  of  OBNTRAL  R.  R.OF  NBW  JBRSBT, 

Foot  of  Liberty  Street  North  Biver. 

P  S.  UCXSB,  SapHiBtendant  H.  V.  BAIDWIV,  e«t'l  Paaaangar  Agit. 

OFFICE,  ICS  LIBSSTT  8TBEET. 


PEIIN8YLVANIA   CENTRAL 

Double  Track  Railroaail     | 

0  a^OHIOAQO  TO  |i»ITTiBURQH,  NEW  YORK;  ^. 

Iho  It  P.  H.  Trein  from  Cklcag*  arriTes  in 

At  11.S0  A,  M.,  the  Second  Day, 

4    HOURS     IN     ADVANCE 

OF  ANY  OTHER  ROUTE! 

WITH  COBRKSPONDIKO  MDUOTIOH  TO 

Boston,  PhHadelpliia,  BaHimore,  and  Washington, 

Th«  4.90  P.  M.  Train  from  OHIOAOO  veAyw  in  KBW  YORK  at  5.10  tho 

Second  Morning, 

i     HOURS     IN     ADVANCE 

■MiAfi  w4  naniays  tWi  Ttata  kas  n  Qigait  Drairiig-lMa  Car  tknagh  flraa 
Chkagt  U  NewTarki  Wltkaat  Ckaigfc 

Tha  T  A.  IL  Tndn  from  CHICAGO  arriToa  in  NEW  YORK  at  0.30  tha 

Second  Evening,  with 

SIIiTER  PALACE  CABS  ATTACHED. 

Throoffh  from  Chicago  to  New  York  Withont  Change, 
vo  oxHBB  un  ovnou  nas  ABYAaTAAa  I 

FOBT  WATWB to PITTSBDROH,  Pann. ••••5!2-1?2     a 

HABRlBBUBOtoWlU^DBLPHIA,"    1M..8M     ^ 

HABBiaBIJBft^intW  YOBK..^. *S-JS     - 

HABEI8B0BQ  to  BALTIMOEB,  Md 86..8M 

tS"Tnumaa  Tionn  for  (tie  »t  th»  OomiMUiyi  OOee,  Northwest  eornw  of  Bimdolph  Mid 

prindpiii  Ttekot  (MBees  in  the  Weat 

T.  H.  CAXX,  Paaaaagar  Agvit,  Ohieago.         L  t.  HODBDOM,  Travaling  Agant. 

».  Ki.  KipBAIiL,  OenanA  PawMBEar  Agent,  Chlaaco. 


RAI 

Llroetd  I 

:W  YORK,  «bO. 

rrWesin 

i 

^d  Day, 

DVANCE 

LOUTE ! 

>N  TO 

and  Washington. 

NEW  TORK  tJt  5.10  the 

DVANCE 

utag-lM*  Cv  tknagh  flrw 

Ikaigfc 

ETEW  TOBK  at  0.30  th* 

i.TT  ACHED. 

k  Without  Change. 

J>YA>TA«ai 

148UUML 

....'...890.  .«9      ** 

249. ,m     " 

10e..828     " 

1S8..MI0     " 

86..8W     " 

!7ortbwest  eornar  of  Bandolph  and 
yOB  UOVSM,  CMi»(o;  and  M 

SODBSOH,  TnT«lin(  Agmt. 

r  Agent*  Cbleace. 


Great  Central  Route 

BIiUS   ZaXXffE. 


I^at  Wfittrs  Btilway  of  €astlrf 

BETWEEN 
*minkn.ki»k    WATTS    RTTSPENSION  BRIDOB,  AND  DETROIT,  WITH 

S^^'^^b^AVh  SeITTaSton  to  ^^b^nto  h^rris- 

BURQ    TO    OUBLPH,    KOMOKA   TO    8ARNIA, 

AND    WYOMING    TO    PBTROLIA, 

Forming,  with  ito  oonnectiona, 

THE  SHORTEST  AMD  HOST  PLEiSAIiT  ROUTl  H  i 

TO  ALL  POINTS  IN  THE  EAST.  WK9T.  SOBTHWSST.  SOOTH.  AND  SOCTHWmT. 

*  Three  Through  Express  Trains  Each  Way  Dafly, 

;  ?  (90NDATS  EXCEPTED.) 

Elegant  and  Com/artaMe  Day  Cam.  'i 

PUXXBIAirS  l«.WHBBUaD  PAXJkOB  SI.BBFIN(»-0AR8 

Aeoompuir  *n  NIgM  Tnin*. 

THE  BHOETEBT  AND  QUICKEST  BOCTE  T  .   TOUONTO. 

FOB  MADOO  and  the  GOLD  FIELDS  OF  CANADA^ 

BACMJAOB   OHKOKBD   THBOVOH. 

THBOaGH  TICKETS  by  thU  route  ean  be  obulned  »t  »11  the  prindpel  Brilroed  md  Stounbort 
itutuuua  iivii.  /    Offices,  in  tho  Unlud  8tau>»  and  Canada 

„     .. ,.„.  „,  TiTitnnOH  VKEIOHT  and  LIVE  STOCK,  thii  rente  peeeeisea  nnequaled 

^'^  '"hS^^^eT  F^iH  Wng  now  Sd  "t^  New  Toff  and  Boaton,  «>f  CW«aga, 
St.  LoulMOlwaSte., Cairo, and  other  Weatorn  CltUi,  without  tr   u.  Jpmont 

Hew  York  Offloe,  273  Broadway.  Borton  Ofice,  21  State  8t 

JKMXa  OHAXITOV, 

Oential  Agaat,  HamUtoB,  OatariA 


TEOKAS  BWIHTABD, 

General  Manager,  Hamilton,  Ontario, 


irfiiiiii»  iilimpiiim 


M^aniwi    i'l  --««j»wj 


■  iW'ift'^"i.^«''J""^'"*''*' "       ~'*' 


■v 


The  Cheap,  Pleasant  and  Expeditious  Boute 

■   ^  ^  ^  B«ti)reen  tlie  Kaart:  and  "W^mt 

IS  NOW  BT  TUB 

Q$tr9it  and  Hilwaukpn 


S^»  -<-W-_ 


Tw«  ZxmM  TniBS  Imt*  Datrait  Dally  with  TuMngen  ftr 
PONTIAC,  HOLLT,  FENTONTILLE,  FLINT,  SACINAW,  OWOSSO, 

Lansing,  Grand  Rapids,  Grand  Haven, 

HUSKEGON   CHICAGO   MILWAUKEE,  ST.  PAUL,  ST.  ANTHONY, 
And  ail  rotnta  on  the  Mississippi  River. 


Built  expressly  for  this  Line,  ply  on  the  Lakes  to  and  from  each  Train. 
TBBOVOH  FABB  $3  00  LBSS  THAN   BT   ANY  OTHEB  BOVTB. 


CLOSE  CONNECTION  MADE  AT  DETEOIT  WITH  THE 

GREAT     WESTERN     RAILWAY 
OX"   ojk.sa-.A.x>.A^, 

For  BnMo,  Roehostcr,  Boston,  New  York,  PhlUdelphln,  Toronto,  and  irith  Grand  Trunk  BaiK 
mj  for  HontTOkl,  QuebeOi  *nd  with  ClereUuid  ind  Lake  Saperior  Lines  of  Dtcamers. 


For  BmigTMiti  this  Idne  often  Cheap  and  Comfortable  Tnmdt 

For  PirUeoUrt  see  Compan]r''s  Time  Table,  to  be  had  at  any  of  the  Stiitions  on  applioatton. 
BSPOT  or  DSTBOIT,  TOOT  07  SBVSH  SIBEET. 

THOS.    BELL,  Cen'l   Aunt. 

D.  *  H.  B.  B.  Omoa,  Detroit,  18«& 


■v 


MditiousBout* 


id  i;^e«t 


ilwgukpn 

:th  TuMngen  ftir 

T,  SAGINAW,  OWOSSO, 

rand  Haven, 

PAUL,  ST.  ANTHONY, 
tippi  Miver. 

o  and  from  each  Train. 
ANY  OTHER  BOVTB. 


IT  WITH  THK 


RAILWAT 


■onto,  and  with  Onind  Trnnk  Bail* 
lor  Lines  of  Dtcamcra. 


id  Comfortable  Tnmdt 


f  of  tbo  St'itions  on  applioattoD. 
USE  SIBEET. 

ELL|  Cen'l    Aimt- 


0iis 


CHICAGO 


<tLf  m 


AND 


IIITIWHTIII    lilLWiY 


Connections  are  made  with  Splendid  PaolieU  at  DUNLEITH,  PRAIRIE 
-   DU  CHltN,  and  LA  CROSSE,  for  polnU  on  the 

UPPER  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

^^'  tint  CUn  TidkeU  iaelode  Keala  and  State  Xoam  en  the  ItMiMn. 
Connections  are  made  at  Green  Bay,  with  fine  steamers  for  Escanaba  on 
Little  Bey  de  Noc,  theiico  by  the  Peninsular  Railroad  to  Marquette,  and 
the  Iron  and  Copper  Mines.  For  LAKE  SUPERIOR  thU  is  the  shortest 
•  and  most  direct  route.  The  Iowa  Division  of  this  Company  is  completed 
to  Council  Blnffs  and  Omaha,  494  miles  west  c'  Chicago.  Trains  run- 
ning through  without  change  of  Cars  at  the  Mississippi  River.     Sdpebiob 

ABRANOKD 

8LEEPIII6   CAR  S, 

on  Night  Trains,  are  run  to  Cedar  Rapids,  Dunleith,    Prairie  dn  Chien, 
Fond  du  Lac,  and  Green  Bay. 

^-  Passengers  for  any  point  West  or  Northwest  of  Chicago,  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  many  advantages  offered  by  this  Company,  should  be 
particular  and  ask  for  Tickets  «a  '  CHICAGO  &  NORTHWESTERN 
RAILWAY." 

B.  P.  PATRICK,  fi«i»l  Pisseifcr  Af«Bt»  CMcaf •. 

CEOROE  L.  DUNLAP,  GeiM  SiperlitciieBt. 


KHiiMi'iiriiii*-*  '  ■>■■ 


OHICA^aO 

AND 

NORTHWESTERN  RAILWAY, 


r-  V 


it'Xi 


GRAND  CONSOLIDATED  LINE.  * 

ComprUlng  all  principal  Railrowl.  from  Chicago  directly 

-V\rEST    &    IsrOKTH^V\^EST. 

OaliSTaiidChleagoiriilonBmilway     Ojwa  do      «^j,,2Sn! 

Dixon  Air-UM  BaUroad 0^  «•     Kgo  to  Omaha. 

Oonnoil  Blua  and  0»^    ••:,":;  iiJSld  ...KmoSia  to  Eodkftnrd. 

J^S[  Jwrion,  BKanab.  to  Hogaun- and  Karvrtt. ,  L.  S. 

EIQHTEEN  EXPRESS  TRAINS  LEAVE  CHICAGO  DAILY 

On  the  different  branches  of  the 

Chicago  A  Northwestern    Railway, 

Tn  Connection  with  Trains  from  the  East  and  South,  for  Dixon,  Fulton,  Clin- 
tL  cTr  RapW  ,  Nevada,  Des  Moines,  Conncil  Bh.ffs,  and  Omaha ;  Rock- 
ord  BeLi^Free^ort,  Mineral  Point,  Galena,  Donleith  Dubuqne  Indepen- 
,;«„>^Ce<lar  Falls-  Janesvillo,  Madison,  Prairie  du  Chien,La  Crosse,  K. 
prXwimn,  Fond  du  Lac,  Oshko.h,  Ripon,  Berlin,  Green  Bay,  Escanaba, 
^laniuettL",  and  all  points  in 

Northern  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, 

and  the 

LAKE  SUPERIOR  COUNTRY. 


o 


mm 


lAILWAY, 

•  1/ 


:'ED  LINE. 

hic«go  directly 

Am,  OhiMce  to  enn  aay. 
0.     Ohlsag*  to  Vniport. 
«.     OhiMg*  to  fnlton. 
0.      Ohioago  to  OmiAa. 

Xonodw  to  Xooktiiird. 

nBoh< 
natto,  L.  t. 

CHICAGO  DAILY 

of  the 

em    Railway, 

rath,  for  Dixon,  Fulton,  Olin- 
il  Bhiffs,  and  Omaha ;  Rook- 
)unleith,  Dubuque,  Imlepcn- 
urie  du  Chien,  La  Crosse,  St. 
Berlin,  Green  Bay,  Escanoba, 

Bnsiii,  Minnesota, 
OUNTRY. 


1 


ILUNOIS^ 

CHICAGO  AND   CAIRO 


^  onlv  Direct  Route  to    CAi»O^M«"^"l»\IJf  ^•■'^"**' 
WEW  OBLEANS,  MOBILE,  and  aU  Points  SOUTH. 

It  ol«o  forms  with  its  Connections  a  ''jl'''^' »^  "J^^**''^";;?^'! L°  CITY  "d 
SPBir««FIEI.D,  ALTOX,  »T.  l^OVtB,  KANSAS  CIT¥,  and 
all  parts  of  the  SOUTH-WEST. 

TWO  DAILY  EXPRESS  TEAINS 

leave  Cnio.ao  from  tho  Great  Central  Depot,  footof  Lake  and  South  Water  Streets. 

81  miles  from "cflgo,  coBnoctions  are  made  with  Toledo  Peoria,  and  War«iw 
LS  eaTfor  Logfniport-west  for  Peoria.    Connecting  at 


Keokuk     Comiecting  at ^^  "j^rr 

Leavenworth,  Lawrence,  and  Topeka.    At 

worth,  Lawrence,  and  Topeka.    At 

365  miles  fVom  ^icago,  connections  «e  --^f  -;;;„^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Jackson,  Tonn.,  Memphis  Grand  Juncton^H^^^^^^  .  .^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

"^Se^^io^ tVrSe^rCmo^^^^^^^  for  all  poinU  on  the 

Lower  Missis^PPl  SLEEPING    CARS 

t^Tfcrougl.  Ticket-  and  B««»«ge  Check,  issued  to  aU  nn. 
porUnt  points. 

M    HUCHITT,  General  8upt.  Chicago. 

w".  F.  JOHNSON,  General  Pasaenger  Agent. 


i 


IllINOIS  CENTBU  JAILBBO 

DUNLEITH   AND    CAIRO. 

The  only  Direct  Route  to  St.  Louis,  Cairo,  M«"»P"»>'»'.y'«^*"'»» 
Sew  Orleans,  Mobile,  and  all  parts  of  the  South  and  Soufh-wett. 

It  is  dao  the  Direct  Route' from  the  West  and  xNorth-west  to  Chicago  and  all 

E'^t^En^"'^^-  ^Y  EXPRESS  TRAIMS  leave  Dunleith  (opposite 
DuKe)  morning  and  evening,  oo  arrival  of  Steamers  from  St.  Paul  and  Trams 

■  ^TonnecE^at  Freeport,  67  miles  from  Dunleith,  with  the  Galena  Diyisions 
of  OhiW  and  Nor'h-western  R.  R,  for  Rockford,  Belvidere,  S  gin  and  Chicago. 
Also  ScUng  at  this  point  with  the  Western  Union  R.  R.,  for  Belo.t,  Rac.ne, 

^ITVlEOnlTof  miles  from  Dunleith,  connections  are  made  with  the  Iowa 
DiwL"of  aJkigoand  North  western  R.  R.,  east  for  Chicago-west  for  Fulton, 
Clinton,  Lyons,  Cedar  Rapids,  and  Des  Moines. 

At  OTeildOta,  131  miles  frr-  Dunleith,  connections  aro  made  wth  the 
ChTca  ™  B5"ngton.  and  Qnincy  .  .  R.,   east  for  Chicago,  west  for  Galesburg, 

^"ifC"  IS:  Sf Sies^tm  S£h,  connections  are  made  with  the 
Chlcagfand  Rock  Island  R.  R.,  east  for  Joliet  and  Chicago,  west  for  Peoria,  Rock 
Island,  Muscatine,  Iowa  City,  and  Des  Moines.  T«l»^,^ 

At  Ei  Paso,  189  raUes  from  Dunleith,  connections  are  made  with  Toledo, 
Peoria  and  Warsaw  R.  R.,  east  for  Logansport,  west  for  Peoria. 

it  Bloonilnifton,  207  miles  from  Dunleith,  connections  are  made  with 
Chic-go  and  Alton  R.  R.,  for  Springfield  Alton,  and  St.. Louis. 

It  Decatur,  251  miles  from  Dunleith,  connections  are  made  with  Toledo, 
wfbash,  and  Western  R.  R.,  east  for  Lafayette,  Logansport,  Fort  Wayne,  and 
Toledo,  west  for  Springfield,  Jacksonville,  Qumcy,  and  Keokuk 

At  Pana,  28-3  miles  from  Dunleith,  connections  are  made  7'^,  St-  W 
aC  afd  Terre  Haute  R.  R.,  east  for  Terre  Haute  I^^ianapoUs  Lo...  vd^,^^n^ 
cinnat:  Wheeling,  Pittsburgh,  Baltimore,  ftc,  west  for  Alton,  St.  Louis,  Kansas 
City,  Leavenworth,  Lawrence,  Topeka,  &c.  ^.         ^  „„^a  ^th  Ohin 

At  Sandoval,  337  miles  from  Dunleith,  connections  are  made  with  Ohio 
and  MisSpiR-R-.  east  for  Vincennes,  EvansyiUe,LouisviUe,  and  Cmcmnati,  west 

for  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  Leavenworth  Lawrence,  Topeka,  &o.  . 

At  Cairi,  456  miles  from  Dunleith,  cpnneotions  are  made  ""Coti^n  HoUv 
Ohio  R  R  (roing  south  for  Jackson,  Tenn.,  Memphis,  Grand  Junction,  Holly 
Spdngs,  Sxf  fri' renada.  Columbus,  Canton,  Meridian,  J^^^-^'.^-VuflS: 
Sohn^  MobUe,  and  New  Orleans;  connections  are  also  made  at  Cairo  witb  Steam- 
Doats  for  all  points  on  the  Lower  Mississippi.  . 

."^Insant  SleoDlns  Cars  attached  to  Night  Trams. 

Through  Tickets  and  Baggage  Checks  issued  to  aU  important 

^PMsengers,  to   avail  themselves  of  quick  time,  combined  with  comfort  and 
safety,  should  see  that  their  Tickets  are  via  lUmois  Central  R.  U. 

W.  p.  JOHNSON,  M.  HUGHITT, 

Gen'l  Passenger  Agt,  Chicago.  OtiCl  Supt,  Chkago 


MILROO 

_  CAIRO. 

,  Mcmplils,  Ttckibury, 
outb  and  South-west. 

Jorth-weat  to  Chicago  and  all 

[g   leave   Dunleith    (opposite 
ners  from  St.  Paul  and  Trains 

ith,  with  the  Galena  Divisions 
Belvidere,  Elgin,  and  Chicago, 
nion  R.  R.,  for  Beloit,  Racine, 

ions  are  made  with  the  Iowa 
for  Chicago — west  for  Fulton, 

nnections  aro  made  with   the 
Chicago,  west  for  Galesburg, 

inections  are  made  with  the 
Chicago,  west  for  Peoria,  Rocl£ 

otions  are  made  with  Toledo, 
St  for  Peoria. 

h,  connections  are  made  with 
d  St.  Louis. 

actions  are  made  with  Toledo, 
Logansport,  Fort  Wayne,  and 
find  Keokuk 

ions  are  made  \7ith  St.  Louis, 
a,  Indianapolis,  LouisTille,  Cin- 
St  for  Alton,   St.  Louis,  Kansas 

nnections  are  made  with  Ohio 
5,  Louisville,  and  Cincinnati,  west 
,  Topeka,  &o. 

ons  are  made  with  Mobile  and 

(mphis,    Grand  Junction,   Holly 

iian,  Jackson,  Miss.,  Vicksburg, 

also  made  at  Cairo  with  Steam- 

ht  Trains. 

hecks  issued  to  all  important 

e,  combined  with  comfort  and 
I  Central  R.  R. 

M.  HUGHITT, 

Oen'l  Supt,  Ghkago 


EIGHT  HTJNDEED  THOUSAND  ACRES 

OF 

FARMING  AND   FRUIT  LANDS, 

FOK  SALE  BY  THE 

ILLINOIS  CENTRAL   RAILWAY, 

All  lying  adjacent  to  this  Railway,  and  none  being  farther  from  it  than  15  miles, 

- — -  Daf?     g^l^ 


63   n.  88  ( 


||3g,  «P 


5:i  S 


"-111" 
§■^23  8* 


S  *  P." 
g' 3^-0  0 

3.52 

-  ^  ?! 

2.  ="i  o 


wcie  fattened  on  the  I'™'""'^? ','"'"1"  irrt  „»,«  1  981  4«6  Bhoen  thrive  wcH,  reqwlrine  fodder  bnt 
Th«  receipts  of  hogs  at  Chlcaso  *"  1^*' ^^J'S^^"  established  along  the  eif.tlre  line.        ^  , 

,  Short  ««son  and  ehe(-8''/"Ct«>rl>;»  "'•^b^^^^  temperate  lone.nnd  from  the  r 

These  lands  are  all  adapted  \^   '''^„yVn  mnch  ireater  abundance  all  the  crops  common  to 

rich,  .Uep  soil,  y'^''  «''h  'r,??  'S^^t'ir  MaehTnery  "r  planUng,  oltlv^atlng,  and  harvesting  dm-s 

New  England  and  the  Mldmc  States.    MaLmnerj-        ,        ^^^^        „„„  juvlng  the  exj.ense  and 


Ne;;-EnilandandtheMidme8tate^     Maem 

the  work  of  many  hands.  ,0™]",'' '"  P.V*"  ,  he'uhv  the  taxes  arc  low.  and  churches  and  sohooU 

ri?^r:i'^TbeUi''sJi!';rd'ir^^^^^^^^^ 


tW  The  title  to  the.e  Lands  is  dear,  and  in  fte-iimpta  from  the  SUte. 

For  full  Information  on  sU  points,  address 

JOHN  B.  CALHOUN,  Land  Commissioner, 

HUnoIs  Central  E.  E.  Co.,  68  Michigan  Ayenw,  Chioago,  111. 


I 


]![ilwaukee  and  St.  Paul 


H- ^  I  L  AV  A.  Y  . 


Passenger  Trains  Leave  and  Arrive  at  Milwaukee,  as  follows: 

PBAIRIE  DC  CHIBN  DIVISION. 

ARRIVE.  DEPART. 

Day  Express  for  St.  Paul  and  Minucnpolis 6:50  p.  m.  11:00  a.  U. 

Through  Express  for  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul.  ..7:10  a.  m.  9:00  P.  M. 

I.A  CBOSSE  DIVISION. 

AHRITE,  DEP.^KT. 

Day  Express 3:05  p.  m.  1:30  p.  m. 

Night  Passenger , 7:30  a.  m.  9:10  P.  U. 

Connecting  with  Bteamera  on  the  Miiiiuippi  Biver. 

Milwaukee,  St  Paul  &  Minneapolis 

TWO  DAILY  TRAINS  EACH   WAY,' 
Via  neGRECMtB,  PRAIRIE  Dr  CHIEN,  AND  mi.l,VAI7KEE, 

THE  ONLY  ALL  BAIL  LINE, 
And  the  only  Koute  by  which  Baggage  is  Checked  THROUGH,  to 

HIIWATJKEE,  CHICAGO,  NEW  TORE,  and  all  Eastern  Points. 

Pasungen  change  cara  only  at  terminal  points,  thnii  seenrlng  seats  in  clean  Coaches 
and  ftiU  nights*  rest  on  night  trains. 

Passenger  Trains  Leave  and  Arrive  at  West  St.  Paul,  as  follows : 

T'A, I  KaPKKS9( • ....,, ,  .■...*•.•  «•  Arrives  7'2fl  p  m    d^rArts  7*B0  A.  h. 

NIGHT  EXPBESS,  8leipikq-Cak  Attaorbd arrives  ixilfi  a',  ji!',  dBportt  8:C0  r.  M. 

TABLB  OF  DISTANOBS. 

Mllwankee  to  Ia  Crosse,  7?(T/{road  ISSmlleM 

La  Crosse  to  St.  Paul,  5/   imboat aiO-Mi5m   ^^ 

Milwaukee  to  Prairie  (111  a^ien.  Railroad 194m  ««• 

Prairie  du  Chlen  to  8t  Paul,  Railroad i".'.!!  .'.l.i^'.liiisiileoe  mile*- 

TT  T'^'Sf"*  '"''"•'•/S,.^"?  sleeplngHsar  berths  sold  by  CHA9.  THOMPSON.  Ticket  Agent, 
Union  Office,  corner  of  Third  and  Jacksun  Streets,  and  corner  of  Jackson  Street  and  Levee,  Bt! 
"ftulf  Ulniit 

D.  C.  8HEPARD,  S.  9,  JdERRII.!.,     •     A.  V.  CARPENTER, 

Rimt.  fleaeral  Mawipr,  General  Passenger  Agent 


St.  Paul 


waukee,  as  follows: 


I8ION. 

IVB. 
P.  M. 
A.  M. 

DEPABT. 

11:00  A.  U. 

9:00  P.  M. 

• 

IVi!, 
P.  M. 
A.  U. 

uippi  Biver. 

DKPAKT. 

1:30  p.  M. 
9:10  P.  U. 

^^2^^k^^^C  ^^^^^^9^T 

Minneapolis 


■  H   WAY,' 

A.ND  mi.WAVKEE, 

'1 

ked  THROUGH,  to 

nd  all  Eastern  Points. 

ring  seati  in  clean  Coaohei 

8. 

t.  Paul,  as  follows : 

Ives  T:2S  p.  h.,  (1er,.irU  TrRO  A.  M. 
ves  ll:lfi  A.  iL,  dnpnru  8:C0  r,  u, 

IS. 

195ml1eii* 

210-405  mlleS' 

194  miles- 

812-606  mile*- 

9.  THOMPSON,  Ticket  Agent, 
of  Jackson  Street  and  Levee,  St. 

L.  V.  CAHPBNTBB, 

Oenenl  Passenger  Agent- 


WINONA  &  ST.  PETER 


THE    MOST   EXPEDITIOUS   AND   COMFORTABLE    ROUTE   TO 

MILWAUKEE,    CHICAGO, 

AND   POINTS   EAST   AND   SOUTH, 
VIA   MILWAUKIIII    AND    ST.    PAUL   RAII.WAT, 

And  Northwestern  Union  Packet  Company's  Boats. 

Summer   Avvangemonts. 

GOIIS^O    EAST." 

Trains  from  MINNEAPOLIS  and  ST. "PAUL  make  sure  connections  at  Owatonna. 

Connect  at  Winona  with  Packet  Company's  Boats  for  La  Crosse. 

From  La  Crosse,  via  Milwaukee  and  La 

Crosso  Railroad. 

Meals  and  berths  furnished  on  boats  between  Winona  and  La  Crosse  without  extra 

charge.    Fare  as  low  as  by  other  routes.    Passengers  taking  the 

morning  train  from  Minneapolis  and  St.  Paul 

save  (6)  five  hours'  time  by 

THB  WINONA  &  ST.  PBTBR  RAILROAD. 
GOIIVO^  "WKST. 

Passengers  leaving  A'i'rN'ON.\  by  the  1 1:30  a.  m.  train  make  connections  with  Stage 

Company  at  .Si  nimrles  for  Chatflold  and  Preston.    At  Owatonna 

with  Milwauh.^:  and  St.  Paul  Railway,  for  Faribault, 

Mendota,  l' t.  Paul,  and  Minneapolis. 

At  Waseca  with  stages  for  St  Petet  and  Mankato,  tnd  all  points  in  the  Minnesota 

Valley.    Connects  at  Mendota  with  Minnesota  Valley  Railway 

for  Belle  Pla.'ne,  Sbakopee,  &c. 


J.  W.  SPBAGUE, 

Oen.  Muiager. 


J.  H.  STEWAET 


-  )»«yai<ff?'gy"jpJB>a'gagiMI^-WW' 


THE  FIRST  DIVISION  OF  THE 

St.  Paul  &  Pacific  Railroad, 


f*f^ 


Q 


BR^lSrCEC    I^IN^E. 


STATIong.                                    A.  SI.  p.  M. 

Uare  Saint  Paul S.no  2.80 

Junction  (St.  Anthony)....     8.40  8.10 

Mnnomin »00  8.80 

Aniikn 945  4.1^ 

Itnscii  ...: 10.20  4.B0 

Klk  RWor. 10.45  &16 

BlftL.ikc 11.26  666 

Clem- Lake 12.05  6.85 

St.  Cloud  (75  miles) 12.46  7.15 

Arrive  Sauk.  Baplda 1.00  7.30 


■TATIONS.  A. 

Leave  Sank  Rapldii "!■' 

tfiilnttllouil 7. 

CKarLiik;' S. 

Bl(f  Lake 9. 

KIk  Klver 

Iiaaca. H*. 

Anoka 11' 

Maiioniln II 

Junction  (St.  Anthonv)...   12. 
Arrive  Saint  Paul  (.77  miko)-  i-'- 


M.  r.  Sf . 

30  S.W 

W  S.IO 

■it>  2.56 

15  8.45 

56  \  4.25 

20  4.60 


.00 

6.80 

iiS 

6.05 

00 

0.80 

88 

7.06 

St.  Paul,  St.  Anthony,  and  Minneapolis  Trains. 


V*«Te8T.  Paul. 9.80a.  nn. 

6t.  Paul 12.80p.iu. 

Bt.  Pavl. 6.00p.m. 


I  Leave  Minhkapoi.18. .  S.t0  a.  m. 

MiNMEAFOLis 10.46  n.  m, 

I  MlMNBAPOLlB 8.46  |i.  in. 


St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Laiie  Minnetonka,  Wayzata, 
Long  Lake,  Watertown,  and  Rockford. 

Loave  St.  Paul  for  the  Lake  Mimnxtonka,  (84  mllei,) 12.80  p.  m. 

MiHNEAPOLis  for  the  I^ke....  l.SO  p.  in. 

Beturning,  will  leave  Lake  Mimkbtonka 8.00  p.  m. 


J.  H.  RAIVDALI., 

General  Tii^knt;  A^ont,  St.  Paul. 


Superintendent 


OF  THE 


Railroad, 


INE. 

IMS.  A.  V.     r.  M. 

k  Rapid* 7.80  S.tO 

Clou.l.r. 7.40  8.10 

Liiko 9.-ift  2.M 

Jike 9.15  8.4R 

Kiver 9.65  \4.2S 

u 10.20  4.80 

«.... 11.00  6.80 

niln 11  35  6.05 

;lim  (St.  AntlKinv)...  12.00  0.80 

Bt  Panl  07  iniks).  1.^85  T.oe 

ineapolis  Trains.    . 

■RAPOiis, .  8.10  II.  m. 

lEiFOUa 10.45  n.  m, 

lAPOLiB 8.46  [I.  in. 

inetonka,  Wayzata, 
id  Rockford. 

12.80  p.  m. 

1.80p.in. 

8.00p.in. 


Siiperintendent 


PASilET  COMPiif. 

REGULAR  U.  S.  MAIL 

AND 

Railroad  Passenger  Lirili'^ 


ONE  OF  THE  SPI.ENDID  FAST-RrNNINC 

8191-WBEEl  iHlilMlSS 

Of  this  line  will 

Leave  Dubuqne  at  8  o'cloek  Every  Morning  (Sundays included) 

For  SAINT   PA\TL  and  STILLWATER,  touchini?  at  all  intermediate 

LantlinfT!!,  and  making  close  connectionB  with  ALL  RAIL 

ROUTES,  touchiug  the  River  North  of  Dubuque  for 

ALL  POINTS  BAST,  NORTH  AND  WEST, 

THROITGH  TICKETS  for  Vmttmengerm,  and  Throneli  Bllla  of 
I<adlns  for  Frelcbt  clven  to  all  point*  on  tlia 

Chippewa,  St.  Croix,  Minnesota  &  IVIississippi  Rivers, 

A     TRI-WEKKLY     11.  IIST  E 

Will  run  between  ST.  PAUL  nnd  TAYLORS'  PALLS,  touching  at  all  intermedl- 
ato  points.    Leaves  ST.  PAUL  every 

MONDA  F,  TUESDA  Y  &  FBIDA  Y. 


THE    NORTHWESTERN    "UNION 

PACKET   COMPANY 

Ttei  Also  KUH  DnraSO  THE  SEASON  A 


H 


OP  SIDE-WHEEL  STEAMERS  TO 


St.  Iiouis  and  Way  Points^ 

LEAvi.vo  Dnbaqie  evkhy 

Monday,  HTcdncsday,  and  Saturday  Morningrs, 

AKD  LEAVINQ  St.   LOUlS  EVERY 

TUESDAY,  THURSDAY,  and  SATURDAY  Evenings. 

These  boats  will  connect  at  St.  Louis  with  the  Regular  Packets  for 

LOUISVILLE,  CINCINNATI, 

WHEELING,  PITTSBURGH, 

And  all  Points  on  the  Ohio  Hiver, 

AND  WITH  THE  UAONIPICENT  STEAMERS  OF  THE 

ATLANTIC   and  MISSISSIPPI    STEAMSHIP    CO, 

For  all  points  South  to  New  ORtEANS. 
Through  Bills  of  Lading  for  Freight  will  be  given  to  New  Orleans  and  way  points. 

THE  BOATS  OP  THIS  LIKE  HAVE  BEEN  TIIOROUOIILY 

Overhauled,  Repaired,  and  Hepainted, 

And  are  in  splendid  conditior.  for  business,  comfort,  speed,  safety,  and  reliability. 

*lCnkr,.l  to  a  genoro,,,  pnbHc  for  tl.cir  Ithor.l  patronage  during  the  pwt  flflocn  ycar,^  we 
hiitw.  ri>  rnceivp  anil  (Ipservo  a  ci)ntlima.ic«  of  tue  same,  .     tv  v 

1\  rA'^VLVrsSrJf^Or^-  «.•  l.  a^xV  Agent,  sf  PauU 


N    "UNION 

MP  ANY 


SON  X 


ro 


lyPointSy 

iirday  IflorninsrO) 


BUY 


URDAY  Evenings. 

Regular  Packets  for 

INNATI, 
ITTSBURGH, 

31ilo  ]River, 


ERS  OF  THE 


STEAMSHIP    CO, 

ilEAKS. 

New  Orleans  and  way  points. 

TilOHOUOIlLY 

nd  Hepainted, 

speed,  safety,  and  reliability. 

■8.  who  will  nse  every  exertion  for 
;ght  Is  Uandlert  cawifuUy  anU  with 

luring  the  past  flflocn  years,  we 

LINOTON,  As«t.  8npt_  Dnhnque. 
iELL  A  CO.,   Agents,  St.  Louis. 
tSTON,  Agent,  St  Paul. 


FOR 

1868. 


LAKE    SUPERIOR 


:>H 


g^,,ONOH&ELEQ^^^ 


1868. 


<'^ 


^^      nSETEOR, 


«>. 


'^4,, 


THOMAS   WILSON,    Master,  ' 

WILL  LEAVE  BETBOIT, 

On  the  following  (lay^  at 

10  O'CLOCK,  P.  m. 

Thursday,  May  21.  Thursday,  Aug.  18. 

Thnrs<lay,  June  4.  Thursday.  Aug.  27. 

Thursday,  Juno  13.  Thurwlny,  8«pt  10. 

Thursday,  .July   2.  Thursday,  8«pt  84. 

Thursday,  July  10.  Thursday,  OcU      8. 
>,....»».,  ..7.                                                Thursday,  July  80.  T^  .    i. 

f^r  Colling  at  Port  Ilnron  and  Sarnla  on  the  next  morning  after  leaving  Detroit. 

HANNA  &  CO.,  Agents,  Cleveland,  O.      > 
BUCKLEY  &  CO..  Agents,  Detroit,  Mxch. 
Or  to  J.  T.  WHITING,  Manner,  foot  Fir>t  Street,  Detroit,  Mich. 


WILL  LEAVE  CLEVELAND. 

On  theJollowtng  days,  at 
8   O'CLOCK,   P.  91. 

Wednesdny,  May  20.  Wednesday,  Aug.  12. 

Wednesday,  June  8,  'Wednesdity,  Aug.  2ti. 

'W«dae«day,JunelT.  Wednesday,  Si'pt.    9. 

Wadneiday,  July  1.  Wednesday,  Sept.  23. 

WednRsdr.y,  July  lb.  Wednesday,  Oct.    T. 
Wednesday,  July  29. 


STEAMER  KEWEEtJ  AW 

Capt.  ALBERT  STEWART. 

For  Superior  City,  and  all  other  Lake  Superior  Ppfrts. 


LEAVES    CLEVELANL, 


WeaM'yETe.,Bayl3 

"  June  10 
"      ..    24 

"   July   8 
"       "      "''  22 


Wedns'yEve.,  A'Sfi? 

"  Bept.  3 
"  '^  16 
"      *•    30 

"   Oot.  14 


LEAVES  DETB<;t)IT. 

Tlirsd'y  Eve.,  May  14  |ThMa^y  ETe.,  Ang.^g 


Oct.  1 
"    15 


The  Keweenaw  touohee  at  Port  Hnron  and  8amia  oi?*''tlie  morning  after  leaving 

Detroit, 

BRADY  &  aO.,  Detroit,        )  Aoenm. 
HANNA  &c  CO.,  Cleveland, } 

EBER  W^  RD,  Detroit,  O-wner, 


# 


FOR   LAKE    SUPERIOR. 


OUT 

O.  E.  KIRTLAND,  Commander, 

"Wll!  lonve  BRA.DT  A  C0."9  dock,  foot  of  Woodward  Avo.,  Putrolt  Every  TueadaT,  for 
Savt  St.  \(\rii.  .UiRijirRTrii,  Hoitoiito:*,  und  IIa.nouok,  toucUtO);  ut  tttti-oln  and  Port  Huron, 
every  TUESDAY  KVKNINO  at  10  o'clock. 

For  Freight  or  Pnsnagc  apply  to 

SIt.inr  Jt  CO.,  foot  of  Woodward  Arenne,  Detroit 
QRABLES  H.  BALDWIN,  Panenirer  Apent 


1868.  SEASON  ARRANGEMENTS.  1868. 

Detroit,  Saginaw,  and  Lake  Huron  Shore 

STEAMBOAT    LINK, 

Will  be  composed  during  ibe  goason  of  1S6S  of  ihff  following  well-known,  flrat-clonv  new  *ld« 

wliuul  Steamers: 

^ITY  OF  SANDUSKY,  Capt.  Henry  Fall, 

will  leave  Frid.iys; 

C\TK  OF  TOLEDO,  Capt.  Selah  Dustin, 

will  leave  AVednesdays ; 

SUSAN    VVARD,  ■  ■  -  Capt.  Wm.  Comer, 

will'  leave  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays, 

For  Soelnaw,  Bay  Clfv.  ?>"t  Tawas,  Tawas  City,  Port  Austin.  Huron  City,  Port  Hope,  Siiad 
Benoh.  Kock  Fiills.  Fori-stvllle,  .  Forester,  Port  tjunllac,  Lexington,  Port  Huron,  and  ull  otlier 
Lake  Shore  ports. 

ISP"  All  these  Boats  Inve  d)?(k  foot  of  Bates  St.  each  day  at  i  oVIock  P.  HI. 

FRETOHTS  RtCEIVED  AT  ALL  TIMES. 

For  all  further  Inforinnllon  n[>ply  to' 

CHAS.  BBWICK,  Xs^nt,  foot  of  Batea  Street,  Detroit. 


ERIOR. 


idor, 

oit.  Every  Tnsadar,  for 

idj;  ut  litti'Dln  and  Port  Huron, 

t  of  Woodward  Arenne,  Dttrolt 

Huron  Shore 

ell-known,  flrst-clims,  new  side 

pt.  Henry  Fall, 
Selah  Dustin, 
.  Wm.  Comer, 

Saturdays, 

.  Huron  City,  Port  lIop^  Bund 
ton,   Port  Huron,  and  ull  otiivr 

1  day  at  8  oVIock  P.  HI. 

i   riMES. 

r  Batea  Street,  Detroit. 


9.  MORGAN  &  METCALF, 

t»l  THIRD  STREET, 

ST.  PAUL,    MIHHESOT&. 


Having  made  "REAL  ESTATE"  a  specialty  dnring  a  residence  of 
fourteen  years  in  Saint  Paul,  we  offer  onr  services  to  those  wishinij  to 
make  profitable  investments  in  a  rapidly  growing  City  and  State,  as  .ell 
as  to  non-resident  property  owners  who  wish  to 

Make   Quick    Sales  at  Fair  Prices. 

We  deal  in  Real  Estate  only  on  Commission,  and  attend  also  to  Payment 
OF  Taxks,   Collection  of  Rents,   Loaning  and   Investment  of  Monkt, 
and  all  business  pertaining  to  a  flrat-claa 

Real   Estate  Agency. 

"We  offer  for  sale  the  largest  list  in  the  city  of 
Houses    and   Lots,         Building   Lots, 

Suburban  Property,      Lake  Residences, 
Stores   and   Business   Property,      y 

Farms   and   Farmiiig   Lands, 
"Broad   Acres."    Mill   Sites,        / 

Water-Po^vers,    &c..   Sec, 

And  invite  attention  to  our  Catalogues,  to  be  \iad  on  application,  by  mail  or 

otherwis;o. 
CIIAS.  A.  MORGAN.  TRACY  M.  METCALF. 


^ 


Michigan    Exchange, 

DETROIT.    MlCIIiaA^. 


\ 


EDWARD  LYON,    I  p.-.-.-t-.s.                             JeFFERSON    AvENUE. 
rARNHAM  I  YON,  t  Proprietors^ ^ 

BAYFIELD    HOTEL, 

BAYFI  E  LD,    W  IS. 

PrW- ^M.i'TH,      :     :      :      :     :   J^roprietor. 

ESCATSTABA,    MICH. 


^ 


II.  II.   HUNT. 


.    PROPRIETOR. 


;H  ANGE, 


OATsr. 


KFFERSON    AvENUE. 

lOTEL, 

MS. 

Proprietor. 


^ 


IICH 


>ROI*RIETOR. 


North-western  Hotel, 


MARQUETTE,  Mich. 


This  House  is  delightfully  situated  near  the  shore  of 
Lake  Superioe,  overlooking  the  Harbor  of  Mai*quette. 

A.  J.   BARKLEY,   Proprietor. 


Y^ 


EAO-LE    HARBOK,   Mich. 

jSlTUATED    NEAR  THE  JStEAMBOAT  LaN^'NG, 

C.  J.  BEAU3IEN, 

3?roprietor. 


■  ;. 

I 
) 

1 


i-war 


mwM'h&w  m@iiBi 


ONTONAGOK    MICH. 


THIB  POPTTIAB  AHD  WMX-KIPT  HOTTKB  18 
jSlTUATED  NEAR^THE^TEAMBOAT    ^ANDINO. 

i.  JOHXSOX  A  SOX,  rropHetOTB. 


CITY   OF  SUPERIOR,  "WIS. 


THIS  HOUSE  STANDS  NEAR  THE  WATER'S  EDGE 

OTEBLOOKIKO 

The  Magnificent  Bay  of  Superior, 

■jtXSKLIfftk  POINT,  *e. 

JAS.  8TSPMSW8©M,  Ppoprtdtor. 


CH. 


HOTIBB  IS 


30AT  Landing. 

ON,  Proprietors, 


t 


„  WIS. 


WATER'S  ED(iE 


of  Superior, 


ko. 


NSQM!,  Proprtvtor. 


nssnoi  i^ensE^ 

MACKINAC,  MICH., 
E.   A.  FRANKS,  Propbuctob. 


ThU  old  and  fevorltc  Hcma  k  most  delightfully  situated  on  the  tv.-nantlc  I»tAND 
or  Mackikac,  within  a  short  distance  of  the  water's  edge,  and  contiguous  to  iLa 
Arched  Rock,  Sugar  Loaf,  and  other  Natural  Curiosities  in  which  this  famed 
bland  abounds  ;  being  alike  celebrated  for  its  pure  air,  romanUo  scenery,  and  fish- 
iiig  grounds. 

Mackikac,  July,  186T. 


CHIPPEWA  HOUSE, 

SA.TJT  STE  M^RIE, 

MICHIO-AN. 


This  favorite  Hotel  is  pleasantly  situated,  near  the  Steamboat  ladings,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ship  Canal,  and  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Fort  Brady. 
No  lection  of  country  exceeds  the  Sact  and  its  vicinity  for 

Fishing,  Hunting,  or  Aquatic  Sports. 

The  table  of  the  Hotel  is  daily  supplied  with  delightful  White  Fish,  and  other 
varieUes  of  thn  season,  no  piuns  being  spared  to  make  this  house  a  comfortabU 
home  for  the  pleaaure-travelcr  or  man  of  buainesa. 

H.  P.  SMITH,  Tropiictor. 


-i 


m   » 


ST.  LAWRENCE  BALL, 

MONTREAL. 

This  spleudid  H«rr.L,  ^h  i.  situated  in  the  most  beautiful  p«rt  of  the  City  of 
Mo^tre^!  Ir  the  Banks  and  Post-OQice,  is  furnished  throughout  m  the  best  styla, 
of  the  New  York  and  Boston  Hotels,  and  comprises  a 

DINING  SALOON  AND  CONCERT  ROOM, 

-^th?SE  wmtS:f  U^^  attention,  with  the  view  of  rendering  it 
equal,  if  not  superior,  to  any  in  America. 

can  be  had  at  all  hour. ;  and  an  Omnibus  will  always  be  in  attendance  on  th. 
arrival  or  departure  of  ilailway  Cars  and  Steamboats. 

H.  HOGAN  &  CO.,  Proprietors. 


RUSSELL'S  HOTEL, 

PA-LA-OE   STREET, 

QUEBEC, 


This  well-managed  and  most  comfortable  Hotbi.  kept  by  Messrs.  Rn.s,«.L,  ol 
Quebec,  has  recently  been  newly  painted  and  re-furnished  throughout.  The  Ball- 
room,  used  in  summer,  when  the  house  is  full  of  strangers,  as  a  dining-room,  h.s 
been  entirely  re-dccorated  in  the  handsomest  style.  The  room  will  comfortaUy 
dine  250  iKraons  at  a  timc.-Il>ronfr>  Okie. 


!E   BALL, 

L. 

08t  beautiful  part  of  the  City  of 
lied  tliroughout  in  the  best  styla^' 
a  a, 

CERT  ROOM, 

with  the  view  of  rendering  it 

) 

always  be  in  attendance  on  th» 
ats. 

K  8c  CO.,  Proprietors. 

HOTEL, 


/      1 


•  'WIT.) 


u 


yiKh,  kept  by  Messrs.  Russra.L,  ol 
•furnished  throughout.  The  Ball- 
of  strangers,  as  a  dining-room,  h:iB 
ityle.    Tlie  room  will  comfortably 


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Uiixl"51 


(irfi? 


lV-,.„//l '.'»'•(• 


Published  by 

J  .DlSTURKEliL. 

l^ewTork. 


1868. 


74 


7Z 


70 


r 


40 

1 


38 


' 


je 


Printed  bv.lAU  M'  L.ll^ni  .'>,".  H.-.Uiii.iii  Si   N  Y 


«^, 


